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"The fall of Suharto’s authoritarian regime and the subsequent dissolution of vertical political patronage led to an upsurge of mass mobilization based on religion and/or ethnicity. In Jakarta, newly emerged vigilante groups that initially sought to represent small-scale neighborhood communities rapidly grew in size by receiving endorsements from local political authorities as well as by gaining extensive popular support. Despite their persistent association with violence and illicitness in popular discourse, some of those vigilante groups quickly increased their membership to hundreds of thousands. Highlighting the activities of the Forum Betawi Rempug (FBR), one of the biggest of these groups, this paper explains the causes, processes, and consequences of its expansion. The nature of the Betawi ethnic identity that has been constructed over decades, as well as an alternative mode of populist discourse that became prevalent in Jakarta during the last couple of decades, were the key background conditions through which such groups expanded in both size and geographic reach. These conditions also led to a loosely disciplined and highly autonomous organizational structure. An explanation of this process calls for a radical revision of the conventional model of ethnic mobilization that takes for granted disciplined organization and hierarchical control. In contemporary Jakarta, successful mass mobilization is not the sheer result of people’s response to populist calls. Attention must be paid to the logic of the mobilized in order to explain why vigilante organizations have been able to gain popular support despite their notorious reputation. This paper investigates the perspectives of the mobilized by focusing on neighborhood-level activities of the FBR. In so doing, it exemplifies how some residents perceive the FBR as a provider of potential socioeconomic resources for the enhancement of their life environment."

"Tesis ini memodifikasi penelitian Fraser, Zhang, dan Derashid (2006) yang berjudul ?Capital Structure and Political Patronage: the Case of Malaysia.? Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah adanya politik patronase di dalam struktur dewan perusahaan dapat meningkatkan kemampuan perusahaan untuk berhutang lebih. Penelitian ini mendeteksi adanya politik patronase di dalam perusahaan dengan adanya hubungan mantan menteri, mantan staf ahli kementerian, purnawirawan (baik TNI maupun Polri), relasi pejabat, dan/atau relasi bisnis di dalam struktur dewan perusahaan. Secara mengejutkan, adanya politik patronase pada Dewan Komisaris perusahaan akan mengurangi leverage perusahaan walaupun pada Dewan Direksi akan semakin meningkatkan leverage. Struktur kepemilikan, praktik tata kelola perusahaan, ukuran perusahaan, aset tetap, tingkat profitabilitas, dan kesempatan investasi memiliki pengaruh signifikan pula terhadap keputusan struktur modal perusahaan yang memiliki informasi patron. Selain itu, ditemukan juga bahwa majority shareholders atau komisaris sebagai political executive akan meningkatkan kemampuan perusahaan untuk berhutang lebih.

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This thesis is modifying research done by Fraser, Zhang, and Derashid (2006) named ?Capital Structure and Political Patronage: the Case of Malaysia.? This research aims to find out whether the presence of political patronage in the board could enhance the firm?s ability to carry more debt in its capital structure. The political patronage is detected by the presence of ties between the former ministers, the former ministry expert staff, the former high-rank military/police officers, the family of officials, and/or the business relation in the board. Surprisingly, the presence of political patronage on the board of commissioners may reduce debt despite the presence of it on the board of directors may increase the debt. Ownership structure, good corporate governance, firm size, fixed asset, profitability, and investment opportunities had significant impacts to decisionmaking process related with the capital structure of companies that had those patrons. In addition, the result also shows that majority shareholders or commissioners as a political executive will enhance the firm?s ability to carry more debt in its capital structure."

"ABSTRACTFisheries based livelihoods in the Berau Delta are diverse. The everyday life of small-scale fishers shows that gear diversification, changing fishing gear over a lifetime and practical knowledge to access good fishing grounds in the rich coastal waters are the main livelihood strategies developed by fishers. Fishing practices in the coastal frontier of Berau are influenced by the Bugis habitus of patronage networks between the punggawa and the dependent fishers. An essential element in decision making of fishers is their embeddedness in political-economic patronage networks as the result of the values, interests and knowledge contestations. Livelihood trajectories of different fishers from various classes confirm that as social actors, whether rich or poor, they have the agency to search for better livelihoods."

"Tidak semua duta besar yang diangkat oleh suatu negara merupakan seorang diplomat karier. Di Indonesia, pengangkatan duta besar dari kalangan diplomat non-karier kerap hadir dari masa ke masa. Meskipun agenda reformasi telah menghadirkan kriteria duta besar dengan landasan hukum yang jelas, di era Presiden Joko Widodo, tetap terdapat peningkatan persentase duta besar Republik Indonesia yang merupakan diplomat non-karier daripada pemerintahan sebelumnya. Selain itu, Presiden Joko Widodo mengangkat orang-orang yang pengalamannya tidak relevan dengan diplomasi secara umum maupun diplomasi ekonomi secara khusus sebagai fokus yang ia tekankan. Fenomena-fenomena tersebut memunculkan pertanyaan tentang pola pengangkatan duta besar Republik Indonesia di era Presiden Joko Widodo. Penelitian kuantitatif ini memanfaatkan teori patronase untuk menjawab pertanyaan tersebut. Penelitian menggunakan data 170 pengangkatan duta besar di era Presiden Joko Widodo dari tahun 2014 hingga 2024. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa patronase dalam bentuk duta besar Republik Indonesia dengan latar belakang bisnis lebih mungkin ditempatkan di negara yang derajat hubungannya lebih tinggi dengan Indonesia dan lebih strategis secara ekonomi bagi Indonesia. Penelitian juga menemukan bahwa duta besar Republik Indonesia dari TNI dan Polri lebih mungkin ditempatkan di negara yang lebih tidak damai. Pola pengangkatan ini tampak paralel dengan visi diplomasi ekonomi, tetapi tidak dapat dikatakan menguntungkan kepentingan nasional semata mengingat pertimbangan politik domestik Presiden Joko Widodo dalam mengangkat pebisnis. Alhasil, sesuai dengan pemahaman bahwa Presiden merupakan aktor sentral dalam kebijakan luar negeri, pola pengangkatan ini juga mencerminkan sentralitas peran Presiden yang determinan sekaligus keterbatasan peran birokratik Kementerian Luar Negeri (Kemlu) Republik Indonesia dalam pengangkatan duta besar. Kemlu menjadi tempat bagi Presiden Joko Widodo untuk menyisipkan kepentingan politiknya. Dengan demikian, selama masa pemerintahannya, Presiden Joko Widodo melakukan patronase melalui pengangkatan duta besar Republik Indonesia.

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Not all ambassadors appointed by a state are career diplomats. In Indonesia, ambassadorial appointments from non-career diplomats often exist from time to time. While the reformasi agenda has given a clear legal basis of ambassadorial criteria, in the era of President Joko Widodo, there is still an increase from the previous government in the percentage of ambassadors who are non-career diplomats. Moreover, President Joko Widodo appointed ambassadors with no relevant experience in diplomacy in general and economic diplomacy in particular as the focus that he emphasized. These phenomena raise the question of the pattern of ambassadorial appointment in the era of President Joko Widodo. This quantitative research utilizes the patronage theory to answer that question. This study uses the data of 170 ambassadorial appointments in the era of President Joko Widodo from 2014 to 2024. The result of this study showed that patronage in the form of ambassadors with a business background are more likely to receive appointments to countries with higher degree of relations with Indonesia as well as countries economically more strategic for Indonesia. This study also found that ambassadors from TNI and Polri are more likely to be appointed to less peaceful countries. While this pattern appears parallel to the economic diplomacy vision, it cannot be said that it is solely for the benefit of Indonesia’s national interest, bearing the President’s domestic politics considerations in appointing businessmen. Therefore, in accordance with the understanding that the President is a central actor in foreign policy, this pattern also reflects the centrality of the President’s determinant role and the limited bureaucratic role of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MoFA) of the Republic of Indonesia. MoFA becomes an arena for President Joko Widodo to insert his political interests. Thus, during his reign, President Joko Widodo carried out patronage through the appointment of ambassadors of Indonesia."

"ABSTRAKSeiring dengan bertambahnya jumlah mal yang berada di kota Jakarta berdampak pada terjadinya persaingan ketat diantara para pengelola mal dalam hal menarik pengunjung mal, sekaligus menarik perilaku patronasi yang diidamkan oleh parapenyewa ruang ritel di mal tersebut. Sebagai contoh perilaku patronasi tersebutadalah meluangkan waktu untuk berlama ? lama untuk berada di mal, berbelanjadalam frekuensi dan jumlah yang besar, berbelanja baik yang direncanakanataupun tidak direncanakan. Mal yang dibangun kini tidak hanya terpusat padakawasan - kawasan pusat perkantoran ataupun perdagangan. Namun sudah mulaimendekati pada lokasi hunian sebagai kelengkapan dari pengembang hunian yangditawarkan demi memberi akses berbelanja yang mudah bagi para penghunikawasan hunian disekitarnya. Dengan mempertimbangkan kondisi nyata tersebut,maka penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengindentifikasi adanya perbedaan yangmempengaruhi patronasi mal pada mal yang berlokasi di kawasan residensialdengan kawasan perkantoran.

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ABSTRACTAs the number of malls in Jakarta increases, it indirectly impacts a fierce competition between mall managements to attract mall visitors, while also toattract patronage behavior desired by the mall retail tenants. For example,patronage behavior means to spend more time at the mall, planned or unplannedshopping in a large amount and frequency. Now days, mall are built not only atthe central business district, but also near residential district as a part of packageoffered from the residential developers to give residence an easier shoppingaccess. By considering these real conditions, this research aims to identifydifferences that affects patronized mall towards to mall located at residentialdistrict with business district and by seeing the difference between mall locations"

"Pertumbuhan penggunaan internet yang begitu cepat telah mendorong lahirnya berbagai gaya hidup baru dalam kehidupan masyarakat dunia. Salah satunya adalah penggunaan media sosial. Media sosial adalah suatu media elektronik dimana para partisipannya dapat membuat, mempublikasi, mengontrol, mengkritik, menilai, dan berinteraksi dalam konten online yang memungkinkan terbentuknya berbagai interaksi seperti mengikuti (following), mengirim atau membagikan post (sharing), menyukai (liking), dan lain sebagainya. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menganalisis pengaruh interaksi di media sosial terhadap keterikatan emosi (emotional attachment), kualitas hubungan dengan brand (brand relationship quality), serta word of mouth (WOM) dengan studi kasus pada Musisi Indie dalam negeri Indonesia, yaitu musisi berjalur independen atau non-labeled yang secara mandiri menggunakan sumber daya pribadi mulai dari produksi hingga distribusi dan pemasaran musiknya, serta memanfaatkan media sosial sebagai branding tools mereka. Desain penelitian ini merupakan penelitian konklusif-deskriptif. Responden dari penelitian ini adalah orang-orang yang menyukai karya-karya musik Musisi Indie dalam negeri, mengunjungi official account Musisi Indie favorit mereka minimal satu kali dalam waktu sebulan terakhir. Dengan menggunakan metode judgemental sampling dan snowball sampling, sebanyak 205 responden berhasil didapatkan melalui penyebaran kuesioner secara online, dengan metode pengolahan data dilakukan menggunakan Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa interaksi di media sosial di official account Musisi Indie dalam negeri mempengaruhi emotional attachment, emotional attachment mempengaruhi brand relationship quality, emotional attachment mempengaruhi word of mouth, serta brand relationship quality mempengaruhi word of mouth. Sedangkan, interaksi di media sosial tersebut tidak mempengaruhi brand relationship quality.

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The reapid growth of internet creates many new trends and lifestyle changes in worldwide society. One of them is social media usage. Social media is an electronic where participants can produce, publish, control, critique, rank, and interact with online content which allow the creation of any interaction such as following, sharing, liking, and so on.

This study was conducted to analyze the effect of social media interaction on emotional attachment, brand relationship quality, and word of mouth with case study of Local Indie musicians in Indonesia, who are independent or nonlabeled musician, using their own resources of fund and tools since the process of music production until distribution and marketing of their music, and also using social media as their branding tools.

Design of this research is a conclusivedescriptive research. The respondents are the fans of Local Indie musicians and visit the official account of their favorite Local Indie musicians at least once in the last one month. The researcher used judgemental and snowball as sampling method and got 205 respondents from online questionnaire, by using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) for processing the data.

The result shows that social media interaction on official accounts of Local Indie musicians has effect on emotional attachment, emotional attachment has effect on brand relationship quality, emotional attachment has effect on word of mouth, and brand relationship quality has effect on word of mouth. But, social media interaction has no effect on brand relationship quality."