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"Pada awal tahun 2005, pemerintah Indonesia melaksanakan rekonstruksi wilayah terdampak bencana tsunami di Provinsi Nangroe Aceh Darussalam (NAD). Penyelamatan arsip vital tanah milik Badan Pertanahan Nasional (BPN) melalui restorasi kearsipan oleh Arsip Nasional Republik Indonesia (ANRI) adalah langkah pertama dalam melaksanakan rekonstruksi wilayah terdampak tsunami. Hal itu dikarenakan arsip vital tanah adalah dokumen yang sah secara hukum berdasarkan Undang-Undang Pokok Agraria dalam menentukan lokasi bangunan yang telah hancur akibat bencana tsunami. Namun demikian, pemerintah Indonesia belum memiliki pedoman dan teknologi yang memadai untuk digunakan dalam pelaksanaan restorasi arsip. Dengan demikian, pemerintah Indonesia tidak melaksanakan restorasi arsip vital pertanahan secara mandiri, melainkan dilakukan secara berkolaborasi dengan lembaga donor pemerintah Jepang, yaitu Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). Penelitian ini berfokus pada proses tata kelola kolaboratif yang dilakukan oleh Pemerintah Indonesia dan JICA untuk mengidentifikasi landasan pelaksanaan tata kelola kolaboratif dalam merestorasi arsip sebagai langkah awal rekonstruksi daerah yang terkena dampak bencana alam. Paradigma postpositivist menjadi metode penelitian yang digunakan penelitian ini dalam mengeksplorasi keragaman fakta yang dapat diteliti melalui wawancara open-ended dengan pemangku kepentingan yang bersedia dan pengumpulan data sekunder. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa proses tata kelola kolaboratif dalam pelaksanaan restorasi arsip vital pertanahan pasca bencana tsunami diwujudkan melalui : penyatuan pandangan setiap pemangku kepentingan mengenai dampak permasalahan bencana tsunami; kepercayaan yang terbangun melalui manfaat interaksi yang didapat dan kerjasama yang baik di lapangan; terbentuknya komitmen melalui sebuah kesepakatan mengenai pembagian peran; penyatuan kepentingan dan keterlibatan secara langsung; dan pencapaian serta evaluasi dari pelaksanaan kolaborasi. 

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In early 2005, the Indonesian government carried out the reconstruction of tsunami- affected areas in the Nangroe Aceh Darussalam (NAD) Province. Rescue of vital land archives that belong to the Badam Pertanahan Nasional (BPN) through restoration by Arsip Nasional Republik Indonesia (ANRI) is the first step in carrying out the reconstruction of tsunami-affected areas. The vital archive of land is a document that has been regulated in the Indonesia Agrarian Law, so it becomes a legal proof in determining the location of buildings that have been destroyed by the tsunami disaster. However, the Indonesian government does not have guidelines and technology to be used in the implementation of archive restoration. Thus, the Indonesian government does not independently restore land archive vital archives but is carried out in collaboration with the Japanese government donor agency, Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA).

This research focuses on the collaborative governance process carried out by the Indonesian Government and JICA to identify the basis for collaborative implementation in restoring archives. The postpositivist paradigm becomes the research method used in this study. It explores the diversity of facts that can be examined through open-ended interviews with stakeholders and secondary data collection. The results of this study indicate that the collaborative governance process in implementing the restoration of vital archives in the land after the tsunami disaster was realized through: the views of each stakeholder regarding the problem of the impact of the tsunami disaster; trust built through the benefits of interaction and teamwork in the field; commitment through an agreement; pooling interests and direct involvement; achieving and evaluating collaboration."

"Geologically and Geographically, Indonesia is located in an area which is volcanically and tectonically active. She is also located in the wet tropical region. Due to this location, Indonesia is very vulnerable to a number of natural disasters which among others include: volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, waves (tsunami), flooding, drought, and landsliding. The effects of natural disasters are usually punitive in densely populated areas. There is a tendency in the increase of the types of disasters, number of victims, loss of property, and materials from time to time in Indonesia. The efforts geared towards the reduction of the effects, consequences, and risk of natural disasters (mitigation) need to be improved upon through the application of science and technology for these facilitate natural disaster mitigation."

"Bencana kota Palu pada tahun 2018 berdampak secara fisik maupun non-fisik, dengan jenis bencana gempa bumi, liquifaksi dan tsunami. Sebagai kota yang dilewati oleh patahan Palu Koro, Palu sangat rentan terhadap ancaman bencana alam, sehingga pembangunannya harus berorientasi pada ketahanan bencana terutama dalam rencana tata ruang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi dampak bencana terhadap struktur dan pola ruang, menganalisis ketahanan masyarakat dalam mengahadapi bencana tsunami, menganalisis kebijakan dan program pemerintah pasca bencana, dan merumuskan strategi mitigasi bencana berbasis penataan ruang pasca bencana di kota Palu. Pendekatan yang digunakan adalah kuantitatif dengan metode gabungan (mixed methods). Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan penyebaran kuesioner, wawancara mendalam, dan studi literatur. Hasil analisis menunjukan bahwa dampak bencana pada struktur dan pola ruang kota Palu cukup massif, ditandai dengan rusaknya prasarana kota dan kawasan budidaya terutama permukiman. Untuk ketahanan masyarakat, dari social vulnerability index diketahui masyarakat memiliki kerentanan kerentanan sedang – tinggi terhadap bencana dengan kepadatan penduduk menjadi faktor utama, sedangkan modal sosial diketahui modal sosial masyarakat cukup baik dengan rata-rata menjawab Setuju. Hasil analisis kebijakan menunjukan bahwa ketidaksesuaian antara aturan yang ditetapkan dan kondisi eksisting. Oleh karena itu, perlu dilakukan penataan ruang di kota Palu yang berbasis mitigasi bencana dengan mengutamakan isu inklusivitas, integrasi rencana tata ruang dengan zona rawan bencana, melakukan pemerataan persebaran permukiman, serta senantiasa melibatkan masyarakat dalam perumusan penataan ruang.

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The Palu city disaster in 2018 had physical and non-physical impacts, with the types of earthquakes, liquefaction and tsunami disasters. As a city traversed by the Palu Koro fault, Palu is very vulnerable to the threat of natural disasters, so its development must be oriented towards disaster resilience, especially in spatial planning. This study aims to identify the impact of disasters on spatial structures and patterns, analyze community resilience in dealing with the tsunami disaster, analyze post-disaster government policies and programs, and formulate disaster mitigation strategies based on postdisaster spatial planning in Palu city. The approach used is quantitative with mixed methods. Data was collected by distributing questionnaires, in-depth interviews, and literature studies. The results of the analysis show that the impact of the disaster on the structure and spatial pattern of the city of Palu is quite massive, marked by the destruction of city infrastructure and cultivation areas, especially settlements. For community resilience, from the social vulnerability index, it is known that the community has moderate to high vulnerability to disasters with population density being the main factor, while social capital is known to be quite good with community social capital with an average answer of Agree. The results of the policy analysis show that there is a discrepancy between the established rules and the existing conditions. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out spatial planning in the city of Palu based on disaster mitigation by prioritizing the issue of inclusiveness, integrating spatial plans with disaster-prone zones, distributing settlements evenly, and always involving the community in the formulation of spatial planning."

"Kejadian tsunami 26 Desember 2004 di Aceh telah menimbulkan banyak dampak kerugian, terutama korban jiwa. Di kecamatan Meuraxa korban jiwa mencapai 92,725% dari jumlah penduduknya. Dampak yang sangat besar ini sangat berpengaruh terhadap pengembangan kawasan di daerah tersebut dan sangat diperlukan upaya mitigasi bencana untuk dapat mencegah dampak yang lebih besar terjadi lagi. sehingga masalah bencana tsunami menjadi perhatian yang serius bagi pemerintah untuk ditindaklanjuti dan dicari solusinya. Adanya kejadian tsunami ini mengubah pandangan pemerintah dalam penanggulangan bencana dari reaktif menjadi preventif. Sehingga beberapa daerah yang rentan bencana salah satunya di Kecamatan Meuraxa telah membuat beberapa fasilitas sebagai upaya mitigasi bencana tsunami. Beberapa diantaranya sangat erat kaitannya dengan rencana tata ruang kawasan tersebut, seperti peta arah evakuasi, rambu penunjuk arah evakuasi, jalur evakuasi, escape building, vegetasi hutan bakau dan sirine peringatan dini tsunami. Namun, pada kenyataannya fasilitas ini masih belum dapat terkoordinasi dengan baik dan tidak sinergis, sehingga sistem mitigasi bencana tsunami yang dihadirkan tidak berjalan dengan semestinya.

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December 26, 2004 tsunami in Aceh has caused a lot of the impact of losses, especially fatalities. In sub Meuraxa victims reached 92.725% of the total population. Enormous impact is very influential on the development of the area and mitigation is necessary to prevent a greater impact happened again. so the problem of the tsunami disaster a serious concern for the government to follow up and find a solution. The existence of the tsunami is changing the views of government in disaster management from reactive to preventive. So some disaster-prone areas in the district one Meuraxa has made some facilities as the tsunami disaster mitigation. Some of them are closely related to the spatial plans, such as evacuation maps direction, directional signs for evacuation, evacuation routes, escape building, mangrove vegetation and tsunami early warning sirens. However, in reality these facilities still can not well coordinated and not synergistic, so the tsunami disaster mitigation systems that are not running properly presented."

"Coral reefs are the 'rain forests' of the ocean, containing the highest diversity of marine organisms and facing the greatest threats from humans. As shallow-water coastal habitats, they support a wide range of economically and culturally important activities, from fishing to tourism. Their accessibility makes reefs vulnerable to local threats that include over-fishing, pollution and physical damage. Reefs also face global problems, such as climate change, which may be responsible for recent widespread coral mortality and increased frequency of hurricane damage. This book, first published in 2006, summarises the state of knowledge about the status of reefs, the problems they face, and potential solutions. The topics considered range from concerns about extinction of coral reef species to economic and social issues affecting the well-being of people who depend on reefs. The result is a multi-disciplinary perspective on problems and solutions to the coral reef crisis."

"Tesis ini membahas tentang upaya Pemerintah Kota Padang untuk meningkatkan kesiapsiagaan masyarakat dalam menghadapi ancaman bencana gempa dan tsunami. Penelitian ini berfokus pada tahap pencegahan yang terkait dengan peningkatan kesiapsiagaan sebagai bagian dari siklus manajemen bencana.Pendekatan penelitian yang dipakai adalah pendekatan kualitatif dengan tenis penelitian deskriptif. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diperoleh hasil bahwa upaya Pemerintah Kota Padang untuk meningkatkan kesiapsiagaan masyarakat dalam menghadapi ancaman bencana gempa dan tsunami secara umum belum mencapai hasil yang diinginkan. Ini dibuktikan dengan sikap Pemerintah Kota Padang yang lebih mengutamakan penanggulangan bencana pada tahap tanggap darurat, edukasi kesiapsiagaan yang belum merata, kerentanan bangunan terhadap gempa dan tsunami yang masih tinggi, jalur dan lokasi evakuasi yang belum tersedia dan mencukupi serta sistem peringatan dini yang masih butuh perbaikan. Untuk itu Pemerintah Kota Padang perlu mengubah paradigma dalam penanggulangan bencana dengan lebih memperhatikan tahap pencegahan (pra ? bencana) berupa kesiapsiagaan sebagai upaya untuk mengurangi resiko bencana gempa dan tsunami jika terjadi.

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This research discusses about the efforts of Padang City Government to raise public awareness in facing potential earthquake and tsunami. This research focuses on pre ? disaster stage by raising preparedness as a part of disaster management. This descriptive research uses qualitative method. Based on the result, it is concluded that Padang City Government efforts to raise public awareness in facing potential earthquake and tsunami have not yet achieved the target. This can be inferred from the goverment?s disaster management priority in the post-disaster emergency response, the uneven disaster preparedness education, the poor building construction, the absence of sufficient evacuation lines and centers as well as the need to maintain the early warning system. It is recommended that the Padang City Government change its perspective in disaster management by prioritizing in pre-disaster preparedness as an effort to reduce the risk of potential earthquake and tsunami."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis upaya membangun collaborative governance dalam penataan ruang di Kota Depok. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan post-positivist dengan metode pengumpulan data kualitatif. Pengumpulan data dengan: (1) data primer melalui wawancara mendalam dengan pihak Dinas Pekerjaan Umum dan Penataan Ruang Kota Depok, Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Daerah Kota Depok, serta pihak pengembang perumahan atau stakeholders di Kota Depok yang terkait dengan permasalahan penelitian. Kemudian (2) data sekunder melalui literatur dan dokumentasi di lokasi penelitian. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa collaborative governance dalam penataan ruang di Kota Depok belum efektif, yang dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor, yaitu: (1) Tidak Adanya Insentif Stakeholders untuk Berpartisipasi; (2) Kepemimpinan Fasilitatif yang Tidak Efektif; (3) Desain Kelembagaan yang Kurang Inklusif; dan (4) Uncontrol Komersialisasi/ Privatisasi yang tinggi. Untuk membangun collaborative governance dalam penataan ruang di Kota Depok sulit dilaksanakan, dikarenakan pemahaman stakeholders mengenai collaborative governance yang tidak merata. Upaya membangun kolaborasi dalam penataan ruang di Kota Depok dengan: (1) Melakukan dialog tatap muka secara berkala dan berkelanjutan setiap tahun untuk memastikan suara stakeholders terwakili dalam perumusan kebijakan; (2) Membangun kepercayaan antar stakeholders dengan adanya transparansi proses dari pemerintah maupun stakeholders, adanya sikap saling membutuhkan sehingga tidak ada yang terabaikan, serta sikap keprofesionalan dari stakeholders itu sendiri; (3) Membentuk komitmen pada proses kolaborasi dengan adanya kepercayaan antar stakeholders, sikap saling memiliki dan saling ketergantungan, adanya sikap saling menghormati hingga pemahaman bersama diantara stakeholders; (4) Dukungan politik menjadi sangat penting untuk melancarkan anggaran stakeholders dan pemerintah dalam mencapai tujuan bersama; (5) Dukungan masyarakat dengan  melibatkan dan memberdayakan masyarakat menjadi inti membangun kolaborasi; (6) Ketercukupan sumber daya menjadi objek yang krusial, tanpa sumber daya yang cukup, membangun kolaborasi susah terlaksana.

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The aims of the study are to analyse efforts to build collaborative governance in spatial planning in the Depok city. This research used post-positivist approach with qualitative data collection method. The data consists of: (1) primary data were collected through in-depth interviews with Public Works and Spatial Planning Department, Development Planning Board, and the developer of housing or stakeholders in Depok related to the research problem, and (2) secondary data were collected through the literature and documentation at the research site.

This research indicates that the collaborative governance in Depoks spatial planning has not been built, which is influenced by several factors: there is no incentive for stakeholders to participate, ineffective facilitative leadership, not inclusive of institutional design, and the high of uncontrol commercialization.

To build a collaborative governance in spatial planning in Depok City is difficult to implement, it because understanding of stakeholders regarding collaborative governance is uneven. The efforts to build collaboration in spatial planning in Depok City can be done by: (1) Conducting regular and ongoing face-to-face dialogue for each stakeholder represented in policy formulation; (2) Building trust between stakeholders with the transparency of the parties concerned, interdependency behaviors so that none not neglected, and also professionalism of the stakeholders themselves; (3) Establish a commitment to the collaboration process with the existence of inter-stakeholders, mutual ownership and interdependence, mutual trust and mutual interest with stakeholders; (4) Political support becomes very important to strengthen stakeholders and government budgets in achieving common goals (5) Community support by involving and empowering the community becomes the core of building collaboration;  (6) The adequacy of resources becomes a crucial object, because without sufficient resources, building collaboration is difficult to implement."