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"This book presents a theoretical approach that allows the analysis of structures with magnetorheological and electrorheological layers, and shows, with the help of examples, how the mechanical behaviour of thin-walled laminated structures can be influenced. It consists of six chapters:Chapter 1 presents a brief overview of derivation approaches for theories of thin-walled structures, modelling of composites and modelling of laminated and sandwich structures.Chapter 2 describes the equivalent single layer model for thin laminated cylindrical shells, including the special cases of plates and beams. In addition to the classical mechanical properties, it also considers the electrorheological and magnetorheological properties.Chapter 3 presents the elastic buckling of laminated beams, plates, and cylindrical shells, discussing various problems, such as the influence of the boundary conditions, external loading and magnetic fields. It also suggests different approximations for asymptotic methods.Chapter 4 focuses on the free vibrations of elastic laminated beams, plates and cylindrical shells, investigating the influence of the boundary conditions and other factors.Chapter 5 presents the latest results concerning vibration of laminated structures composed of smart materials and discusses in detail the influence of electric and magnetic fields on smart structures. These results provide insights into the optimal design of these structures.Lastly, Chapter 6 features a short appendix presenting asymptotic estimates and series."

"Front rail adalah komponen utama pada crumple zone kendaraan yang mampu menyerap sekitar 40% dari energi kinetik saat terjadi kecelakaan frontal. Komponen front rail ini umumnya terbuat dari baja struktur berdinding tipis. Pada saat kecelakaan komponen ini diharapkan dapat menyerap energi tumbukan melalui proses deformasi (progressive buckling) sehingga mengurangi kerusakan pada kompartemen penumpang dan memberikan efek perlambatan yang berada pada tingkat aman terhadap penumpang. Crush initiators digunakan untuk meningkatkan penyerapan energi dan mengurangi gaya tumbukan puncak pada saat awal kecelakaan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh Crush Initiators pada tabung persegi berdinding tipis produksi dalam negeri yang diaplikasikan pada prototipe front rail Mobil listrik Universitas Indonesia dalam meningkatkan penyerapan energi dan mengurangi gaya tumbukan puncak pada saat diberikan beban aksial baik secara kuasi statik maupun dinamis. Analisa dilakukan dengan membandingkan hasil eksperimen dengan hasil analisa numerik menggunakan metode elemen hingga nonlinier, ANSYS-LS-DYNA. Hasilnya menunjukkan pengaruh yang signifikan dari crush initiators terhadap penurunan gaya tumbukan awal dan peningkatan penyerapan energi serta menunjukkan pola yang hampir sama antara hasil eksperimen dengan hasil komputasi numerik.

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Front rail columns are the main component on vehicle crumple zone that absorb approximately 40% of kinetic energy at the moment of a frontal crash. Generally the front rail columns are made from thin-walled structural steel. During a crash, a front rail column is expected to absorb crash kinetic energy trough plastic deformation energy (progressive buckling) thereby reducing damage on passanger compartment and giving the effect of deceleration on the safety level for passanger. Crush initiators are used to improve the energy absorption and reducing the peak crus load at the time of the initial accident.

This research aimed to determine the effect of Crush Initiators on thin-walled square tube which is apllied to the prototype of front rail electric car University of Indonesia on increasing the energy absorption and reducing the peak crush load when given quasi static axial load and dynamic axial load.

Analysis was conducted by comparing the experimental result with numerical study result which using finite element nonlinier method, ANSYS-LS-DYNA. The results show the significant effect from the crush initiators on decreasing the peak crush load and increasing the energy absorption and show a similar pattern between the experimental and the numerical study result."

"ABSTRAKFaktor keselamatan atau crashworthiness adalah hal terpenting dalam merancang suatu kendaraan. Struktur rel depan yang terletak di zona benturan berguna untuk dapat menyerap energi saat terjadi tabrakan dari arah depan, dengan begitu energi yang tersalurkan ke dalam kabin penumpang akan lebih kecil dan diharapkan tidak membahayakan penumpang. Struktur berdinding tipis banyak digunakan dalam aplikasi crashworthiness karena mempunyai rasio kekuatan dan berat struktur yang tinggi, harganya relatif murah, dan mempunyai kemampuan menyerap energi yang baik. Pada penelitian ini, pengaruh struktur baja persegi bernodal stiffeners dengan variasi desain ketebalan, bentuk, dan posisi dari nodal akan diamati sehingga mendapatkan nilai kriteria crashworthiness berupa penyerapan energi spesifik SEA , gaya tumbukan puncak peak force , dan efisiensi gaya tumbukan CFE . Pemberian nodal diharapkan dapat meningkatkan SEA dan CFE, lalu menurunkan nilai peak force. Setelah itu, urutan kombinasi desain optimum akan diperoleh dengan metode Vikor. Spesimen uji dengan faktor desain berbeda akan dilakukan uji simulasi numerik dengan memodelkan pengujian beban impak menggunakan software PAM-Crash. Variasi desain bentuk nodal penuh memiliki pengaruh paling besar terhadap nilai kriteria crashworthiness terbaik. Spesimen 12 0.8 F 150 sebagai kombinasi desain optimum.

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ABSTRACT

Vehicle safety or crashworthiness is the most important factor to design a vehicle. The function of frontal rails which is located on crumple zone is to absorb energy when collision happens, so that the energy occur on passenger cell is minimized and less dangerous. Thin walled structures generally used in many applications of crashworthiness because it has high strength and weight ratio, inexpensive, and have a good energy absorber ability. In this study, the effect of nodal stiffeners with varied thickness, shape, and nodal position is observed to get a crashworthiness criterias, namely is specific energy absorption SEA , peak crushing force peak force , and crush force efficiency CFE . Nodal installations hopefully can increase SEA and CFE, then decrease peak force. After that, optimum design combinations obtained from Vikor method. Specimen with a different design factors will be done by modelling a numerical simulation based on real experimental case use PAM Crash software. The design variations that have a full nodal show a significant effect to crashworthiness criteria. Specimen 12 0.8 F 150 is the optimum design combinations."

"ABSTRAKKeselamatan menjadi persoalan vital dalam perancangan kendaraan modern. Maka dari itu, dalam perancangan harus mempertimbangkan sistem keamanan dan keselamatan penumpang. Dalam merancang sistem tersebut, maka engineer merancang 2 zona yaitu safety zone dan crumple zone. Crumple zone adalah zona yang didesain untuk dihancurkan saat terjadinya tabrakan. Zona ini menjadi fokus penelitian pengembangan sistem keselamatan pada produk mobil. Penelitian pada crumple zone fokus pada struktur chasis terutama front rail produk mobil. Dalam melakukan penelitian, pembebanan dilakukan dengan beban aksial dan geometri front rail ini disederhanakan menjadi struktur berdinding tipis dengan variasi terhadap desain. Salah satu variasi desain yang dilakukan adalah dengan memberi ellipsoidal crush initiator. Pemberian crush initiator mampu meningkatkan penyerapan energi absorpsi dan mengurangi gaya impak puncak dari tumbukan aksial. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh letak dan diameter crush initiator berbentuk elipsoidal terhadap kriteria crashworthiness pada struktur berdinding tipis dengan variasi ketebalan. Analisis yang dilakukan dengan cara uji numerikal simulasi dan analitikal. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukan spesimen dengan ketebalan 0.6 posisi 20 mm dan diameter crush initiator 6.5 memiliki hasil yang optimum dalam mengurangi peak dan meningkatkan CFE dan SEA. Error dari persamaan analitikal untuk mean dan peak crushing force masing-masing 20.66 dan 12.12.

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ABSTRACT

Safety became a vital issue in the design of modern vehicles. Therefore, the vehicle product must consider the security and safety for passengers. One of security feature is the utilization of the collision zone to transform the collision energy into plastic deformation energy. Research on the collision zone mainly focus on the chassis structure of the front rail car products. In this study, the force was done by axial load and front rail geometry was simplified into a thin walled structure with a variation ellipsoidal crush initiator. Giving crush initiator able to increase the energy absorption and reduce peak force. This paper aims to determine the influence of the position and diameter of ellipsoidal crush initiators to crashworthiness criteria on thin walled structures. The specimens has variation thickness 0.6, 0.8 and 1 mm and 36.5 side length with coefficient reduction of crush initiator 1 of total area. Analysis was carried out by numerical simulations and analytical then sorted using VIKOR method. The results of this study show specimens with a thickness of 0.6, position 20 mm and diameter 6.5 of ellipsoidal crash initiator have optimum results to reduce peak and increase CFE and SEA. Error of analytical equations for mean and peak crushing force are 20.66 and 12.12 respectively."

"Penelitian ini membahas tentang pengecoran besi tuang nodular (BTN) dinding tipis sebagai alternatif bagi material aluminium pada aplikasinya di bidang otomotif dalam rangka penghematan energi. Permasalahan yang dihadapi adalah penurunan sifat mekanis akibat terbentuknya lapisan kulit pada BTN dinding tipis. Lapisan kulit terbentuk akibat terjadinya degradasi bentuk grafit nodul dalam logam cair di dinding cetakan pada saat pengecoran. Digunakan tiga jenis variabel dalam penelitian ini yang bertujuan untuk mengurangi ketebalan lapisan kulit : pelapis cetakan grafit yang bersifat aktif; MgO yang bersifat reaktif; dan metode pelapisan cetakan ganda MgO/grafit. Ketebalan rata-rata lapisan kulit paling tipis yang didapatkan dalam penelitian adalah sebesar 30,41µm dengan metode pelapisan cetakan ganda, lebih rendah 57% dari ketebalan lapisan kulit variabel pelapis cetakan MgO (71,46 µm) dan 60% dari ketebalan lapisan kulit variabel pelapis cetakan grafit (74,44 µm). Berkurangnya ketebalan lapisan kulit berpengaruh terhadap peningkatan sifat mekanis BTN sehingga didapatkan kekuatan tarik rata-rata sebesar 376 MPa dan elongasi rata-rata sebesar 2,76% pada variabel metode pelapisan cetakan ganda. Kekuatan tarik yang didapatkan dari variabel pelapisan cetakan ganda 69% lebih tinggi dari kekuatan tarik variabel pelapis cetakan MgO (223 MPa) dan 26% lebih tinggi dari variabel pelapis cetakan grafit (297 MPa). Elongasi variabel metode pelapisan cetakan ganda adalah yang paling tinggi sebesar 2,76%, atau 93% lebih tinggi dari elongasi variabel pelapis cetakan MgO (1,43%) dan grafit (1,43%).

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This research explains about thin wall ductile iron (TWDI) casting as an alternative for aluminum usage in automotive parts. The occurring problem in TWDI casting is the formation of casting skin which reduces mechanical properties of TWDI. Casting skin is formed by degradation of nodular graphite shape at the mould interface while casting process is in progress. Three variables were uside in this experiment : graphite as active mould coating, MgO as reactive mould coating, and MgO/graphite double layer coating method. Average casting skin thickness was found at lowest value in double layer coating method variable (30,41µm), 57% lower than casting skin thickness in MgO coating variable (71,46 µm) and 60% lower than graphite coating variable (74,44µm). The reduction of casting skin thickness increased the mechanical properties of TWDI so that highest UTS value of 346 MPa and elongation of 2,76% could be achieved by using double layer coating method, which UTS is 69% higher than using MgO coating variable (223 MPa) and 26% higher than using graphite coating variable (297 MPa). Elongation value achieved by using double layer coating method was the highest (2,7%), which was 93% higher than using MgO (1,43%) coating variable and graphite coating variable (1,43%)."

"This book presents a collection of chapters on the current problems of the theory of dynamical processes in generalized continua and structures, and has been compiled to commemorate the 70th birthday of Prof. Dmitry Indeitsev-a leading specialist in the field of dynamical processes in solids, fluids and structures. It discusses various applications related to Prof. Indeitsevs contributions, including various discrete and continuous dynamic models of structures and media, as well as a number of dynamical processes in generalized media."

"The use of composite materials with continuous fibers in the aircraft and aerospace industries requires a thorough knowledge of behaviors of these laminate composites under various loading conditions. Indeed, the aim of this work is to simulate linear and nonlinear behavior of a symmetric laminated composite under three-point bending tests. The modelization used is based on an analytical approximation that has been recently developed for isotropic materials. This approximation is still valid for the studied quasi-isotropic laminated composite because it is symmetric with a specific layer sequence. The overall response of laminate composite is determined from the behavior of each ply outside of their orthotropic axis. Two methods are used to calculate the equivalent longitudinal Young-modulus of the laminate. The result shows that when the deflection of the specimens is less than 2.5 times the thickness, the difference between the experimental and analytical curves is about 1% for the average global stresses method, and about 7.5% for the apparent bending modulus method. For large deflections, the difference relative to the first method remains less than 11% and the second method is about 20%."

"Silika nanopartikel merupakan salah satu nanomaterial yang pemanfaatannya cukup luas karena beberapa kekhasan yang dimilikanya. Sintesis silika nanopartikel biasanya dibuat dari tetraetil ortosilikat (TEOS) namun karena harga yang cukup mahal digantikan dengan natrium silikat. Sintesis silika nanopartikel dari natrium silikat menggunakan kombinasi dari metode sol-gel dan metode hot injection dengan memvariasikan suhu selama sintesis nanosilika. Larutan amonia dan etanol menjadi pelarut yang diinjeksikan dengan natrium silikat. Nanosilika yang terbentuk kemudian diuji untuk mengetahui struktur kristal dan morfologinya menggunakan XRD dan SEM. Nanosilika yang dihasilkan memiliki struktur amorf dengan ukuran kristal 37.21 nm dan 32.34 nm pada suhu ruangan dan pada suhu 60ºC. Morfologi dari nanosilika yang terlihat berbentuk spherical tetapi bentuk yang dihasilkan tidak homogen. Silika nanopartikel yang dihasilkan kemudian dimodifikasi dengan mencampurkan asam stearat untuk memberikan sifat hidrofobik dengan variasi 1:5 dan 1:1. Aplikasi nanosilika hidrofobik dilakukan dengan dua cara yaitu spray dan dip coating. Dengan teknik dip coating dengan perbandingan 1:5 dan suhu reaksi untuk sintesis nanosilika pada 70ºC dihasilkan sudut kontak tertinggi yaitu sebesar 92º.

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Silica nanoparticles are one of the nanomaterials that the use quite extensively because of some of their unique characteristics. The synthesis of silica nanoparticles is usually made from tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) but because the price is quite expensive it is replaced with sodium silicate. The synthesis of silica nanoparticles from sodium silicate uses a combination of the sol-gel method and the heat injection method by varying the temperature of the solvent. Ammonia and ethanol solutions are solvents that injected by sodium silicate. The resulting nanosilica has an amorphous structure with a crystal size of 37.21 nm and 32.34 nm at room temperature and 60ºC. The morphology of nanosilica is spherical but the resulting shape is not homogeneous. The resulting silica nanoparticles were modified by mixing stearic acid to give hydrophobic properties with variations of 1:5 and 1:1 between the nanosilica and steaeric acid. The application of hydrophobic nanosilica is carried out in two techniques, spray and dip coating. With the dip coating technique with a ratio of 1:5 and the reaction temperature at 70ºC is giving the highest contact angle produced at 92º.

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