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"This book reports on a comprehensive study addressing the dynamic responses of hydropower plants under diverse conditions and disturbances, and analyzes their stability and oscillations. Multiple models based on eight existing hydropower plants in Sweden and China were developed and used for simulations and theoretical analysis with various degrees of complexity and for different purposes, and compared with on-site measurements for validations. The book offers important insights into the understanding of the hydraulic, mechanical and electrical coupling mechanisms, up to market conditions and incentives. It recommends control strategies for a more stable and efficient operation of hydropower plants."

"This book describes an original improvement in power quality of photovoltaic generation systems obtained by the use of a multilevel inverter implemented with level doubling network (LDN). Modulation principles and harmonic analysis of output voltages are proposed and introduced in detail for both single and three-phase LDN configurations. The analysis is then extended to dc-link current and voltage, with emphasis to low-frequency harmonics and switching frequency ripple. This work represents the first comprehensive implementation of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) schemes using the ripple correlation control (RCC) algorithm in the presence of multiple ripple harmonics, such as in the case of multi­level inverters. Numerical simulations and experimental tests are carefully reported here, together with practical insights into the design of dc-link capacitors."

"This book discusses topics related to power electronics, especially electromagnetic transient analysis and control of high-power electronics conversion. It focuses on the re-evaluation of power electronics, transient analysis and modeling, device-based system-safe operating area, and energy balance-based control methods, and presenting, for the first time, numerous experimental results for the transient process of various real-world converters."

"Produksi energi listrik di Indonesia saat ini masih didominasi oleh pembangkit listrik berbahan bakar minyak (energi fosil; energi tak terbarukan), sedangkan ketersediaan bahan bakar tersebut semakin berkurang. Pemanfaatan sumber EBT, seperti energi angin merupakan salah satu solusi untuk membangkitkan energi listrik guna memenuhi permintaan masyarakat yang terus meningkat. Terdapat dua unit PLTB yang telah dibangun dan dioperasikan di Indonesia yaitu PLTB Sidrap dan PLTB Tolo di Sulawesi Selatan. Mengingat, penetrasi kedua PLTB tersebut besar ke dalam sistem tenaga listrik Sulbagsel dan karakteristiknya yang intermittent dipengaruhi oleh kecepatan angin, sehingga dapat berdampak pada kestabilan sistem. Untuk menjaga kestabilan perlu adanya regulasi yang dapat mengendalikan frekuensi sistem. Salah satunya dengan menggunakan regulasi frekuensi primer. Dalam studi ini dipelajari pengaruh kecepatan angin dan penerapan regulasi frekuensi primer terhadap kestabilan frekuensi keluaran kedua PLTB yang terintegrasi dengan sistem Sulbagsel. Metode studi yang dilakukan dengan simulasi berbantuan perangkat lunak DIgSILENT. Hasil simulasi menunjukkan bahwa perubahan frekuensi yang terjadi ketika sistem Sulbagsel terintegrasi PLTB tanpa dan dengan menggunakan regulasi frekuensi primer pada kondisi normal terlihat frekuensi sistem masih cenderung stabil. Sedangkan pada kondisi ketika PLTA Poso lepas dari sistem, saat tanpa dan dengan menggunakan regulasi frekuensi primer terlihat beberapa respon frekuensi yang dihasilkan berada jauh dari batas normal yang diizinkan sehingga menyebabkan ketidakstabilan frekuensi pada sistem.

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The production of electrical energy in Indonesia is currently still dominated by oil-fueled power plants (fossil energy; non-renewable energy), while the availability of these fuels decreases. The utilization of renewable energy sources, such as wind energy, is one solution to generate electrical energy to meet increasing demand. Two WPP units have been built and operated in Indonesia, namely WPP Sidrap and WPP Tolo in South Sulawesi. Considering that the penetration of the two WPPs is significant into the South Sulawesi power system and their intermittent characteristics because of wind speed, it can impact the system stability. One solution to maintain stability is to apply regulations that can control the frequency system, one of which is primary frequency regulation. In this study, we study the effect of wind speed and the use of primary frequency regulation on the stability of the output frequency of the two WPPs integrated with the Sulbagsel system. This study uses DIgSILENT software-assisted simulation. The simulation results show that the frequency changes that occur when the Sulbagsel system is integrated with WPP without and by using primary frequency regulation under normal conditions, the system frequency tends to be stable. Meanwhile, in the condition when the Poso hydropower plant is separated from the system when without and using primary frequency regulation, it can be seen that some of the resulting frequency responses are far from the allowed normal limits, causing frequency instability in the system."

"Conservation Voltage Reduction (CVR) adalah metode untuk mengurangi konsumsi daya dan permintaan puncak. Ini bukan studi baru karena sudah banyak implementasi dan penelitian tentang CVR sebelumnya. CVR menyiratkan bahwa dengan mengurangi tegangan suatu perangkat atau sistem, daya yang dikonsumsi juga akan berkurang. Hal ini dapat dibuktikan dengan menggunakan persamaan daya listrik yang menyatakan bahwa daya sebanding dengan tegangan.Sistem energi terbarukan sedang meningkat karena semakin murah dan lebih efisien. Daya yang dikeluarkan oleh sistem energi terbarukan tergantung pada faktor sumbernya, apakah itu radiasi atau kecepatan angin. CVR memungkinkan pengurangan konsumsi daya beban. Ini membantu mengurangi beban sistem karena mereka tidak harus menghasilkan lebih banyak daya daripada kebutuhan beban.Sistem PV dan turbin angin mikro memiliki keluaran yang berbeda, tetapi keduanya perlu memasok beban yang sama dalam jaringan mikro. Kedua sistem pada akhirnya diubah menjadi daya AC untuk digunakan beban. Inverter digunakan di kedua sistem untuk membantu konversi. Inverter umum memiliki fluktuasi tegangan antara -20% dan +10% dari tegangan nominalnya. Sebuah sistem kontrol digunakan untuk mengatur tegangan keluaran inverter dan memastikan tidak mencapai kisaran tegangan maksimum. Sistem kontrol akan memungkinkan output inverter diatur lebih dekat ke tegangan nominal dan dengan demikian mengurangi tegangan berlebih.Sistem energi terbarukan menghasilkan tegangan yang lebih rendah setelah sistem kontrol diterapkan untuk mengatur keluaran inverter. CVR telah dicapai dalam sistem ini. Sistem telah mengurangi konsumsi daya dan dengan demikian menurunkan beban sistem. Sistem tidak menghemat energi dengan menerapkan CVR. Perangkat yang bergantung pada voltase masih akan membutuhkan lebih banyak daya jika voltase perangkat dinaikkan. Sistem PV dan turbin angin mikro dengan CVR memungkinkan beban mendapatkan input tegangan yang lebih sehat sekaligus mengurangi konsumsi daya.

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Conservation voltage reduction (CVR) is a method to reduce power consumption and peak demand. It is not a new study as there have been plenty of implementations and research regarding CVR for a long time. CVR implies that by reducing the voltage of a device or system, the power consumed will also be reduced. This can be proven using the electrical power equation where it states that power is proportional to voltage. Renewable energy systems are on the rise as they are getting cheaper and more efficient. The power outputted by a renewable energy system depends on their source factor whether it is irradiance or wind speed. Conservation voltage reduction allows the reduction of power consumption of the load. This helps decrease the burden of the system as they do not have to generate more power than the load needs.

PV systems and micro wind turbines have different outputs, but both need to supply the same load in a micro-grid. Both systems are eventually converted to AC power for the load to use. An inverter is used in both systems to help with the conversion. A common inverter has a voltage fluctuation between -20% and +10% of its nominal voltage. A control system is used to regulate the inverter’s output voltage and make sure it does not reach the maximum voltage range. The control system will allow the output of the inverter to be regulated much closer to the nominal voltage and thus decreasing excess voltage. The renewable energy system outputs a lower voltage after a control system has been applied to regulate the output of the inverter. Conservation voltage reduction has been achieved in this system. The system has reduced power consumption and thus lowering the burden of the system. The system does not save energy by implementing conservation voltage reduction. A voltage-dependent device will still demand more power if the voltage of the device is increased. The PV and micro wind turbine system with CVR allows the load to benefit healthier voltage input while having reduced power consumption."

"Tingginya kebutuhan listrik pada masyarakat untuk pemenuhannya membutuhkan sumber daya air, dikarenakan air di Indonesia sangat melimpah. Namun dalam pelaksanaannya perlu pengaturan terhadap pengembangan pembangkit listrik tenaga air (PLTA) yang masuk ke dalam energi baru terbarukan (EBT). Adapun kondisi pemerintah yang masih terbatas sehingga dibutuhkan kerjasama antara pemerintah dengan swasta. Wawasan lingkungan sering kali dilanggar oleh swasta/PLTA dan dapat berpotensi menimbulkan permasalahan dalam ketersediaan sumber daya air untuk masyarakat. Jadi oleh karena itu perlu dilihat bagaimana jalan keluar yang harus dibuat oleh pemerintah. Pembahasan permasalahan dalam penelitian ini yakni: pertama, pengaturan pemanfaatan energi baru terbarukan sumber daya air dalam pembangunan PLTA Batang Toru Kabupaten Tapanuli Selatan. Kedua, pemanfaatan air sebagai energi baru terbarukan dan dampaknya bagi masyarakat dalam pembangunan PLTA Batang Toru yang kepemilikan mayoritasnya swasta. Dalam penelitian ini metode yang digunakan yakni doktrinal. Penelitian doktrinal menggunakan data sekunder sebagai data dasar dengan melakukan penelitian dan di dukung oleh data primer melalui wawancara kepada pihak terkait. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa dalam perkembangan regulasi EBT SDA di Indonesia dan Daerah belum sepenuhnya diatur, serta berorientasi pada aspek kemanfaatan EBT. Regulasi yang memengaruhi pelaksanaan EBT perlu disesuaikan dan diubah sehingga dapat meningkatkan pemanfaatan EBT, khususnya PLTA sebagai penghasil listrik yang beasal dari air. Listrik dan air adalah cabang produksi yang menyangkut hajat hidup orang banyak, oleh karena itu kekayaan alam harus dikuasai oleh negara sesuai dengan Pasal 33 ayat 3 Undang-Undang Dasar 1945. Adapun saran yang ditawarkan dari hasil penelitian ini adalah perlu meninjau kembali terkait aspek keekonomian pada sektor EBT, perlu dilakukan perninjauan kembali terhadap kontrak-kontrak PT PLN – IPP, pemerintah perlu dengan cermat melihat dampak pembangunan PLTA bagi masyarakat dalam serta menyoroti kepemilikan mayoritas cabang produksi yang menyangkut hidup orang banyak.

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The high demand for electricity in society to fulfill it requires water resources, because water in Indonesia is very abundant. However, in practice it is necessary to regulate the development of hydroelectric power plants (PLTA) which are included in the new renewable energy (EBT). The condition of the government is still limited so that cooperation between the government and the private sector is needed. Environmental awareness is often violated by the private sector/PLTA and can potentially cause problems in the availability of water resources for the community. So therefore it is necessary to see how the solution must be made by the government. The discussion of the problems in this study are: first, regulation of the utilization of new renewable energy in water resources in the construction of the Batang Toru hydropower plant, South Tapanuli Regency. Second, the use of water as a new renewable energy and its impact on the community in the construction of the Batang Toru hydropower plant, which is majority owned by the private sector. In this study the method used is doctrinal. Doctrinal research uses secondary data as basic data by conducting research and is supported by primary data through interviews with related parties. This study concludes that in the development of regulations on Natural Resources EBT in Indonesia and the Regions it has not been fully regulated, and is oriented towards aspects of the benefits of EBT. Regulations that affect the implementation of EBT need to be adjusted and changed so as to increase the utilization of EBT, especially hydropower as a producer of electricity derived from water. Electricity and water are branches of production that concern the livelihoods of many people, therefore natural resources must be controlled by the state in accordance with Article 33 paragraph 3 of the 1945 Constitution. The suggestions offered from the results of this study are that it is necessary to review the economic aspects of the EBT sector, it is necessary to review PT PLN - IPP contracts, the government needs to carefully look at the impact of hydropower development on the community and highlight the ownership of the majority of production branches which concern the lives of many people."

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ABSTRACTInterdisciplinary in its approach and global in its perspective, Energy Systems and Sustainability: Power for a Sustainable Future, Second Edition, provides a contemporary exploration of the economic, social, environmental, and policy issues raised by current systems of energy use. Emphasizing the important issue of sustainability, it analyzes the historical evolution of the world's energy systems, the principles underlying their use, and their present status and future prospects. Beginning with a survey of basic energy concepts, the book describes the magnitude and patterns of human energy needs at various levels. It moves on to an overview of the fossil and nuclear-fuelled energy that, together with hydroelectric power and traditional biofuels, supply most of the world's commercial energy needs. Sections on economics describe the basic methods through which the monetary costs of energy are calculated, also considering the "external" costs of energy production. Finally, the book looks at the sustainability issues associated with both fossil- and nuclear-fuel use--and considers the technological advancements and social developments that might solve these problems. Providing a truly interdisciplinary approach, Energy Systems and Sustainability: Power for a Sustainable Future, Second Edition, is ideal for undergraduate engineering students and undergraduates studying policy making. "

"This book helps readers sort through energy hype, doom and gloom, and misinformation to understand what really matters in energy, and how it impacts individuals, investors, businesspeople, and policy makers worldwide. The book covers the overall global energy situation, the particular risks for the U.S. with its present energy mix, the energy outlook for the developed world and emerging economies like China and India, what peak oil really means, and the present and likely future of natural gas, coal, oil, nuclear power, and alternative energy sources."