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Pendahuluan. Kurkumin merupakan senyawa alami yang ditemukan pada akar tumbuhan Curcuma longa. Kurkumin memiliki sifat penyembuhan yang sangat baik, diantaranya termasuk anti-inflamasi, anti-bakteri, dan antioksidan. Telah dijelaskan pula pada beberapa studi bahwa kurkumin memiliki sifat renoprotective yang dapat membantu memperbaiki penyakit gagal ginjal kronik (CKD). Meskipun kurkumin memiliki banyak manfaat kesehatan untuk ginjal, jumlah kurkumin yang dapat mencapai jaringan ginjal sangatlah sedikit. Hal ini dikarenakan bioavailabilitas oral kurkumin hanya mencapai 1% yang disebabkan oleh buruknya absorpsi kurkumin pada saluran pencernaan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan konsentrasi kurkumin pada organ/jaringan ginjal dengan cara memperkecil ukuran partikel kurkumin menjadi nanocurcumin.

Metode. Penelitian ini menggunakan sediaan nanokurkumin yang dibuat dengan teknik ball milling. Dosis tunggal kurkumin atau nanokurkumin sebanyak 500 mg/kg diberikan secara oral kepada tikus Sprague-Dawley betina. Tikus didekapitasi pada menit ke-180 dan -240 setelah pemberian kurkumin atau nanokurkumin untuk pengambilan organ ginjal yang nantinya setiap 100 mg jaringan ginjal akan dihomogenisasi dengan larutan Normal Saline 0.9% sebanyak 1 ml. Homogenat jaringan ginjal akan dianalisa menggunakan UPLC-MS/MS dengan sumber ionisasi electrospray (ESI) positif.

Hasil. Konsentrasi kurkumin cenderung lebih tinggi dibandingkan konsentrasi nanokurkumin pada jaringan ginjal tikus setelah pemberian dosis tunggal kurkumin/nanokurkumin sebanyak 500 mg/kg pada jam ke-3 dan ke-4.

Kesimpulan. Kurkumin cenderung untuk memiliki konsentrasi yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan konsentrasi sediaan nanokurkumin pada jaringan ginjal tikus.

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Introduction. Curcumin is a naturally occurring compound found in Curcuma longa roots. It possesses great healing properties which mainly include anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, and anti-oxidative. It has also been described that curcumin has renoprotective effects and is proven to be able to ameliorate chronic kidney diseases (CKD). Despite having numerous health benefits for the kidney, the number of curcumin that can reach the kidney is very little, in respect to its low oral bioavailability which is only 1% due to poor absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. This study aims to enhance curcumin concentration in the kidney by decreasing curcumin particle size into nanocurcumin. 

Methods. This study uses nanoparticle curcumin that is produced by using ball milling technique. A single dosage of 500 mg/kg curcumin or nanocurcumin was given orally to female Sprague-Dawley rats. Rats were decapitated at minute-180 and 240 after curcumin or nanocurcumin administration for kidney collection, which then homogenized with a ratio of 100 mg kidney tissue per 1 mL normal saline 0.9%. Kidney tissue homogenates were analyzed using UPLC-MS/MS with positive electrospray ionization (ESI).

Results. Curcumin concentration in rats kidney tissue tended to be slightly higher than nanoparticle curcumin after a single dose of 500 mg/kg curcumin or nanocurcumin at both 3 and 4 hours.

Conclusion. Curcumin has the propensity to have a higher concentration than nanocurcumin in rats kidney tissue.

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"Latar Belakang: Berbagai penelitian terdahulu telah membuktikan bahwa kurkumin memiliki sifat hepatoprotektif sehingga memungkinkannya untuk mengobati banyak jenis penyakit hepar. Meskipun kurkumin aman dan mempunyai banyak aktifitas biologis, penggunaan kurkumin belum dapat digunakan secara komersil sebagai obat terapeutik karena tingkat absorbsi, stabilitas, dan bioavailabilitas yang rendah serta metabolisme kurkumin yang cepat. Berhubung studi mengenai efek pengurangan ukuran partikel untuk meningkatkan distribusi jaringan belum dilakukan sepenuhnya, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apabila peningkatan konsentrasi kurkumin di jaringan hepar dapat dilakukan dengan menggunakan nanopartikel.Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian in vivo pada tikus. Tikus dirandomisasi menjadi 2 kelompok, masing-masing 5 ekor yang mendapatkan kurkumin konvensional 500 mg/kgBB atau nanokurkumin 500 mg/kgBB dosis tunggal secara oral. Sampel hati diambil setelah 3 atau 4 jam setelah pemberian obat dan konsentrasi kurkuminnya dikuantifikasi menggunakan UPLC-MS/MS.Hasil: Konsentrasi nanokurkumin lebih tinggi daripada konsentrasi kurkumin konvensional di jaringan hepar setelah 3 jam dan relatif lebih tinggi setelah 4 jam. Pada 3 jam, konsentrasi rerata nanokurumin (33.1934 ng/mg) adalah lebih dari 7 kali lipat dibandingkan konsentrasi rerata kurkumin (4.5189 ng/mg) dan bermakna secara statistik (p = 0.047). Pada 4 jam, konsentrasi rerata nanokurumin (11.8725 ng/mg) hanya sedikit lebih tinggi dibandingkan konsentrasi rerata kurkumin (11.6352 ng/mg) dan tidak bermakna secara statistik (p = 0.251).Konklusi: Pemberian nanokurkumin secara oral menghasilkan konsentrasi kurkumin yang lebih tinggi di hati tikus setelah 3 dan 4 jam daripada kurkumin konvensional.Background: Many previous researches have proven that curcumin possesses potent hepatoprotective propertiy which enables it to treat and prevent the progression of different hepatic disorders. However, despite its superior safety profile and biological activity, curcumin has not been commercially used as a therapeutic drug due to its extremely poor absorption and stability, low bioavailability and rapid metabolism. As the effect of decreasing its particle size to improve its tissue distribution have yet to be studied thoroughly, this research aims to find out if higher curcumin concentrations in liver tissue can be achieved by using nanoparticles.Method: This research is an in vivo research in rats. The rats are randomized into 2 groups, each with 5 rats which were given either single doses of 500 mg/kgBW conventional curcumin or 500 mg/kgBW nanocurcumin orally. The liver samples were obtained after 3 or 4 hours, followed by curcumin concentration measurement using the UPLC-MS/MS method. Results: Nanocurcumin concentrations were higher than curcumin concentrations in the liver tissue at 3 hours and relatively higher at 4 hours. At three hours, the mean nanocurcumin concentration (33.1934 ng/mg) is over 7 times higher than mean curcumin concentration (4.5189 ng/mg) and is statistically significant (p = 0.047). At 4 hours, the mean nanocurcumin concentration (11.8725 ng/mg) is slightly higher than mean curcumin concentration (11.6352 ng/mg) not statistically significant (p = 0.251)Conclusion: Oral administration of nanocurcumin results in higher curcumin concentrations in rat liver tissue after 3 and 4 hours compared to conventional curcumin."

"Pendahuluan: Berbagai penelitian terdahulu telah membuktikan kemampuan kurkumin untuk menghambat karsinogenesis pada kolorektal. Namun pengembangan kurkumin untuk aplikasi ini terbatas dikarenakan penyerapannya dan bioavailabilitas yang buruk, sifatnya yang kurang stabil, serta tingkat metabolisme, dan eliminasi zat yang cepat. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini dilakukan untuk membuktikan apakah modifikasi ukuran kurkumin menjadi nanopartikel dapat meningkatkan konsentrasi kurkumin di dalam kolon. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan studi eksperimental pada tikus Sprague-Dawley betina yang diberikan kurkumin konvensional dan nano-kurkumin secara oral500mg/kg/BB. Sampel kolon diambil 3 jam dan 4 jam setelah pemberian kurkumin. Konsentrasi kurkumin diukur dengan menggunakan UPLC-MS/MS. Hasil: Setelah 3 jam dan 4 jam pemberian sampel, ditemukan bahwa konsentrasi kurkumin konvensional cenderung lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan konsentrasi nano kurkumin, walau tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan (p>0.05). Rata-rata konsentrasi kurkumin dan nanocurcumin pada usus tikus setelah 3 jam adalah 92,463 ± 10.836 ug/g kolon dan 60.931± 4.774 ug/g kolon masing-masing. Sementara itu, setelah 4 jam, rata-rata konsentrasi curcumin dan nanocurcumin di usus tikus adalah 113.560 ± 12.477 ug/g kolon dan 103.725 ± 12.951 ug/g kolon masing-masing. Kesimpulan/Diskusi: Modifikasi ukuran kurkumin menjadi ukuran nano tidak mempengaruhi tingkat konsentrasi kurkumin dalam jaringan kolon tikus. Beberapa penyebab potensialnya adalah agregasi nano-partikel kurkumin, kedua jenis kurkumin terperangkap di dalam mukus, penetrasi nano-partikel melalui transportasi transeluler di dalam epitelium usus, dan tingginya degradasi nanokurkumin di dalam saluran pencernaan (baik secara biologis maupun kimiawi). Hal ini menyebabkan penurunan kuantitas nanokurkumin yang dapat diserap oleh kolon.Introduction: Various previous studies have proven the ability of curcumin to inhibit colorectal carcinogenesis. However, the development of curcumin for this application is limited due to its poor absorption and bioavailability, its unstable nature, metabolic rate, and rapid elimination of the substance. Therefore, this study was conducted to prove whether modification of the size of curcumin into nanoparticles can increase the concentration of curcumin in the colon. Methods: This study is an experimental study on female Sprague-Dawley rats given conventional curcumin and nano-curcumin orally.500mg/kg/BW. Colonic samples were taken 3 hours and 4 hours after curcumin administration. Curcumin concentration was measured using UPLC-MS/MS. Results: After 3 hours and 4 hours of sample administration, it was found that conventional curcumin concentrations tended to be higher than nano curcumin concentrations, although there was no significant difference (p>0.05). The mean concentrations of curcumin and nanocurcumin in the intestines of rats after 3 hours were 92.463 ± 10,836 g/g colon and 60,931± 4.774 g/g colon, respectively. Meanwhile, after 4 hours, the mean concentrations of curcumin and nanocurcumin in the rat intestine were 113,560 ± 12,477 g/g colon and 103,725 ± 12,951 g/g colon, respectively. Conclusion/Discussion: Modification of curcumin size to nano size did not affect the level of curcumin concentration in rat colon tissue. Some of the potential causes are aggregation of curcumin nano-particles, both types of curcumin trapped in mucus, penetration of nano-particles through transcellular transport within the intestinal epithelium, and high degradation of nanocurcumin in the gastrointestinal tract (both biologically and chemically). This causes a decrease in the quantity of nanocurcumin that can be absorbed by the colon."

"Latar belakang: Kanker ovarium diduga dapat menyebabkan penurunan fungsi dan kerusakan ginjal. Cisplatin salah satu terapi kanker ovarium bersifat nefrotoksik. Kerusakan ginjal ini terjadi melalui berbagai mekanisme, salah satunya adalah peningkatan ekspresi ETAR. Kurkumin diduga mampu menurunkan ekspresi ETAR pada jaringan ginjal yang rusak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efek ko-kemoterapi kurkumin pada cisplatin terhadap ekspresi ETAR serta gambaran histopatologi jaringan ginjal pada tikus model kanker ovarium. Metode: 24 tikus wistar betina dibagi menjadi empat kelompok: Kelompok normal sham (N), kanker ovarium tanpa perlakuan (Ca), kanker ovarium yang mendapat 4 mg/KgBB cisplatin (Cis), dan kanker ovarium yang mendapat 4 mg/KgBB cisplatin +100 mg/KgBB kurkumin (Cis+Cur). Setelah 3 minggu tikus dikorbankan, ginjal tikus diambil untuk pengamatan histopatolgi serta ekspresi mRNA ETAR. Hasil: Pada pengamatan histopatologi Masson Trichrome ditemukan fokus fibrosis pada kelompok tikus Ca dan Cis. Melalui qRT-PCR diketahui bahwa ekspresi mRNA pada kelompok Ca dan Cis relatif sama, namun meningkat masing-masing sebesar 133% (2,33 kali lipat) dan 123% (2,23 kali lipat) dibandingkan dengan kelompok normal. Sedangkan pada kelompok Cis+Cur terdapat penurunan ekspresi mRNA sebesar 31,5% (0.315 lebih rendah) dan 34,4% (0.344 lebih rendah) berurutan dibanding kelompok Cis dan Cur. Tidak ditemukan perbedaan bermakna secara statistik antar kelompok uji. Kesimpulan: Kanker ovarium dapat memicu kerusakan ginjal pada tiku dibuktikan dengan peningkatan ekspresi mRNA ETAR dan fokus fibrosis. Pemberian cisplatin pada dosis terapeutik tidak meningkatkan ekspresi mRNA ETAR pada jaringan tikus model kanker ovarium, meski demikian pemberian kurkumin sebagai ko-kemoterapi menurunkan ekspresi mRNA ETAR dan fokus fibrosis meskipun tidak bermakna secara statistik.

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Background: Ovarian cancer is believed can lead to renal functional deterioration Furthermore, cisplatin as chemotherapeutic agent has nephrotoxic effects. Increased expression of the Endothelin A receptor (ETAR) is thought to be one of the mechanisms. Curcumin is believed to have protective effects in injured kidney. This study is to evaluate the co-chemotherapy effects of curcumin for cisplatin upon ETAR expression and histopathological appearances in rats’ kidney. Method: Total of 24 wistar rats, devided into four treatment groups: normal group (N), ovarian cancer without treatment group (Ca), ovarian cancer which received cisplatin 4 mg/kgBW group (Cis), and ovarian cancer which received cisplatin 4 mg/kgBW + 100 mg/kgBW curcumin group (Cis+Cur). Kidney tissue specimen was obtained for histopathological examination and ETAR messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression. Results: Fibrosis foci were found at kidney tissue of Ca and Cis group. The mRNA expression level among Ca and Cis group were relatively equivalent; however increased by 133% (2,33 fold) and by 123% (2,23 fold), respectively compared to N group. Meanwhile, the Cis + Cur group decreased by 31.5% (0.315 lower) and 34.4 % (0.344 lower) compared to Cis and Ca group respectively. There are no statistical significant among the experiment groups. Conclusion: Ovarian cancer is associated with kidney injury, demonstrated by increased of ETAR mRNA and fibrosis foci formation. Therapeutic dose cisplatin do not increased ETAR mRNA in the kidney of ovarian cancer rat. Curcumin administration as co-chemotherapeutic agent result in the decrease of ETAR mRNA level and the decrease of fibrosis foci formation."

"Nefrotoksisitas merupakan efek samping utama yang membatasi penggunaan cisplatin sebagai obat anti-tumor. Kurkumin memeliki beberapa aktivitas farmakologis salah satunya, yaitu sebagai nefroprotektor. Akan tetapi kurkumin kurang larut di dalam air, sehingga digunakan nanokurkumin yang lebih mudah larut/terdispersi dalam air. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui efek kurkumin dan nanokurkumin terhadap nefrotoksisitas tikus yang diinduksi cisplatin melalui jalur ERK1/2. Perlakuan hewan coba dilakukan selama 10 hari, menggunakan tikus Sprague Dawley yang dibagi menjadi 5 kelompok, n=6, yaitu kelompok normal, cisplatin CIS, Cisplatin kurkumin 100 mg/kgBB/hari p.o Cis Kurku100, Cisplatin nanokurkumin 50 mg/kgBB/hari p.o Cis Nanokur50, Cisplatin nanokurkumin 100 mg/kgBB/hari p.o Cis Nanokur100 . Pada hari ke-7 dilakukan injeksi cisplatin 7 mg/kgBB, i.p dan 72 jam setelah injeksi cisplatin dilakukan pengambilan darah dan organ ginjal. Cisplatin dosis tunggal pada kelompok CIS menyebabkan peningkatan kadar BUN dan kreatinin dalam plasma, kadar MDA, peningkatan rasio ekspresi BCL-2/Bax, serta peningkatan rasio ekspresi protein p-ERK/ERK secara signifikan, dibandingkan kelompok normal. Pemberian kurkumin 100 mg/kgBB dan nanokurkumin 100 mg/kgBB berperan sebagai antioksidan untuk mencegah progresifitas nefrotoksisitas akibat cisplatin, dilihat melalui terjadinya penurunan kadar BUN dan kreatinin dalam plasma, penurunan kadar MDA, dan peningkatan rasio ekspresi gen BCL-2/Bax secara signifikan dibandingkan kelompok CIS, serta penurunan rasio ekspresi protein p-ERK/ERK secara signifikan dibandingkan kelompok CIS. Cisplatin dosis tunggal 7 mg/kgBB dapat menyebabkan nefrotoksisitas pada tikus yang menyerupai AKI Acute Kidney Injury pada manusia. Kurkumin 100 mg/kgBB cenderung memiliki efek nefroprotektor yang lebih baik dalam mencegah progresifitas nefrotoksisitas akibat cisplatin melalui jalur stress oksidatif dan apoptosis.

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Nephrotoxicity is the major limitation for the clinical use of cisplatin as an antitumor. Curcumin has some pharmacological activity, one of them as nephroprotector. However, curcumin less soluble in water, so it is used nanocurcumin which is readily dispersed in aqueous media. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of curcumin and nanocurcumin against ciplatin induced nephrotoxicity in rats through ERK1 2 pathway. This study conducted for 10 days treatment, five groups n 6 of male Sprague Dawley rats were examined normal, cisplatin CIS 7 mg kgBW, Cis curcumin Cis Curcu100 100 mg kg BW day, Cisplatin nanocurcumin 50 mg kg BW day Cis Nanocur50, and Cisplatin nanocurcumin 100mg kg BW day Cis Nanocur100 . After 72 h following injection cisplatin, specimens were collected. This study resulted a single dose of cisplatin in CIS group caused a significant increased in plasma BUN, plasma creatinine, MDA levels, decreased ratio expression of BCL 2 Bax gene, and increased ratio of p ERK ERK as compared to normal group. Pre treatment with curcumin 100 mg kgBW and nanocurcumin 50 and 100 mg kgBW acts as an antioxidant to prevent progression of nephrotoxicity cisplatin, were reduced plasma BUN levels, plasma creatinine levels, MDA levels in kidney, increased GSH level in kidney, increased ratio expression of BCL 2 Bax gene in kidney, and decreased ratio of p ERK ERK protein in kidney compared with cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity rats without treatment. Cisplatin with single dose 7 mg kgBW is able to induced nephrotoxicity in rats that mimicked acute kidney injury in human. Curcumin 100 mg kgBW tend to have a better nephroprotector effect in preventing the progression of cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity through oxidative stress pathways and apoptosis. "

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Indonesia adalah negara tropis dengan transmisi infeksi DENV yang tinggi dan sebuah ancaman kesehatan di dunia tanpa terapi spesifik yang dapat bekerja secara tunggal. Rakyat Indonesia memiliki kepercayaan tinggi atas obat herbal, salah satunya yang berasal dari Kunyit dengan senyawa utama, Kurkumin dengan efek antioksidan, pencegah kanker dan anti-inflamasi yang sudah terbukti melalui uji in vivo dan in vitro. Beberapa penelitian membuktikan bahwa kurkumin bekerja sebagai antivirus DENV-2 namun mekanisme yaitu waktu dimana kurkumin bekerja paling efektif, belum diketahui. Penelitian ini dilakukan secara in vitro dengan Sel Vero yang diinfeksikan DENV-2. Fokus pada penelitian ini adalah membandingkan mekanisme penghambatan replikasi DENV-2 sekaligus persentase viabilitas sel pada pre-post (whole) dan post infeksi setelah diberikan Kurkumin dengan dosis 20 ug/mL. Infektivitas hambatan dan viabilitas sel diteliti melalui metode focus assay dan MTT assay. Berdasarkan penelitian yang dilakukan, hasil penghambatan inefektivitas pada mekanisme pre-post (whole) dan post infeksi adalah 99,74% ± 3,90 dan 51,31% ± 8,97 secara berurutan. Penelitian untuk viabilitas sel mendapatkan hasil 73,21% dan 81,66% untuk pre-post (whole) dan post infeksi secara berurutan. Hasil penelitian menunjukan kurkumin memiliki efektivitas dalam mengambat DENV-2 lebih tinggi pada mekanisme pre-post infeksi (whole), dengan persentase penghambatan lebih tinggi serta toksitas rendah dengan viabilitas diatas 50%.

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In Indonesia, DENV infection remains a global health threat without an effective therapy available. One of Indonesian’s herbal medicine, turmeric with Curcumin as its main compound is believed to have antioxidant, cancer-preventing and anti-inflammatory effects through in vivo and in vitro trials. Previous studies have shown that curcumin act as DENV-2 antivirus. However, its mechanism, namely the time at which curcumin work effectively, is not known. This research was conducted using DENV-2 infected Vero cells through in vitro method. The focus of this study was to compare the mechanism of DENV-2 replication inhibition as well as the viability of Cell in the pre-post (whole) and post-infection phases after administrating curcumin with a dose of 20 ug/mL. Focus assay and MTT assay methods were used in the experiment. Based on the research conducted, the results of ineffectiveness inhibition on the pre-post and post infection mechanisms were 99.74% ± 3.90 and 51.31% ± 8.97, respectively. The results for cell viability showed 73.21% and 81.66% for the pre-post (whole) and post-infection mechanisms, respectively. The results showed that curcumin is more effective in inhibiting DENV-2 in the pre-post infection mechanism (whole), with a higher percentage of inhibition and less toxicity with viability above 50%.

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"Latar belakang: Cisplatin diketahui sebagai agen kemoterapi yang paling sering digunakan dalam terapi keganasan hematologi dan tumor padat. Namun, efek samping cisplatin nefrotoksisitas menjadi masalah utama, sebab pemberian cisplatin sesuai dengan dosis terapeutik saja sudah menimbulkan kerusakan ginjal.Tujuan penelitian: Membuktikan efek kurkumin yang bersifat renoprotektif terhadap kerusakan ginjal yang diinduksi cisplatin melalui penurunan ekspresi endothelin-1 (ET-1). Endothelin-1 merupakan peptida yang berkaitan dengan fungsi ginjal, karena memiliki peran sebagai vasokonstriktor poten dan sebagai hemodinamik di organ ginjal.Metode: Sampel yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini berupa organ tersimpan dari penelitian Ni Made Dwi Sandhiutami, S.Si, M.Kes, Apt. Sampel dibagi dalam 4 kelompok perlakuan, yaitu kelompok tikus normal (N), kanker ovarium tanpa perlakuan (Ca), kanker ovarium perlakuan cisplatin (Cis), dan kanker ovarium perlakuan cisplatin+curcumin (Cur). Induksi kanker ovarium dengan cara injeksi 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) melalui benang silk dan dirawat selama 20 minggu membentuk adanya tumor pada ovarium.Hasil: Hasil yang diperoleh memperlihatkan kelompok Ca mengalami peningkatan ET-1 sebesar 2,8555±0,69981, kelompok Cis terjadi peningkatan ET-1 sebesar 6,0965±2,1558, namun pada kelompok Cis+Cur terjadi penurunan ekspresi ET-1 sebesar 2,1616±0,71623. Meskipun, data pada pemeriksaan ekspresi ET-1 tidak berbeda bermakna secara statistik, namun pemberian kurkumin dapat dikatakan bermakna secara kondisi klinis karena menurunkan ekspresi ET-1 sebesar 64,5%. Pada pemeriksaan serum kreatinin, hanya kelompok tikus normal (N) dengan kelompok tikus kanker ovarium dengan perlakuan cisplatin (Cis) yang berbeda bermakna dan signifikan.Kesimpulan: Cisplatin bersifat nefrotoksisitas meskipun dalam dosis terapi, serta pemberian kurkumin bermanfaat sebab dapat bersifat renoprotektif bagi kerusakan ginjal yang diinduksi cisplatin.

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Introduction: Cisplatin is known as a chemotherapy agent that is most often used in the therapy of hematologic malignancies and solid tumors. However, the side effects of cisplatin nephrotoxicity are the main problem, because giving cisplatin in accordance with the therapeutic dose alone has caused kidney damage.

Purpose of the study: To prove the effect of curcumin which is renoprotective against cisplatin-induced renal damage through decreased expression of endothelin-1 (ET-1). Endothelin-1 is a peptide related to kidney function, because it has a role as a potent vasoconstrictor and as a hemodynamic agent in the kidney.

Methods: The samples used in this study were stored organs from research by Ni Made Dwi Sandhiutami, S.Si, M.Kes, Apt. Samples were divided into 4 treatment groups, namely normal mice (N), ovarian cancer without treatment (Ca), ovarian cancer treated with cisplatin (Cis), and ovarian cancer treated with cisplatin + curcumin (Cur). Ovarian cancer induction by injection of 7,12-Dimethylbenz [a] anthracene (DMBA) through silk thread and treated for 20 weeks to form a tumor in the ovary.

Results: The results showed that the Ca group experienced an increase in ET-1 by 2.8555 ± 0.69981, the Cis group had an increase in ET-1 by 6.0965 ± 2.1558, but in the Cis + Cur group there was a decrease in ET-1 expression. equal to 2.1616 ± 0.71623. Although, the data on the examination of ET-1 expression were not statistically significant, but curcumin administration can be said to be clinically significant because it reduces the expression of ET-1 by 64.5%. In the serum creatinine examination, only the normal (N) group of mice with ovarian cancer mice treated with cisplatin (Cis) was significantly and significantly different.

Conclusion: Cisplatin is nephrotoxicity even in therapeutic doses, and curcumin administration is beneficial because it can be renoprotective for cisplatin-induced renal damage"

"Latar belakang : Cisplatin adalah pilihan utama dalam penatalaksanaan kanker ovrium secara farmakologi. Namun, disisi lain cisplatin dapat menyebabkan kerusakan ginjal. Kerusakan ginjal akibat Cisplatin salah satunya terjadi karena perubahan aktivitas sistem endotelin ginjal sebagai pengatur hemodinamik ginjal. Secara teori kerusakan ini dapat dikurangi dengan pemberian ko-kemoterapi cisplatin yang memiliki sifat renoprotektif. Salah satu agen renoprotektif adalah Kurkumin. Salah satu manfaat kurkumin dapat mengurangi kerusakan ginjal karena bersifat renoprotektif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efek pemberian kurkumin sebagai ko-kemoterapi cisplatin terhadap ekspresi reseptor endothelin B (ETBR) dan gambaran hitopatologi pada ginjal tikus model kanker ovarium.Metode: Dua puluh empat tikus Wistar betina (150-200 gram) berusia 5 minggu dikelompokan menjadi empat kelompok: Normal (N), Kanker Ovarium tanpa pemberian obat (Ca), Cisplatin (Cis) adalah kelompok tikus kanker ovarium yang mendapat terapi cisplatin 4mg/KgBB selama tiga minggu, Cisplatin+Kurkumin (Cis+Cur) adalah kelompok tikus kanker ovarium yang diberi cisplatin 4mg/KgBB+ curcumin 100mg/KgBB selama tiga minggu. Setelah memasuki minggu ke-24, tikus dikorbankan dan diambil jaringan ginjal untuk dilakukan pengamatan secara histologi dan molekular.Hasil: gambaran histologi ginjal menunjukan perubahan struktur abrnomal. Akan tetapi perubahan struktur menuju kerusakan ginjal pada penelitian ini tidak signifikan. Selanjutnya, pengamatan ekspresi ETBR didapati ekspresi tertinggi pada kelompok tikus normal (N) dan terendah pada kelompok tikus dengan pemberian Cisplatin dan Kurkumin (Cis+Cur) dengan nilai p pada uji ANOVA Satu Arah sebesar 0.087 (signifikan jika p<0,05).Kesimpulan: pemberian kurkumin sebagai ko-kemoterapi cisplatin pada tikus model kanker ovarium tidak menyebabkan perubahan struktur histologi yang bermakna dan tidak menyebabkan peningkatan ekspresi ETBR yang signifikan.

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Background: Cisplatin is the main choice in pharmacological treatment of ovarian cancer. However, cisplatin can cause kidney damage. One of the causes of kidney damage due to cisplatin occurs due to changes in the activity of the renal endothelin system as a renal hemodynamic regulator. In theory, this damage can be reduced by giving cisplatin co-chemotherapy which has renoprotective properties. One of the renoprotective agents is curcumin. One of the benefits of curcumin is to reduce kidney damage because it is renoprotective. This study aims to determine the effect of curcumin administration as co-chemotherapy of cisplatin on endothelin B receptor expression (ETBR) and the histopathological description of ovarian cancer model rats.

Methods: Twenty-four female Wistar rats (150-200 grams) aged 5 weeks were grouped into four groups: Normal (N), Ovarian Cancer without drug administration (Ca), Cisplatin (Cis) is a group of ovarian cancer mice receiving 4mg/KgBB cisplatin therapy for three weeks, Cisplatin + Curcumin (Cis + Cur) is a group of ovarian cancer mice that were given cisplatin 4mg / KgBB + curcumin 100mg / KgBB for three weeks. After entering the 24th week, the rats were sacrificed and kidney tissue was taken for histological and molecular observation.

Result: The histology of the kidneys showed an abnormal structural change. However, the structural changes leading to kidney damage in this study were not significant. Furthermore, observations of ETBR expression found the highest expression in the normal (N) group

of rats and the lowest in the group of rats given Cisplatin and Curcumin (Cis + Cur) with a p value in the One Way ANOVA test of 0.087 (significant if p <0.05).

Conclusion: giving curcumin as co-chemotherapy of cisplatin in ovarian cancer model mice did not cause significant changes in histological structure and did not cause a significant increase in ETBR expression"

"[ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Endometriosis diperkirakan ditemukan pada 2-22% wanita usia reproduksi yang asimptomatik, sedangkan pada wanita yang mengalami dismenore, prevalensinya meningkat menjadi 40-60%. Terapi yang ada saat ini adalah terapi medikamentosa, terapi pembedahan, atau gabungan dari keduanya. Namun belum ada yang dapat berhasil menghilangkan penyakit ini. Hal ini dibuktikan dengan angka kekambuhan endometriosis yang cukup tinggi, yaitu 33,3-40,3%. Pada penderita endometriosis, terjadi proses inflamasi akibat adanya stress oksidatif yang berasal dari perdarahan siklik. Pada perdarahan siklik ini didapatkan heme dan besi yang merupakan suatu oksidan. Beratnya stress oksidatif yang terjadi dapat dilihat dari kadar malondialdehida dalam darah karena radikal bebas yang merupakan bagian dari ROS akan mengubah asam lemak jenuh menjadi aldehid dan malondialdehida (MDA). Telah diketahui bahwa kadar MDA pada jaringan endometriosis lebih tinggi secara bermakna dibandingkan dengan endometrium eutopik. Kurkumin diketahui mempunyai efek antiinflamasi, antioksidan, dan imunomodulator. Efek antioksidan dari kurkumin bekerja dengan cara mengurangi jumlah radikal bebas yang beredar.Tujuan: Menilai pengaruh pemberian kurkumin terhadap stress oksidatif pada penderita endometriosis.Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan suatu penelitian uji klinis acak tersamar ganda dengan kontrol pasien yang mendapat kapsul plasebo selama periode Desember 2014 ? Mei 2015. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan consecutive sampling.Hasil: Sejumlah 12 subjek dari kelompok kurkumin diberikan perlakuan dengan 1x100 mg kurkumin selama 2 bulan, sedangkan 12 subjek pada kelompok kontrol diberikan kapsul plasebo selama 2 bulan, setelah sebelumnya diambil MDA pre perlakuan. Satu pasien dari kelompok kurkumin dan 2 dari kelompok kontrol drop-out karena tidak kembali pada akhir bulan kedua untuk pengambilan MDA pasca perlakuan. Rerata awal kadar MDA subjek kelompok plasebo adalah 0,39 ± 0,39 nmol/ml dengan rerata kadar MDA di akhir intervensi 0,32 ± 0,14 nmol/ml. Penurunan tersebut tidak bermakna berdasarkan uji statistik dengan nilai p=0,80. Rerata awal (baseline) kadar MDA subjek dengan suplementasi kurkumin adalah 0,33 ± 0,21 nmol/ml dengan rerata kadar MDA pasca intervensi berkurang menjadi 0,31 ± 0,13 nmol/ml. Secara statistik penurunan kadar MDA pasca suplementasi kurkumin tidak bermakna (p=0,84). Tidak didapatkan perbedaan bermakna kadar MDA awal antar kedua kelompok (p=0,56). Demikian juga pada kadar MDA akhir intervensi dan perubahan (delta) kadar MDA antar kedua kelompok setelah intervensi, tidak dijumpai berbedaan bermakna secara statistik dengan p=0,85 dan p=0,81, berturut-turutKesimpulan: Tidak terdapat penurunan kadar MDA yang bermakna pada subjek dengan suplementasi kurkumin maupun plasebo.

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ABSTRACTBackground: Endometriosis is estimated to be found in 2-22% asymptomatic reproductive women, while women with dysmenorrhea, the prevalence increased to 40-60%. Current management is medical therapy, surgical therapy, or a combination of both. But no one has been able to successfully eliminate this disease. This is proven by endometriosis recurrence rate is high enough, ranging from 33.3 to 40.3%. In endometriosis, inflammatory process occurs as a result of oxidative stress originating from cyclic bleeding. At this cyclic bleeding obtained heme and iron which is an oxidant. Free radicals that are part of the ROS (reactive oxygen species) will change the saturated fatty acids to aldehydes and malondialdehydes (MDA), so oxidative stress that occurs can be seen from plasma malondialdehyde levels. In recent study, MDA levels in endometriosis tissue was significantly higher than the eutopic endometrium. Curcumin is known to have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects. Antioxidant effects of curcumin works by reducing the amount of circulating free radicals.Objective: Assess the effect of curcumin on oxidative stress in endometriosis patientsMethods: This study is a randomized double-blind clinical trial with control groups receiving placebo capsules for the period December 2014 - May 2015. Sampling was conducted by consecutive sampling.Results: Twelve subjects of the treatment group was given curcumin 1x100 mg, while 12 subjects in the control group was given placebo capsules for 2 months. Peripheral blood was taken for MDA levels pre treatment. One patient from curcumin group and 2 from the control group dropped out because they do not come at the end of treatment for MDA measurement. The mean initial MDA level of placebo group was 0.39 ± 0.39 nmol / ml with a mean MDA levels at the end of the intervention 0.32 ± 0.14 nmol / ml. The decrease was not statistically significants with p = 0.80. The mean initial MDA levels of curcumin group was 0.33 ± 0.21 nmol / ml with a mean at the end of intervention was 0.31 ± 0.13 nmol / ml. The decrease was not statistically significants with p = 0.84. There were no significant differences between the initial MDA levels both groups (p = 0.56). Likewise, at MDA levels post intervention and delta between the MDA pre and post intervention on both groups, found no statistically significant with p = 0.85 and p = 0.81, respectively.Conclusions: There was no significant decrease in MDA levels in subjects with curcumin supplementation or placebo., Background: Endometriosis is estimated to be found in 2-22% asymptomatic reproductivewomen, while women with dysmenorrhea, the prevalence increased to 40-60%. Currentmanagement is medical therapy, surgical therapy, or a combination of both. But no one hasbeen able to successfully eliminate this disease. This is proven by endometriosis recurrencerate is high enough, ranging from 33.3 to 40.3%. In endometriosis, inflammatory processoccurs as a result of oxidative stress originating from cyclic bleeding. At this cyclic bleedingobtained heme and iron which is an oxidant. Free radicals that are part of the ROS (reactiveoxygen species) will change the saturated fatty acids to aldehydes and malondialdehydes(MDA), so oxidative stress that occurs can be seen from plasma malondialdehyde levels. Inrecent study, MDA levels in endometriosis tissue was significantly higher than the eutopic endometrium. Curcumin is known to have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects. Antioxidant effects of curcumin works by reducing the amountof circulating free radicals.Objective: Assess the effect of curcumin on oxidative stress in endometriosis patientsMethods: This study is a randomized double-blind clinical trial with control groups receivingplacebo capsules for the period December 2014 - May 2015. Sampling was conducted byconsecutive sampling.Results: Twelve subjects of the treatment group was given curcumin 1x100 mg, while 12subjects in the control group was given placebo capsules for 2 months. Peripheral blood wastaken for MDA levels pre treatment. One patient from curcumin group and 2 from the controlgroup dropped out because they do not come at the end of treatment for MDA measurement.The mean initial MDA level of placebo group was 0.39 ± 0.39 nmol / ml with a mean MDAlevels at the end of the intervention 0.32 ± 0.14 nmol / ml. The decrease was not statisticallysignificants with p = 0.80. The mean initial MDA levels of curcumin group was 0.33 ± 0.21nmol / ml with a mean at the end of intervention was 0.31 ± 0.13 nmol / ml. The decreasewas not statistically significants with p = 0.84. There were no significant differences betweenthe initial MDA levels both groups (p = 0.56). Likewise, at MDA levels post intervention anddelta between the MDA pre and post intervention on both groups, found no statisticallysignificant with p = 0.85 and p = 0.81, respectively.Conclusions: There was no significant decrease in MDA levels in subjects with curcumin supplementation or placebo.]"

"Mangiferin berpotensi menjadi agen pengkelat besi. Namun, rendahnya bioavailabilitas mangiferin membatasi kemampuan mangiferin sebagai agen pengkelat. Sistem penghantaran obat nanopartikel yang terenkapsulasi dalam kitosan-alginat diketahui mampu meningkatkan bioavailabilitas obat. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis perbandingan kadar mangiferin konvensional dan mangiferin nanopartikel kitosan-alginat pada organ ginjal. Data penelitian diperoleh dari homogenat organ ginjal tersimpan tikus Sprague-Dawley yang diinduksi besi berlebih. Tikus dibagi menjadi tiga kelompok perlakuan, yaitu diberikan mangiferin konvensional 50 mg/kgBB (MK50), mangiferin nanopartikel kitosan-alginat 50 mg/kgBB (MN50), dan mangiferin nanopartikel kitosan-alginat 25 mg/kgBB (MN25). Pengukuran kadar mangiferin dilakukan dengan menganalisis plasma menggunakan alat HPLC dan mengacu pada metode Estuningtyas. Berdasarkan pengukuran, rata-rata kadar mangiferin di organ ginjal (ng/g) antara lain sebesar 5368.5±1407,52 ng/g (MK50), 4757.78±1420,32 ng/g pada (MN50), dan 4448.06±1938,95 ng/g (MN25). Akan tetapi, tidak terdapat perbedaan signifikan antara kelompok perlakuan. Pemberian mangiferin nanopartikel kitosan-alginat dosis 50 mg/kgBB maupun 25 mg/kgBB tidak meningkatkan kadar mangiferin di ginjal tikus dibandingkan dengan pemberian mangiferin konvensional dosis 50 mg/kgBB. Selain itu, kadar mangiferin nanopartikel kitosan-alginat dosis 25 mg/kgBB tidak lebih tinggi dibandingkan mangiferin nanopartikel kitosan-alginat dosis 50 mg/kgBB di ginjal.

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Mangiferin has potential to be an iron chelating agent. However, the low bioavailability of mangiferin limits its ability as a chelating agent. The nanoparticle drug delivery system encapsulated in chitosan-alginate is known as an option to increase drug bioavailability. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the levels of conventional mangiferin and mangiferin chitosan-alginate nanoparticle in the kidney. Data were obtained from stored kidney homogenates of iron overload Sprague-Dawley rat model. Rats were divided into three treatment groups, namely conventional mangiferin 50 mg/kgBW (MK50), mangiferin chitosan-alginate nanoparticle 50 mg/kgBW (MN50), and mangiferin chitosan-alginate nanoparticle 25 mg/kgBW (MN25).

The measurement of mangiferin levels was carried out by plasma analysis using HPLC tool and referring to the Estuningtyas method. The average levels of mangiferin in kidneys (ng/g) are 5368.5±1407,52 (MK50 group), 4757.78±1420,32 (MN50 group), and 4448.06±1938,95 (MN25 group). However, there was no significant difference between the treatment groups. The administration of mangiferin chitosan-alginate nanoparticle 50 mg/kgBW or 25 mg/kgBW did not increase mangiferin levels in the rat kidney compared to conventional mangiferin 50 mg/kgBW. In addition, the levels of mangiferin chitosan-alginate nanoparticle 25 mg/kgBW were not higher than mangiferin chitosan-alginate nanoparticle 50 mg/kgBW."