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Demam berdarah dengue (DBD) adalah penyakit akibat infeksi virus dengue (DENV) yang masih menjadi masalah kesehatan yang utama di Indonesia. Pencegahan DBD dilakukan dengan pengontrolan vektor nyamuk, antivirus khusus DENV juga belum tersedia. Salah satu kurkuminoid dari tanaman kunyit adalah kurkumin yang memiliki aktivitas antivirus DENV. Akan tetapi mekanisme penghambatan DENV oleh kurkumin pada tahap pra-infeksi masih belum diketahui. Penelitian ini terfokus pada mengetahui mekanisme penghambatan replikasi DENV terbaik secara in vitro oleh kurkumin pada tahap pra-infeksi, yaitu ketika DENV belum berlekatan dengan sel pejamu. Mekanisme tersebut meliputi penghambatan protein permukaan DENV dan reseptor pada sel sebelum perlekatan DENV dengan sel vero. Sebanyak 20 μg/mL kurkumin diadministrasikan ke sel vero dan DENV. Dilanjutkan dengan focus assay untuk mendapatkan persentase penghambatan infektivitas dan MTT assay untuk mendapatkan persentase viabilitas sel. Persentase penghambatan infektivitas DENV setelah pemberian kurkumin dengan menghambat protein dan reseptor adalah 57,28% dan 18,64%, secara berurutan dengan data berbeda bermakna (p<0,05). Persentase viabilitas sel vero setelah pemberian kurkumin dengan menghambat protein dan reseptor adalah 88,49% dan 73,77% secara berurutan, dengan data tidak berbeda bermakna (p>0,05). Disimpulkan bahwa kurkumin menunjukkan aktivitas antivirus dengue yang lebih baik dengan menghambat protein permukaan DENV secara in vitro pada tahap pra-infeksi.

 

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Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) is a disease caused by dengue virus infection (DENV) which is still a major health problem in Indonesia. DHF prevention includes mosquito vector control, DENV-specific antivirals are also unavailable. One of the curcuminoids of turmeric is curcumin which has DENV antiviral activity. However, the inhibition mechanism of DENV by curcumin at pre-infection stage is still unknown. This research focused on finding out the best inhibition mechanism of DENV replication in vitro by curcumin in the pre-infection stage, i.e. when DENV has not been attached to the host cells (vero cells) by inhibiting DENV surface proteins and receptors in cells prior. 20 μg/mL of curcumin is administered to vero and DENV cells. Followed by focus assay to obtain percentage of inhibition of infectivity and MTT assay to obtain percentage of cell viability. Percentage of infectivity inhibition after curcumin administration by inhibiting proteins and receptors is 57.28% and 18.64% respectively, and statistically significant (p<0.05). Percentage vero cells viability after curcumin administration by inhibiting proteins and receptors is 88.49% and 73.77% respectively, and not statistically significant (p>0.05). It is concluded that curcumin exhibits better antiviral dengue activity by inhibiting denv surface proteins in vitro at the pre-infection stage.

 

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"Tingginya insiden infeksi demam berdarah yang terjadi dan tidak adanya vaksin efektif menyebabkan banyak peneliti mencoba ekstrak tumbuhan sebagai pengobatan alternatif pada virus Dengue (DENV). Curcumin merupakan salah satu ekstrak tumbuhan yang telah dibuktikan memiliki efek antiviral. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah curcumin memiliki efek antiviral pada virus dengue. Oleh karena itu dilakukan tes untuk mengetahui persen hambatan curcumin pada replikasi DENV dan efek cytotoxic curcumin pada sel mamalia. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental yang dilakukan di Departemen Mikrobiologi FKUI. Pada penelitian ini terdapat enam kelompok yaitu perlakuan oleh curcumin dengan empat konsentrasi yang berbeda kontrol negatif dan juga Dimethil Sulfoxide (DMSO). Data yang didapatkan dari eksperimen ini akan dianalisis dengan metode T-test. Dari hasil penelitian terlihat bahwa curcumin terbukti dapat menghambat replikasi virus dengue. Pemberian dosis yang lebih tinggi dapat menghambat 100% replikasi virus. Pada saat konsentrasi curcumin diturunkan, maka penghambatan replikasi DENV secara dratis menurun. Dari data tersebut IC50 dari curcumin diperoleh yaitu kurang dari 0.1 µg/ml. Hasil data menunjukkan bahwa efek cytotoxic curcumin pada sel sangat signifikan pada kosentrasi yang tinggi. Pada konsentrasi yang lebih rendah, viabilitas sel terhitung lebih tinggi. Dari data tersebut dapat dihitung nilai CC50 yaitu 3,46 µg/ml. Dengan membandingkan nilai CC50 dan IC50 dari curcumin, didapatkan nilai selectivity index yaitu lebih dari 34. Dari penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa curcumin dapat digunakan sebagai antiviral virus dengue di masa mendatang.

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The high incidence of dengue virus infection and also the absence of effective vaccine cause researchers to look up to use the natural extract as the alternative remedy against the dengue virus (DENV). Curcumin is one of the natural extracts that has already proven to have antiviral effect. The objective of this study experiment aimed to see whether curcumin can be used as the antiviral against dengue virus. Several experiments were conducted to obtain the percentage of inhibition of DENV replication and also to determine the cytotoxic effect of curcumin to mammalian cells. This study was an experimental study that had been conducted at Microbiology Departement of Faculty Medicine of Universitas Indonesia. In this experiment, there were six treatment groups such as four different concentrations of curcumin, negative control and Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The data from this study were analyzed using T-test method. From this study, the curcumin had been proven to successfully inhibit the replication of dengue virus. The treatment with higher dose of curcumin could totally inhibit the replication of DENV. When we gave less dose of curcumin, the percentage inhibition dropped significantly. This showed that inhibition by curcumin was in dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, from these data we determined the IC50 of curcumin which was less than 0.1 µg/ml. The CC50 of curcumin was 3,46µg/ml. By comparing the result of CC50 and IC50, we found the selectivity index value was more than 34. From this study, it can be concluded that Curcumin can be used as antiviral against dengue virus in the future."

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Indonesia adalah negara tropis dengan transmisi infeksi DENV yang tinggi dan sebuah ancaman kesehatan di dunia tanpa terapi spesifik yang dapat bekerja secara tunggal. Rakyat Indonesia memiliki kepercayaan tinggi atas obat herbal, salah satunya yang berasal dari Kunyit dengan senyawa utama, Kurkumin dengan efek antioksidan, pencegah kanker dan anti-inflamasi yang sudah terbukti melalui uji in vivo dan in vitro. Beberapa penelitian membuktikan bahwa kurkumin bekerja sebagai antivirus DENV-2 namun mekanisme yaitu waktu dimana kurkumin bekerja paling efektif, belum diketahui. Penelitian ini dilakukan secara in vitro dengan Sel Vero yang diinfeksikan DENV-2. Fokus pada penelitian ini adalah membandingkan mekanisme penghambatan replikasi DENV-2 sekaligus persentase viabilitas sel pada pre-post (whole) dan post infeksi setelah diberikan Kurkumin dengan dosis 20 ug/mL. Infektivitas hambatan dan viabilitas sel diteliti melalui metode focus assay dan MTT assay. Berdasarkan penelitian yang dilakukan, hasil penghambatan inefektivitas pada mekanisme pre-post (whole) dan post infeksi adalah 99,74% ± 3,90 dan 51,31% ± 8,97 secara berurutan. Penelitian untuk viabilitas sel mendapatkan hasil 73,21% dan 81,66% untuk pre-post (whole) dan post infeksi secara berurutan. Hasil penelitian menunjukan kurkumin memiliki efektivitas dalam mengambat DENV-2 lebih tinggi pada mekanisme pre-post infeksi (whole), dengan persentase penghambatan lebih tinggi serta toksitas rendah dengan viabilitas diatas 50%.

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In Indonesia, DENV infection remains a global health threat without an effective therapy available. One of Indonesian’s herbal medicine, turmeric with Curcumin as its main compound is believed to have antioxidant, cancer-preventing and anti-inflammatory effects through in vivo and in vitro trials. Previous studies have shown that curcumin act as DENV-2 antivirus. However, its mechanism, namely the time at which curcumin work effectively, is not known. This research was conducted using DENV-2 infected Vero cells through in vitro method. The focus of this study was to compare the mechanism of DENV-2 replication inhibition as well as the viability of Cell in the pre-post (whole) and post-infection phases after administrating curcumin with a dose of 20 ug/mL. Focus assay and MTT assay methods were used in the experiment. Based on the research conducted, the results of ineffectiveness inhibition on the pre-post and post infection mechanisms were 99.74% ± 3.90 and 51.31% ± 8.97, respectively. The results for cell viability showed 73.21% and 81.66% for the pre-post (whole) and post-infection mechanisms, respectively. The results showed that curcumin is more effective in inhibiting DENV-2 in the pre-post infection mechanism (whole), with a higher percentage of inhibition and less toxicity with viability above 50%.

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"Demam berdarah dikenal luas sebagai salah satu beban bagi kesehatan global. Sebagai salah satu penyakit yang ditularkan artropoda yang paling umum, jumlah kasusnya meningkat setiap tahun di Indonesia. Jika tidak segera diobati, penyakit ini dapat berkembang menjadi kondisi yang lebih parah. Sayangnya, pengobatan untuk demam berdarah masih belum spesifik. Dalam penelitian ini, xanthone dievaluasi pengaruhnya terhadap replikasi virus dengue secara in vitro pada human cell line Huh7it-1. Efek dari sifat antivirus xanthone dikuantifikasi menggunakan nilai IC50. Penentuan persentase penghambatan dihitung menggunakan perbandingan jumlah uji fokus dan DMSO sebagai kontrolnya. Di sisi lain, viabilitas sel dihitung menggunakan uji MTT dan kemudian dibandingkan dengan nilai viabilitas kontrol DMSO. Dari penelitian ini didapatkan hasil IC50 sebesar 13,707 μg/ml. Hasil CC50 yang didapat sebesar 2,7 μg/ml. Kedua nilai tersebut menghasilkan indeks selektivitas sebesar 0,19. Meskipun xanthone menunjukkan kemampuan untuk menghambat replikasi virus dengue, di sisi lain xanthone juga menunjukkan toksisitas terhadap sel. Xanthone bukan kandidat potensial untuk menjadi antivirus dengue karena indeks selektivitasnya yang rendah. Penelitian lebih lanjut disarankan untuk memodifikasi struktur xanthone untuk mengurangi sitoksisitasnya.

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Dengue fever is widely known as one of the global health burden. As one of the most common arthropod-borne illness, the number of the cases increases every year in Indonesia. Furthermore, when it is not treated promptly, this disease could progress into a more severe condition. Unfortunately, the treatment for dengue fever is still not specific. In this research, xanthone is evaluated for its effect on dengue virus replication in vitro using the human cell line, Huh7it-1. The effect of the antiviral properties of xanthone is quantified using the IC50 value. The determination of the inhibition percentage is calculated using the comparison of the amount of focus assay and DMSO as its control. On the other hand, cell viability is calculated using the MTT assay and then compared with the value of DMSO control viability. From this experiment, the result of the IC50 of xanthone is 13.707 μg/ml. The CC50 obtained is 2.7. It results in the value of selectivity index, which is 0.19. Even though xanthone shows the ability to inhibit dengue viral replication, in the other hand it also exhibits toxicity towards the cell. Thus, xanthone is not a potential candidate to become dengue antiviral due to its low selectivity index. Further research is suggested to modify xanthone’s structure to reduce its cytoxicity."

"[Demam berdarah dengue adalah penyakit yang dikenal di dunia dan disebabkanoleh infeksi virus dengue (DENV). Meskipun prevalensi penyakit ini cukuptinggi, pengobatan infeksi dengue masih terbatas pada pengobatan suportif.Cyclosporine A telah banyak digunakan sebagai pengobatan infeksi Hepatitis C.Virus hepatitis C dan DENV adalah virus RNA dari genus yang sama, yakniflavivirius. Hingga saat ini, masih belum ada pengobatan untuk infeksi DENV,oleh karena itu kami melakukan penelitian untuk mengetahui efektivitasCyclosporine A. Cyclosporine A digunakan sebagai antiviral infeksi DENV.Dalam penelitian ini kami menggunakan DENV serotipe 1 dan Vero Cell untukpercobaan antivirus in vitro. Kami melakukan pengenceran Cyclosporine Amenggunakan Dymethil sulfoxide (DMSO). Kami memaparkan DENV yangdiinfeksikan kepada sel Vero dengan empat konsentrasi aman dari CyclosporineA, yaitu 5 ug/ml, 1 ug/ml, 0,5 ug/ml, dan 0,1 ug/ml, dan DMSO sebagai kontroldari percobaan kami karena fungsinya yang sebagai materi pelarut dariCyclosporine A. Setelah itu, diinkubasikan selama 3 hari untuk mengetahui efekCyclosporine A terhadap replikasi DENV. Setelah masa inkubasi selesai, kamimemeriksa viabilitas sel Vero dengan menggunakan MTS Assay untukmengetahui efek sitotoksik dari Cyclosporine A. Kami memperoleh hasil IC50 dariFocus Assay dan CC50 dari MTS Assay. Kami juga menentukan indeksselektivitas penelitian yang merupakan perbandingan nilai IC50 dan CC50. Daripenelitian ini, Cyclosporine A telah terbukti memiliki aktivitas antivirus terhadapDENV dengan nilai IC50 sebesar 0,4 ug/ml dan CC50 sebesar 68,47 ug/ml.Sedangkan nilai indeks selektivitas adalah 171. Hal tersebut diatas menunjukanbahwa Cyclosporine A merupakan kandidat antiviral terhadap DENV dimasamendatang., Dengue hemorrhagic fever is world-known disease caused by the infection ofDENV. Despite the high prevalence of this disease, the treatment of dengueinfection is still limited to the supportive treatment. Cyclosporine A has beenwidely used as the treatment of Hepatitis C infection. Hepatitis C virus and DENVare RNA virus from the same genus, flavivirius genus. Up until now, there is stillno absolute treatment for DENV infection, thus we conduct this research to checkthe possibility of Cyclosporine A as the treatment of DENV infection. In thisstudy we used DENV Serotype 1 and Vero Cell for antiviral invitro experiment.We then diluted the Cyclosporine A using Dymethil Sulfoxide (DMSO). Wetreated the cells with four different safe concentrations of Cyclosporine A (5μg/ml, 1 μg/ml, 0.5 μg/ml, and 0.1 μg/ml) and DMSO as the negative control toour study because it functioned as the dilution material of Cyclosporine A. Afterthat, we incubated it for 3 days. Once the incubation period finished, we checkedusing Cell Viability Assay and Focus assay. We obtained the result of IC50 fromthe Focus Assay and we obtained the result of CC50 from Cell Viability Assay.We also determined the selectivity index of the study. From this study,Cyclosporin A has proven to have antiviral activity against DENV. The IC50 is 0.4μg/ml, CC50 is 68.47 μg/ml, and selectivity index is 171.]"

"[ABSTRAKDemam berdarah dengue (DBD) adalah penyakit paling umum di negara-negara tropis dan sub-tropis dan ditransmisikan melalui gigitan nyamuk. Namun hingga saat ini, belum ada pengobatan yang spesifik ataupun vaksin untuk DBD. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi pengaruh Ribavirin pada replikasi virus dengue (DENV). Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental in Vitro yang dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Departemen Mikrobiologi. Kami menggunakan sel Vero dan DENV serotype 1 koleksi Departemen Mikrobiologi. DENV, yang kemudian dipaparkan dengan berbagai konsentrasi Ribavirin dengan 6 kali pengulangan. Sebagai pembanding, kami menggunakan DENV yang dipaparkan dengan pelarut yaitu dimetil sulfoksida (DMSO), sedangkan DENV yang tidak dipaparkan dengan ribavirin atau pelarut digunakan sebagain control negative. Uji fokus digunakan untuk menentukan persentasi inhibisi dari replikasi DENV. Untuk menentukan efek sitotoksik dari ribavirin, kami menggunakan MTS assay (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3 arboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium). Ribavirin dengan konsentrasi 5μg/mL, menghambat replikasi virus sebesar 75% jika dibandingkan dengan DMSO. Pada konsentrasi 1 μg/mL, 0.5 μg/mL, dan 0.1μg/mL, ribavirin menghambat replikasi virus masing-masing sebesar 64%, 46%, dan 50% dan secara statistk menunjukkan perbedaan bermakna. Dari data yang didapat dalam penelitian ini, half inhibitory concentration (IC50) adalah 0.25 μg/mL. Hasil uji MTS menunjukkan bahwa half cytotoxic concentration (CC50) adalah 106.83 μg/mL sehingga ribavirin termasuk dalam katagori tidak toksik. Dari penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa, ribavirin memiliki inhibisi yang kuat terhadap replikasi terhadap replikasi DENV dan memiliki sitotoksisitas rendah terhadap sel-sel

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ABSTRACTDengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) is the most common disease in tropical and sub-tropical countries and is transmitted by mosquito bite. Hitherto, there is still no specific treatment or vaccine for DHF. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of ribavirin to the replication of dengue virus (DENV). This study was an in vitro experimental study that was conducted in Microbiology Department Laboratory.We used vero cells and DENV serotype 1 from the collection of Microbiology Department. DENV was exposed with different concentrations of ribavirin with 6 times of repetition. As a comparison, we used DENV that was exposed to diluent which is dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), while DENV that was no exposed to any ribavirin or diluent was used as control negative. Focus assay was used to determine percentage of inhibition of the DENV replication. To determine cytotoxicity effect of ribavirin, we used MTS assay (3-(4,5 dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium). Ribavirin with the concentration of 5μg/mL inhibited virus replication by 75% compared to DMSO. On concetration 1 μg/mL, 0.5 μg/mL, dan 0.1μg/mL, ribavirin inhibited virus replication by 64%, 46%, dan 50%, respectively and statiscally showed significant difference. From the data obtained in this study, the half inhibitory concentration (IC50) was 0.25 μg/mL. The result from MTS assay showed that half cytotoxic concentration (CC50) was 106.83 μg/mL, therefore ribavirin was categorized as non-toxic. In conclusion, ribavirin has a strong inhibition towards the replication of DENV and has a low cytotoxicity to healthy cells., Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) is the most common disease in tropical and sub-tropical countries and is transmitted by mosquito bite. Hitherto, there is still no specific treatment or vaccine for DHF. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of ribavirin to the replication of dengue virus (DENV). This study was an in vitro experimental study that was conducted in Microbiology Department Laboratory.We used vero cells and DENV serotype 1 from the collection of Microbiology Department. DENV was exposed with different concentrations of ribavirin with 6 times of repetition. As a comparison, we used DENV that was exposed to diluent which is dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), while DENV that was no exposed to any ribavirin or diluent was used as control negative. Focus assay was used to determine percentage of inhibition of the DENV replication. To determine cytotoxicity effect of ribavirin, we used MTS assay (3-(4,5 dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium). Ribavirin with the concentration of 5μg/mL inhibited virus replication by 75% compared to DMSO. On concetration 1 μg/mL, 0.5 μg/mL, dan 0.1μg/mL, ribavirin inhibited virus replication by 64%, 46%, dan 50%, respectively and statiscally showed significant difference. From the data obtained in this study, the half inhibitory concentration (IC50) was 0.25 μg/mL. The result from MTS assay showed thathalf cytotoxic concentration (CC50) was 106.83 μg/mL, therefore ribavirin was categorized as non-toxic. In conclusion, ribavirin has a strong inhibition towards the replication of DENV and has a low cytotoxicity to healthy cells.]"

"[Infeksi dengue merupakan penyakit akibat DENV yang terdiri atas 4 serotipe,yaitu serotipe 1, 2, 3, dan 4. Penyakit dengue dapat ditemukan pada lebih dari 100negara di dunia. Indonesia adalah negara dengan kasus DBD tertinggi di AsiaTenggara, dengan angka penderita yang terus meningkat sejak tahun 1968 (58kasus) sampai 2009 (158.912 kasus). Sampai saat ini, tata laksana yang dilakukanadalah terapi suportif berupa pemberian cairan yang diobservasi dengan ketat.Antivirus terhadap DENV belum ditemukan, meskipun sebagian negaramenggunakan obat-obat tradisional dalam menangani infeksi DENV. Padapenelitian ini dilakukan evaluasi efek antiviral ekstrak daun Cinnamomumburmannii sebagai antivirus DENV dengan menggunakan sel Huh7it-1. Ujihambatan infektivitas dilakukan dengan focus assay sehingga didapatkan nilaiIC50 sedangkan uji sitotoksisitas dilakukan dengan MTT assay sehinggadidapatkan nilai CC50-nya. Indeks selektivitas (SI) didapatkan melalui pembagianCC50 dengan IC50 dan merupakan gambaran potensi ekstrak sebagai antivirus.Pada penelitian ini, ditemukan bahwa ekstrak daun C. burmannii dapatmenghambat replikasi DENV-2 dengan IC50 96,07 μg/ml; CC50 346,45 μg/ml; danSI 3,60. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa ekstrak daun Cinnamomum burmannii kurangpoten sebagai antivirus DENV., Dengue infection is a disease caused by four serotypes of DENV: serotype 1, 2, 3,and 4. Disease caused by DENV can be found in more than 100 countries in theworld. Indonesia is the country with the highest number of DHF cases in South-East Asia, with an increasing number of sufferers from 1968 (58 cases) to 2009(158.912 cases). To this day, supportive therapy by fluid replacement is used totreat DENV infection. No antivirus has been found, even though many countrieshave used traditional medicine to treat dengue infection. In this research,Cinnamomum burmannii, a plant commonly found in Indonesia, is evaluated forits antiviral potency towards DENV using Huh7it-1 cells. Inhibition of DENVinfectivity is measured through focus assay to acquire IC50, while citotoxicity ismeasured by MTT assay to acquire its CC50. Selectivity index (SI) can be foundthrough calculation of CC50 divided by IC50. From this research, it has been foundthat C. burmannii leaf extract is capable of inhibiting DENV-2 replication with96.07 μg/ml IC50; 346.45 μg/ml CC50; and 3.60 SI score. In conclusion, the leafextract of C. burmannii is not very potent as an antivirus towards DENV]"

"[ABSTRAKKasus Demam Berdarah Dengue (DBD) dan demam dengue (DD) dilaporkan meningkat di seluruh dunia setiap tahunnya, terutama di negara Asia Tenggara termasuk Indonesia Gambaran klinis dari DBD/DD adalah demam, sakit kepala, nyeri otot dan sendi, ruam kulit yang mirip dengan campak, dan hasil lab menunjukkan penurunan jumlah trombosit. Hingga saat ini belum ada antiviral khusus untuk DBD. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi pengaruh virgin coconut oil (VCO) terhadap replikasi virus dengue (DENV). Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental yang dilakukan di Laboratorium Mikrobiologi, Departemen Mikrobiologi, Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia. Data yang diperoleh ini berasal dari hasil eksperimen yang dilakukan dengan 6 pengulangan untuk setiap perlakuan yaitu pemberian VCO 5%, 1%, 0,5% dan 0,1%, kontrol negatif dan Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO).Penghambatan replikasi DENV dilihat dengan menghitung titer virus setelah perlakuan VCO. Titer virus dihitung dengan menggunakan metode focus assay. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa IC50 dari VCO adalah kuat, sementara CC50 VCO adalah moderat. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa secara signifikan VCO menghambat replikasi DENV dengan kisaran cukup aman untuk digunakan pada sel dalam dosis terbatas. Penelitian lebih lanjut perlu dilakukan untuk mengevaluasi efek VCO pada replikasi DENV in vivo, sehingga dapat ditemukan kandidat anti DENV di masa mendatang.

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ABSTRACTCases of the Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF)/Dengue Fever (DF) were reported increasing worldwide annually, especially in South Asia counties including Indonesia The clinical features of DF/DHF are fever, headache, muscle and joint pains, a characteristic skin rash that is similar to measles, which lead to thrombocytopenia as a lab result. Until now, specific antiviral for dengue virus (DENV) is not available yet.The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of virgin coconut oil (VCO) to the DENV replication. This research was experimental study and was conducted at Microbiology laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine University of Indonesia. The data that was obtained for this study came from the experimental studied with 6 repeated experiments for each treatment of various concentartion of 5%, 1%, 0.5% and 0.1% as well as negative control and Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO). Inhibition of DENV replication was determined by calculating of DENV titer after treated with VCO. The focus assay was used to calculate the DENV titer. The result showed that IC50 and CC50 of VCO was strong and moderate respectively. VCO was significantly inhibited the replication of DENV with adequate safe range to use for cells within limited dosages. Therefore, we concluded that VCO can be a candidate antiviral for DENV. Next study is needed to evaluate the effect of VCO in vivo, therefore we will find an antiviral of DENV virus in future.;Cases of the Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF)/Dengue Fever (DF) were reported increasing worldwide annually, especially in South Asia counties including Indonesia The clinical features of DF/DHF are fever, headache, muscle and joint pains, a characteristic skin rash that is similar to measles, which lead to thrombocytopenia as a lab result. Until now, specific antiviral for dengue virus (DENV) is not available yet.The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of virgin coconut oil (VCO) to the DENV replication. This research was experimental study and was conducted at Microbiology laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine University of Indonesia. The data that was obtained for this study came from the experimental studied with 6 repeated experiments for each treatment of various concentartion of 5%, 1%, 0.5% and 0.1% as well as negative control and Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO).Inhibition of DENV replication was determined by calculating of DENV titer after treated with VCO. The focus assay was used to calculate the DENV titer. The result showed that IC50 and CC50 of VCO was strong and moderate respectively. VCO was significantly inhibited the replication of DENV with adequate safe range to use for cells within limited dosages. Therefore, we concluded that VCO can be a candidate antiviral for DENV. Next study is needed to evaluate the effect of VCO in vivo, therefore we will find an antiviral of DENV virus in future., Cases of the Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF)/Dengue Fever (DF) were reported increasing worldwide annually, especially in South Asia counties including Indonesia The clinical features of DF/DHF are fever, headache, muscle and joint pains, a characteristic skin rash that is similar to measles, which lead to thrombocytopenia as a lab result. Until now, specific antiviral for dengue virus (DENV) is not available yet.The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of virgin coconut oil (VCO) to the DENV replication. This research was experimental study and was conducted at Microbiology laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine University of Indonesia. The data that was obtained for this study came from the experimental studied with 6 repeated experiments for each treatment of various concentartion of 5%, 1%, 0.5% and 0.1% as well as negative control and Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO).Inhibition of DENV replication was determined by calculating of DENV titer after treated with VCO. The focus assay was used to calculate the DENV titer. The result showed that IC50 and CC50 of VCO was strong and moderate respectively. VCO was significantly inhibited the replication of DENV with adequate safe range to use for cells within limited dosages. Therefore, we concluded that VCO can be a candidate antiviral for DENV. Next study is needed to evaluate the effect of VCO in vivo, therefore we will find an antiviral of DENV virus in future.]"

"Dengue adalah salah satu penyakit yang ditularkan melalui nyamuk dengan prevalensi yang tinggi di Indonesia dan menyebabkan berbagai spektrum penyakit, mulai dari ringan hingga mematikan seperti sindrom syok dengue. Meskipun dengue memiliki angka insidens dan angka kematian yang tinggi, tetapi anti virus untuk dengue virus (DENV) belum ditemukan. Sehingga, riset mengenai pengembangan anti virus dengue sangatlah dibutuhkan. Tujuan dari studi ini adalah untuk mengevaluasi aktivitas antivirus dari isobutil galat terhadap virus dengue in vitro. Pada eksperimen ini, sel Huh-7-it diinfeksi dengan DENV2 strain NGC dan diperlakukan dengan isobutil galat pada berbagai konsentrasi. Replikasi virus dihitung dengan menggunakan Focus Forming Unit (FFU). IC50 didapat dengan menggunakan focus assay, sedangkan CC50 dihitung menggunakan MTT assay. Nilai selectivity index (SI) ditentukan sebagai rasio CC50 terhadap IC50. Isobutil galat menunjukan sedikit efek sitotoksik terhadap sel Huh dengan nilai CC50 sebesar 167.19 μg/mL dan aktivitas anti-inflamasi yang kuat (IC50=4.45 μg/mL) dan memiliki nilai SI yang signifikan, yaitu 25.69. Isobutil galat memiliki potensi sebagai antivirus dengue yang baik. Namun, diperlukan penelitian lebih lanjut untuk memeriksa aktivitas inhibitori dari isobutil galat terhadap DENV in vivo.Dengue is a mosquito-borne disease with a high prevalence in Indonesia and causes a wide spectrum of diseases, ranging from mild to deadly, such as dengue shock syndrome. Although dengue has a high incidence and mortality rate, anti-virus for dengue virus (DENV) has not been found. Thus, research on the development of anti-dengue virus is needed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antiviral activity of isobutyl gallate against dengue virus in vitro. In this experiment, Huh-7-it cells were infected with DENV2 strain NGC and treated with isobutyl gallate at various concentrations. Virus replication was calculated using the Focus Forming Unit (FFU). IC50 was obtained using focus assay, while CC50 was calculated using MTT assay. The selectivity index (SI) value is determined as the ratio of CC50 to IC50. Isobutyl gallate showed a slight cytotoxic effect on Huh cells with a CC50 value of 167.19 g/mL and strong anti-inflammatory activity (IC50=4.45 g/mL) and a significant SI value of 25.69. Isobutyl error has potential as a good dengue antiviral. However, further studies are needed to examine the inhibitory activity of isobutyl gallate against DENV in vivo."

"Virus dengue (DENV) menyebabkan penyakit infeksi akut yang dapat menyebabkan kematian. Infeksi dengue masih menjadi masalah kesehatan terutama di negara-negara tropis akibat morbiditas dan mortalitas yang dapat ditimbulkannya. Hingga saat ini, belum tersedia antiviral yang spesifik terhadap DENV sehingga perlu dilakukan penelitian untuk mendapatkan antiviral yang spesifik untuk DENV. Penelitian ini bertujuan menguji efek ekstrak daun Cynometra ramiflora Linn. in vitro pada sel Huh7it-1 untuk menilai potensi tanaman tersebut sebagai terapi spesifik untuk menanggulangi infeksi DENV. Dilakukan pengenceran terhadap ekstrak C. ramiflora Linn. dengan konsentrasi 40 μg/ml, 20 μg/ml, 10 μg/ml, 5 μg/ml, 2,5 μg/ml, dan 1,25 μg/ml. Selanjutnya, DENV dipaparkan dengan variasi konsentrasi ekstrak tersebut. Penghambatan replikasi virus ditentukan dengan pengukuran titer virus menggunakan uji Focus Assay, sedangkan efek toksisitas ditentukan dengan menggunakan metode MTT Assay. Dari kedua uji tersebut didapatkan nilai CC50 dan IC50 masing-masing sebesar 125 μg/ml dan 20,1 μg/ml sehingga didapatkan indeks selektivitas sebesar 6,2. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa ekstrak C. ramiflora Linn. tidak toksik dan memiliki potensi antiviral.

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Dengue virus (DENV) causes an acute infection that may lead to death. Due to the morbidity and mortality produced, dengue infection is still a serious health problem especially in tropical countries. To this time, there is still no specific antiviral to overcome DENV. Therefore, a research to find a specific antiviral for DENV is necessary. This research is aimed to evaluate the effect of Cynometra ramiflora Linn. leaf extract in vitro on Huh7it-1 cell as a specific antiviral for DENV infection. The leaf extract of C. ramiflora Linn. was diluted to concentration 40 μg/ml, 20 μg/ml, 10 μg/ml, 5 μg/ml, 2,5 μg/ml, and 1,25 μg/ml. Next, DENV was exposed to those concentration. The inhibition of DENV replication was observed using Focus Assay, while the toxicity of the extract to Huh7it-1 was evaluated using MTT Assay. From the experiment, the value of CC50 and IC50 are 125 μg/ml and 20,1 μg/ml, respectively. From the research, it can be concluded that C. ramiflora Linn. extract is not toxic and has a potency for antiviral."