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"Background: alcohol may have additional neurotoxic ill-effects in patients with alcohol related cirrhosis apart from hepatic encephalopathy. We aimed to evaluate minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) with Psychometric Hepatic Encephalopathy (PHES) score and Critical Flicker Frequency (CFF) in alcohol (ALD) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis related (NASH) related cirrhosis. Methods: 398 patients were screened between March 2016 and December 2018; of which 71 patients were included in ALD group and 69 in NASH group. All included patients underwent psychometric tests which included number connection test A and B (NCT-A and NCT-B), serial dot test (SDT), digit symbol test (DST), line tracing test (LTT) and CFF. MHE was diagnosed when their PHES was <-4. Results: the prevalence of MHE was significantly higher in ALD group compared to NASH (69.01% vs 40.58%; P=0.007). The performance of individual psychometric tests was significantly poorer in ALD (P<0.05). Overall sensitivity and specificity of CFF was 76.62% (95%CI 65.59 – 85.52) and 46.03% (95%CI 33.39 – 59.06) respectively. Mean CFF was significantly lower in ALD than NASH (37.07 (SD 2.37) vs 39.05 (SD 2.40), P=0.001); also in presence of MHE (36.95 (SD 2.04) vs 37.96 (SD 1.87), P=0.033) and absence of MHE (37.34 (SD 3.01) vs 39.79 (SD 2.46), P=0.001). Conclusion: MHE is significantly more common in patients with ALD cirrhosis than NASH counterparts. Overall CFF values are less in alcohol related cirrhosis than NASH related cirrhosis, even in presence or absence of MHE. We recommend additional caution in managing MHE in ALD cirrhosis."

"Organoclay adalah lempung yang disintesis dengan bahan organik ODTMABr tanpa mengubah struktur kimianya. Pergeseran puncak (001) difaktogram menunjukkan bahwa ODTMABr berhasil masuk ke dalam lapisan lempung. Basal spacing pada organoclay lebih besar dibandingkan dengan basal spacing bentonit. Uji FTIR menunjukkan bahwa organoclay Tapanuli (OCT-C18) terinterkalasi oleh surfaktan ODTMABr. Sintesis antara Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) dan OCT dalam jumlah sedikit yaitu PVA/OCT-C18 5% atau kurang menghasilkan nanokomposit berstruktur eksfoliasi. Penambahan OCT-C18 memberi peningkatan kekuatan mekanik dan modulus elastisitas PVA/OCT-C18, tetapi memberi penurunan regangan pada PVA/OCT-C18 7%. Hasil SEM pada permukaan patahan menunjukkan peningkatan kekuatan mekanik dan teramatinya peningkatan kekasaran permukaan patahan. Banyak dan besar rongga pada PVA/OCT-C18 mempengaruhi kekuatan mekanik PVA/OCT-C18.

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Organoclay was synthesized using ODTMABr surfactant without changing its chemical structure. The diffractogram showed that the (001) peak shifted and this indicated that the organoclay layers were intercalacted. The basal spacing of organoclay which was higher than of bentonite. The FTIR results indicated the ODTMABr surfactant intercalated the clay layers. Synthesis of Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) and small amounts of OCT-C18 less than 5% wt, produced exfoliated nanocomposite structure. The addition of OCT-C18 improved mechanical strength and modulus of elasticity, but it decreased the value of strain of PVA/OCT-C18 composites. SEM observation results on the fracture surface showed that the enchanted of mechanical strength of PVA/OCT-C18 followed by the roughness of fracture surface. The number of voids or cavities on PVA/OCTC18 affected the mechanical strength of PVA/OCT-C18."

"Film sensitif kelembaban bahan polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) yang dimodifikasi dengan Polyethylene Oxide (PEO) telah berhasil dipreparasi. Preparasi bahan dilakukan dengan mendeposisikannya di atas substrat PCB berelektroda interdigital dari material tembaga yang dilapis dengan perak melalui metode pencelupan (dip-coating). Karakterisasi film meliputi sifat mekanik, struktur dan sifat listrik. Sifat mekanik film dipelajari melalui pengukuran uji tarik, fraksi gel dan swelling. Struktur film dikarakterisasi dengan Infra Red (IR), sedangkan sifat listrik dikarakterisasi dengan RCL meter dari mode dc dan ac dengan frekuensi dari 1kHz ? 1MHz. Hasil uji sifat mekanik film menunjukkan bahwa penambahan PEO dapat meningkatkan fraksi gel dan menurunkan swelling yang dapat diterangkan karena telah terjadi jaringan interpenetrating antara PVA dan PEO. Penambahan PEO ini mempunyai efek samping berupa penurunan kekuatan tarik film. Hasil karakterisasi struktur menunjukkan film sangat mudah menyerap uap air sehingga yang terlihat sebagian besar adalah absorpsi dari gugus OH. Penambahan PEO tidak berpengaruh pada nilai impedansi film. Studi efek frekuensi pada impedansi film menunjukkan bahwa film hanya sensitif terhadap perubahan frekuensi pada RH rendah. Sifat terbaik sebagai film sensitif kelembaban ditunjukkan oleh frekuensi 1 kHz. Hasil ukur menunjukkan bahwa penambahan PEO dapat memperbaiki reprodusibilitas fabrikasi dan stabilitas impedansi film PVA. Film PVA-PEO yang difabrikasi dengan dua kali celup (dua lapis) dengan PEO 40,0 mg memberikan reprodusibilitas dan stabilitas impedansi terhadap kelembaban terbaik."

"Pada penelitian ini telah dilakukan sintesis dan karakterisasi material komposit berbasis polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh konsentrasi cross linker glutaral dehyde (GA) dan penambahan serat karbon terhadap sifat mekanik dan konduktivitas listrik komposit berbasis PVA dan potensinya untuk digunakan sebagai material shape memory polymer (SMPs). Konsentrasi GA yang digunakan adalah 0 dan 3% fraksi berat, sedangkan variasi konsentrasi serat karbon adalah 0, 2, 4, dan 6% fraksi berat. Sintesis film PVA dilakukan dengan cara melarutkan padatan PVA di dalam air pada suhu 80°C selama 6 jam dengan konsentrasi 8% dari berat air, dilanjutkan dengan pendinginan selama 12 jam. Selanjutnya ditambahkan GA dan serat karbon. Komposit diuji tarik dengan universal testing machine untuk mengetahui sifat mekaniknya, dilanjutkan dengan karakterisasi spektrum inframerah (FTIR), difraksi sinar X (XRD), analisis morfologi dengan SEM, karakterisasi termal (TGA), konduktivitas listrik dan uji shape recovery material. Dari hasil pengujian mekanik diketahui bahwa nilai kekuatan tarik menunjukkan peningkatan sebesar 16.9% dari 27.63 menjadi 32.3 N/mm2 dengan penambahan GA dari 0 ke 3%. Nilai kekuatan tarik optimal didapatkan pada penambahan serat karbon sebesar 2% yaitu 34.08 N/mm2 pada konsentrasi GA 0% dan 36.74 N/mm2 pada konsentrasi GA 3%. Dari spektrum inframerah terlihat adanya jembatan asetil sebagai akibat penambahan GA 3% yang menyebabkan peningkatan kekuatan ikatan kimia. Ukuran kristalit mengalami kenaikan dengan adanya penambahan GA 3% dan cenderung mengalami penurunan dengan adanya penambahan serat karbon yang terlihat pada hasil difraksi XRD. Analisis SEM menunjukkan tipe patahan getas pada penampang PVA dengan GA 3% dan fenomena fiber pull out pada penambahan serat karbon. Penambahan GA sebesar 3% menaikkan nilai konduktivitas listrik hingga 13.91%, dari 2.3 x 10-8 menjadi 2.62 x 10-8 S/cm, sementara penambahan serat karbon sebesar 2% menaikkan nilai konduktivitas listrik hingga 14000 dan 15900 kali pada kadar GA 0 dan 3%, yaitu sebesar 3.39 x 10-4 dan 4.18 x 10-4 S/cm. Secara umum, penambahan cross linker dan serat karbon mampu menaikkan nilai kekuatan tarik dan konduktivitas listrik secara signifikan pada material komposit berbasis PVA. Dari hasil uji shape recovery material terlihat bahwa nilai shape recovery komposit PVA dengan GA 3% bernilai di atas 80% menjadikannya berpotensi digunakan untuk aplikasi material SMPs.

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Fabrication and characterization of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) based composite has been done in this research to investigate the influence of concentration of cross linker glutaral dehyde (GA) and the addition of carbon fiber toward mechanical properties and electrical conductivity of PVA based composite, and also its potential as shape memory polymer (SMPs) material. The concentration of GA used was 0 and 3% of weight fraction, while variation of carbon fiber concentration was 0, 2, 4, and 6% of weight fraction. Fabrication of PVA film was done by dissolving PVA bulk into 80oC water for 6 hours with 8% concentration of w/w, continued with chilling for 12 hours and addition of GA and carbon fiber. Tensile test for the composite was done with universal testing machine to investigate the mechanical properties, continued with infrared spectrum (FTIR) characterization, X-ray diffraction (XRD), morphology analysis with SEM, thermal characterization (TGA), electrical conductivity and shape recovery measurement. From the mechanical testing, the tensile strength showed an increase of 16.9% from 27.63 to 32.3 N/mm2 with addition of GA from 0 to 3%. The optimal value of tensile strength was obtained with addition of carbon fiber of 2%, from 34.08 N/mm2 in GA concentration of 0% to 36.74 N/mm2 in GA concentration of 3%. The infrared spectrum showed an acetyl bridge as the result of addition of 3% GA which caused increasing in the strength of chemical bond. Crystallite size increased with addition of 3% GA and tended to decrease with the addition of carbon fiber which was showed in the XRD. SEM analysis showed brittle failure in the PVA morphology with 3% GA and a phenomenon of fiber pull out in the addition of carbon fiber. Addition of 3% GA increased the electrical conductivity of 13.91% from 2.3 x 10-8 to 2.62 x 10-8 S/cm, while addition of 2% carbon fiber increased electrical conductivity of 14000 and 15900 times at GA concentration of 0 and 3%, which were 3.39x10-4 and 4.18x10-4 S/cm. Generally, the addition of cross linker glutaral dehyde and carbon fiber reinforcement can enhance significantly the tensile strength and electrical conductivity of the PVA based composite. From shape recovery measurement, the shape recovery value of PVA composite with 3% GA is over 80%, thus it has the potential in application of SMPs material."

"Konsumsi oral empat obat antituberkulosis (OAT) lini pertama; isoniazid (INH), etambutol hidroklorida (ETH), pirazinamid (PZA), dan rifampisin (RIF), saat ini menjadi metode utama penanganan tuberkulosis tulang. Untuk mengatasi kemungkinan kepatuhan pasien yang rendah dan kesulitan pengantaran obat menuju jaringan rusak, hidrogel dari matriks polivinil alkohol (PVA) dengan variasi peningkatan konsentrasi pektin (0.1% dan 0.5% mg/mL) yang mengenkapsulasi OAT sebanyak 20% massa matriks disintesis dengan metode freezing-thawing. Peningkatan konsentrasi pektin dalam matriks menyebabkan struktur hidrogel yang semakin bersifat porous, sedikit peningkatan kristalinitas hidrogel, dan persentasi burst release tertinggi pada tiga OAT yang bersifat hidrofilik. Hasil uji FTIR menunjukkan interaksi polimer hanya terjadi dengan dua OAT dengan kelarutan terendah, yakni PZA dan RIF, masing-masing pada gugus polar amina. Dengan waktu pengamatan uji rilis in vitro selama 30 hari, matriks RIF dengan peningkatan konsentrasi pektin 0.5% mg/mL memiliki persentasi rilis kumulatif terendah, yaitu 4.92%. Uji Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LCMS) untuk mengamati degradasi OAT dan uji kapasitas pengikatan polimer tambahan dalam matriks perlu dilakukan untuk mengembangkan kandidat bioimplan OAT

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Oral consumption of four frontline antituberculosis drugs (ATDs); isoniazid (INH), ethambutol hydrochloride (ETH), pyrazinamide (PZA), and rifampicin (RIF), is the current medical treatment for spinal tuberculosis. To overcome the possibility of low patient compliance and difficulty to deliver drugs to the infected tissue, hydrogel from matrix of polyvynil alcohol (PVA) with varied pectin concentration (0.1% and 0.5% w/v) encapsulating ATDs as many as 20% of the matrix synthesized through freezing-thawing method. The higher the pectin concentration causes the more porous structure, more slightly crystalline hydrogel and the higher percentage of burst release of hydrophilic ATDs. FTIR spectra shows polymer interactions only occur with two ATDs with the lowest solubility, PZA and RIF, each with the polar functional groups of amine. Through 30 days of in vitro release test, RIF matrix with the highest pectin concentration has the lowest percentage of cumulative release, 4.92%. Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LCMS) test and polymer’s binding affinity towards ATDs are necessary done further to develop bioimplant candidate of ATDs"

"Konsumsi alkohol berlebih yang menyebabkan mabuk dapat merugikan kesehatan dan mengarah pada kematian. Beberapa penelitian menunjukkan perspektif waktu Past-Negative, Present-Fatalistic, dan Future berpengaruh pada konsumsi alkohol, namun hasil yang kontradiktif masih ditemukan. Teori Transactional Model of Stress and Coping menjelaskan bahwa influencing factors berperan pada proses cognitive appraisal yang digunakan dalam menilai sebuah keadaan dan membuat keputusan mengenai pemilihan strategi coping. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, peneliti mengajukan hipotesis bahwa hubungan antara perspektif waktu dan tingkat konsumsi alkohol dimediasi oleh perceived stress. Sebanyak 307 partisipan berusia 18-22 tahun dan mengonsumsi alkohol terlibat dalam penelitian ini. Berdasarkan analisis mediasi, hasil menunjukkan bahwa perceived stress tidak berperan sebagai mediator pada hubungan antara perspektif waktu Past-Negative dan Present-Fatalistic dengan konsumsi alkohol, namun berperan sebagai mediator pada hubungan antara perspektif waktu Future dengan konsumsi alkohol. Hal ini berarti tingkat konsumsi alkohol pada perspektif waktu Past-Negative dan Present-Fatalistic lebih disebabkan oleh perspektif waktu yang dimiliki, sedangkan pada karakteristik future konsumsi alkohol berlebih akan terjadi bila individu mengalami stres.

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Being drunk after consuming a lot of alcohol may harm peoples health and even deaths. Several studies show that Past-Negative, Present-Fatalistic, and Future time perspectives are influencing alcohol consumption, but contradictory results are found. Transactional Model of Stress and Coping explains that cognitive process that being influenced by personal factors responsible for peoples choice of coping strategy. Based ont the theory, it is hypothesized that the relationship between time perspectives and alcohol consumption were mediated by perceived stress. As much as 307 participants age of 18-22 years old and consuming alcohol involved.

Based on mediation analysis, it shows that perceived stress is not a mediator in the relationship between Past-Negative and Present-Fatalistic with alcohol consumption, however perceived stress is a mediator in the relationship between Future and alcohol consumption. In summary, alcohol consumption int Past-Negative and Presnt-Fatalistic are caused by the domination in these time perspectives, meanwhile for Future, the alcohol consumption more likely to happen when the person experienced stress."

"ABSTRAKCocopeat serat kelapa dan sampah daun kering biasanya tidak mempunyai nilai jual. Kandungan dari kedua biomassa seperti lignin, selulosa, hemiselulosa dan kandungan bisa dimanfaatkan menjadi etanol dengan bantuan bakteri Zymomonas mobilis untuk proses fermentasi dan selulosa untuk proses hidrolisis. Proses produksi etanol melalui tiga tahap yaitu delignifikas, hidrolisis, dan fermentasi. Pengukuran absorbansi dilakukan untuk melihat pertumbuhan bakteri Zymomonas mobilis dan selulosa. Absorbansi tertinggi Zymomonas mobilis pada hari ke 4 yaitu 2.336 dan selulosa pada hari ke 3 sebesar 0.217. Absorbansi yang tinggi menghasilkan kecepatan produksi alkohol yang maksimum. Kadar alkohol yang paling tinggi pada biomassa 15 gram Cocopeat adalah 0.3701 dan sampah daun kering sebesar 0.2957.

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ABSTRACTCocopeat coconut fiber and dry leaf litter usually do not have marketable value . The content of the biomass such as lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, and the content can be utilized to ethanol by Zymomonas mobilis bacteria for fermentation and hydrolysis of cellulose to process. The ethanol production process through three stages delignification, hydrolysis, and fermentation. Absorbance measurement was conducted to see the growth of bacteria Zymomonas mobilis and cellulose. The highest absorbance Zymomonas mobilis on day 4, namely 2.336 and cellulose on day 3 of 0.217. High absorbance generate maximum speed of alcohol production. The most high alcohol have 15 gram content to Cocopeat is 0.3701 and the dry leaf litter at 0.2957 ."

"Because of the increasing burden of hepatitis C and fatty liver disease, there is an explosion in the prevalence of chronic liver failure and hence its complications. The onset of Hepatic Encephalopathy (HE) in these patients has a significant impact on the quality of life, morbidity and mortality. Unfortunately, the approach observed by most clinicians to this complex disorder is minimalistic.This book provides a comprehensive review on pathophysiology and clinically important aspects in HE. Topics in basic physiology, nitrogen metabolism, new insights into pathogenesis and brain edema are covered in great detail. The authors have made a special effort by simplifying the complex aspects of pathogenesis and diagnosis so that it can be easily understood and applied clinically. This volume also focuses on recent developments regarding diagnoses of subtle forms of HE, also known as minimal or covert HE as well as on new treatments. Hepatic Encephalopathy will be of great value to gastroenterologists, hepatologists, pathologists, medical residents, fellows, internists and general practitioners who treat patients with hepatic encephalopathy."