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"This book focuses on oil-paper insulation included in power transformers, especially for EHV and UHV transformers. The importance on insulation ever increased due to a growing voltage rating of transformers. Within the last decades, although research on the transformer insulation and diagnosis methods has advanced a lot, the insulation of HV transformers remained more or less unchanged. The book is divided into five chapters; the first and second chapters explain the basics of oil insulation, while the third chapter focuses on paper insulation. The final two chapters deal with the methods and outcome of testing both techniques. The primary target audience for this book is graduate students and power system engineers."

"Transformator merupakan salah satu peralatan yang tidak dapat dipisahkan dari suatu sistem tenaga listrik. Transformator berfungsi untuk mengubah level tegangan dari daya yang dialirkan tanpa merubah frekuensi tegangan tersebut. Salah satu jenis dari transformator adalah transformator tenaga. Transformator tenaga merupakan transformator yang berfungsi sebagai penyalur daya dari pembangkit ke sistem tenaga listrik. Disini penulis mengambil contoh minyak isolasi dari transformator tenaga yang digunakan untuk transmisi tenaga listrik dengan rating 70 kV. Banyak pengujian yang dapat dilakukan pada minyak transformator untuk mengetahui karakteristik minyak transformator tersebut. Pengujian-pengujian secara garis besar dibagi menjadi pengujian karakteristik dan analisis gas terlarut. Pengujian karakteristik yang digunakan penulis antara lain adalah pengujian tegangan tembus, pengujian tegangan antar muka, pengujian kadar air, pengujian kadar asam (angka kenetralan), dan pengujian warna. Pengujian yang kedua dilakukan dengan metode analisis gas terlarut. Metode ini digunakan untuk mengukur berapa banyak gas yang terlarut di dalam minyak transformator tersebut. Gas-gas yang terdeteksi merupakan indikasi dari terjadinya suatu kerusakan didalam transformator sehingga dengan melihat gas mana yang jauh melebihi batas kita dapat mengetahui kerusakan apa yang ada pada transformator. Berdasarkan analisis dari data-data pengujian tersebut akan ditentukan tindakan yang akan dilakukan pada setiap transformator.

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Transformer is one of many tools that can not be separated from a power system. Transformer is used to change the voltage level of the transmitted power without changing its frequency level. One example of transformer is a power transformer. Power transformer is a transformer that serves as a supplier of power generation to the power system. Here the authors take the example of the insulating oil of power transformers used for electric power transmission with a rating of 70 kV. Many tests that can be performed on transformer oil to know the characteristics of the transformer oil. Oil tests broadly divided into characteristics tests and dissolved gas analysis. Testing characteristics used by the author, among others, is the breakdown voltage, interfacial tension, water level, acid levels (neutrality number), and color. The second test was conducted using dissolved gas analysis. This method is used to measure how much gas is dissolved in the transformer oil. The gases that were detected point out the occurrence of a fault in the transformer so we can know that there is damage to the transformer when the detected gas is beyond the limit. Based on the analysis of the test data, we must take specified action on each transformer."

"Transformer adalah salah satu alat yang paling penting di dalam Sistem Tenaga Listrik. Transformer digunakan untuk meningkatkan atau menurunkan level tegangan atau arus pada sistem tenaga. Maka, kondisi trafo akan mempengaruhi kestabilan dan keandalan sistem secara keseluruhan. Pada praktisnya, Degradasi pada isolasi akan mempengaruhi keadaan trafo secara keseluruhan dan mengurangi umur trafo. Degradasi pada isolasi ini disebabkan oleh banyak hal seperti cuaca, penuaan, atau pembebanan. Banyak penelitian yang dilakukan untuk memperpanjang umur isolasi. Maka dari itu, disini berusaha diterapkan pada penelitian ini, suatu cara baru untuk memperpanjang umur isolasi, yaitu dengan selimut nitrogen. Umumnya, selimut ini digunakan untuk sebagai pelindung pada bahan bakar pada kapal tanki. Di sini berusaha diterapkan teknik ini pada trafo dengan menimbang pada kondisi trafo yang mirip dengan kondisi fisik dan kimia pada tanki bahan bakar pada kapal tanki. Selimut nitrogen ini kemudian ternyata terbukti dalam penelitian ini dapat melindungi isolasi, memperpanjang umur dan kualitas isolasi, serta mampu untuk memperpanjang umur trafo secara keseluruhan.

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Transformer is one of the most important part of the electrical Power System. It is used for elevating or lowering the voltage and the current from the power system. Hence, the transformer condition will affect the stability and the reliability of the whole electrical power system. In practice, The degradation from the insulation condition will affect the whole transformer system. The degradation will reduce the whole transformers lifetime. This degradation is caused by many aspects, such as; the weather condition, the amount of electrical loads, Oxygent and Free radicals levels, and arching. Many experiments have tried to reduce the impact of these aspects. Therefore, in this study, the author try to apply and test the Nitrogent blanketing system into transformer insulation system either to the solid insulation or the liquid insulation. This Nitrogent blanketing system is commonly used for transfering chemical substance or for mantaining and protecting the ship gas tank condition. The author try to apply this technique into the transformer system, considering the system of the transformer insulation is similar with the gas tank or chemical tank substance system. In this paper, The Nitrogen blanketing system is proven can protect the transformer insulation condition, and extend the whole transformer lifetime condition.

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"ABSTRAKKehandalan suatu generator dengan kapasitas besar harus diperhatikan, salah satunya dengan melakukan upaya pemeliharaan rutin. Pada penelitian ini, isolasi generator diuji dengan pengujian diagnostik yang bersifat tidak merusak, pengujian tersebut antara lain, pengujian tahanan isolasi IR , indeks polarisasi PI , faktor daya tip-up tan ? , Electromagnetic Core Impefection Detection ELCID , kepadatan pasak stator, dan Recurrent Surge Oscilograph RSO . Pengujian tahanan isolasi berkaitan dengan tingkat kebersihan isolasi, sedangkan pengujian indeks polarisasi PI lebih kepada tingkat kekeringan isolasi. Faktor daya tip-up menunjukkan besarnya rongga di dalam isolasi groundwall dan rongga antara belitan dan inti besi, sedangkan ELCID mengetahui kondisi inti besi stator dengan hanya memberikan asupan daya kecil pada generator. Kepadatan pasak sebagai penjaga kestabilan belitan agar tidak berpindah atau bergetar dari posisi. RSO bertujuan mendapatkan kondisi lebih lanjut kondisi isolasi rotor setalah pengujian tahanan isolasi dilakukan. Hasil pengujian yang didapat menunjukkan kondisi belitan dalam keadaan baik, akan tetapi pengujian kepadatan pasak menyatakan kondisi pasak memiliki nilai presentase longgar lebih dari 25 . Tindakan yang dilakukan adalah dengan mengganti keseluruhan pasak dan meningkatkan kualitas material, mengoptimalkan desain, serta memperbaiki gap antara belitan dengan inti besi. Perbaikan tersebut bertujuan untuk mengurangi percepatan pemburukan isolasi secara signifikan.

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ABSTRACTThe reliability of large generators capacity should be considered by performing routine maintenance. In this study, the insulation of the generator was tested with non destructive diagnostic testing, the tests included, insulation resistance IR , polarization index PI , power factor tip up tan , Electromagnetic Core Impefection Detection ELCID , wedges looseness test, and Recurrent Surge Oscilograph RSO . IR and PI tests are related to the level of insulation cleanliness and dryness of the insulation. The tip up power factor indicate the size of the cavity in the groundwall insulation and the cavity between the winding and core iron, while the ELCID is indicate the condition of the core iron stator. The looseness wedges become the guard and hold stator bar in order to keep on their original position. RSO test become diagnostic test to obtain a further condition of rotor isolation conditions after insulation resistance test was performed. The test results showed good winding conditions, but the wedges condition was loose more than 25 . The recommended action is to replace the entire wedges and improve the quality of the material, optimize the design, and improve the gap between winding and iron core. These improvements aim to reduce the acceleration of insulation deterioration significantly."

"Problems of voltage quality are becoming increasingly important with the growth in power electronics and the high-sensitivity of electronic equipment. Translated and updated from the German original published by VDE-Verlag, this book successfully details the theoretical and practical background to low voltage conducted disturbances including harmonics, voltage fluctuation/flicker and asymmetrical voltages. Each chapter is illustrated with practical examples and exercises based on the authors' experience of application problems, including measurement, assessment and remedial measures. The book is set in the context of European standards."

"Transformator daya merupakan salah satu peralatan listrik yang sangat vital dalam menunjang performa pembangkit tenaga listrik. Alat ini dilengkapi dengan minyak yang berfungsi sebagai pendingin dan isolator. Kekuatan isolasi yang dimiliki oleh transformator daya dapat mengalami penurunan yang dipengaruhi oleh adanya gas-gas. Hal ini dapat menyebabkan terjadinya kegagalan operasi dan menurunnya sisa umur operasi transformator daya. Pemeliharaan prediktif dilakukan untuk mencegah dampak negatif dari penurunan kekuatan isolasi minyak transformator daya, salah satunya melalui teknik Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA) yang dapat menganalisis kandungan gas terlarut dalam minyak transformator daya. Sesuai dengan standar yang ditetapkan dalam IEEE C57.104:2019 dan IEC 60599:2005, pengujian DGA dapat mendeteksi beberapa gas yang terlarut seperti H2, CH4, C2H4, C2H2, C2H6, dan CO di dalam minyak transformator daya. Pengujian DGA dilakukan menggunakan dua metode yaitu metode IEC ratio dan duval triangle untuk mengidentifikasi jenis kegagalan yang terjadi pada transformator daya BAT GT 1.1 dan 1.2 PT PLN Indonesia Power Priok PGU. Pengujian pada sampel pengukuran dari tahun 2018 hingga 2023 untuk kedua transformator menggunakan IEC ratio dan duval triangle didominasi dengan kegagalan termal di bawah 300 serta didapatkan diagnosa yang lebih spesifik menggunakan duval triangle yaitu pemanasan di bawah 250 . Kegagalan yang terjadi dapat mempengaruhi keandalan dan availability kondisi transformator daya. Melalui markov chain diprediksi transformator BAT GT 1.1 dan 1.2 mengalami penurunan keandalan sekitar 25% dalam waktu 30 hari beroperasi. Untuk mengoptimalkan keandalan kedua transformator dapat dilakukan pemeliharaan rutin pada hari kerja ke-90. Di sisi lain, transformator BAT GT 1.1 dan 1.2 tersedia dalam kondisi normal hingga hari ke-217 dan hari ke-185. Sehingga dapat dilakukan purifikasi pada masing – masing di transformator di hari kerja ke-218 dan ke-186 agar meminimalkan adanya partikel gas yang terlarut di isolasi minyak transformator.

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A power transformer is one of the electrical equipment that is very vital in supporting the performance of power plants. This tool is equipped with oil which functions as a coolant and insulator. The insulation strength of a power transformer can decrease due to the presence of gases. This can cause operational failure and reduce the remaining operating life of the power transformer. Predictive maintenance is carried out to prevent the negative impact of decreasing the insulation strength of power transformer oil, one of which is through the Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA) technique which can analyze the dissolved gas content in power transformer oil. In accordance with the standards stipulated in IEEE C57.104:2019 and IEC 60599:2005, DGA testing can detect several dissolved gases such as H2, CH4, C2H4, C2H2, C2H6, and CO in power transformer oil. DGA testing was carried out using two methods, namely the IEC ratio and duval triangle methods to identify the type of failure that occurred in the PT PLN Indonesia Power Priok PGU BAT GT 1.1 and 1.2 power transformers. Tests on measurement samples from 2018 to 2023 for both transformers using the IEC ratio and Duval triangle were dominated by thermal failures below 300℃ and a more specific diagnosis was obtained using the duval triangle, namely heating below 250℃. Failures that occur can affect the reliability and availability of power transformers. Using the Markov chain, it is predicted that the BAT GT 1.1 and 1.2 transformers will experience a decrease in reliability of around 25% within 30 days of operation. To optimize the reliability of both transformers, routine maintenance can be carried out on the 90th working day. On the other hand, BAT GT 1.1 and 1.2 transformers were available in good condition on day 217 and day 185. Purification can be carried out on each component in the transformer on the 218th and 186th working days to minimize the presence of dissolved gas particles in the transformer oil insulation."

"The book introduces the reader to the major components of a high voltage system and the different insulating materials applied in particular equipments.During a review of these materials, measurable properties suitable for condition assessment are identified. Analyses are included of some of the insulation fault scenarios that may occur in power equipment.The basic facilities for carrying out tests on the internal and external insulation structures at high and low voltages are described. Tests and measurements according to specifications, on-site requirements and research investigations are considered.Advances in the application of digital techniques for detection and analyses of partial discharges are discussed and methods in use, or under development, for service condition monitoring are described. These include the utilization of new sensors, the solution of online problems associated with noise rejection and the adaptation of artificial intelligence techniques for incipient fault diagnosis.The subject matter of the book is suitable for final year courses in electrical power engineering, short courses in insulation condition assessment and postgraduate programmes. Power system engineers associated with high voltage equipment should find the book of value in relation to fault investigations, maintenance requirements, insulation testing and condition monitoring."

"Skripsi ini membahas tentang bagaimana cara mengurangi reject komponen insulation winding cylinder, yaitu dengan metode Quality Improvement mengikuti tahapan dalam Six Sigma yang akan mengetahui bagian penyebab-penyebab mana saja yang sangat berpengaruh terhadap terjadinya cacat pada komponen tersebut. Dan inti dari skripsi ini ialah, bagaimana memperbaiki performa proses dan meningkatkan kemampuan proses. Beberapa solusi utama hasil penelitian adalah pengecekan dan maintenance terhadap alat-alat atau mesin yang digunakan seperti pisau chamfer pada mesin chamfering, stopper pada mesin cutting secara reguler. Penyediaan sparepart, agar alat-alat yang sudah diluar standar dapat diganti dengan segera. Pembuatan standar pemeriksaan produk pada setiap proses serta penjadwalan pemeriksaan setiap alat dan mesin secara periodik. Dilakukan pelatihan kepada operator supaya semua operator mengerti standar kualitas. Peningkatan keahlian dengan pelatihan secara sistematis dan kontinu. Operator diminta bertanya apabila kurang mengerti. Pembuatan SOP dan checklist pada setiap proses.

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This minithesis explained about how to reduce rejected part of winding cylinder insulation, with quality improvement method using steps of six sigma which is will find out the most influential causing part to the rejection of the part winding cylinder insulation. And the main point of this mini thesis is how to fix the performance process and to increase process capability. Some main solutions of this study is the checking and maintenance of equipments or machines that is used like a knife chamfer of chamfering machine, cutting machine stopper regularly. Supply of spare parts, for the tools that are beyond the standard can be replaced immediately. Developing a standard for product inspection on every process and scheduling of inspection of each tool and machine periodically. Conducted training to the operators so that all operators understand the standards of quality. Increasing expertise with a systematic and continuous training. Operators are required to ask if it is less understood. Preparation of SOPs and checklists in each process."