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"The Port of Bitung area has a number of potentials that can impact the structure of national security and national defense, because it has a strategic concept for the Indo-Pacific Region. The Bitung Port area as an international hub port, stated in the Minister of Transportation Decree Number 54 of 2002 concerning the Implementation of Sea Ports. The method in this study used a qualitative descriptive approach and data analysis techniques used an interactive of model analysis. This study analyzes the Geostrategy concept for the Port of Bitung Region as part of a national security strategy to strengthen national defense based on the maritime security side and the economic implications of the Indo-Pacific Region. The results show that in general the analysis of the strategy of the Bitung port area in maritime security studies for national national security and national defense shows several things: 1) the strategic conditions of the Bitung Port area need to be supported by strategic and integrated policies between the Central government and the North Sulawesi Province Bitung City; 2) the development of special economic zones (KEK) requires accelerated implementation of policies in a sustainable manner with full support from the budget side, this is to strengthen the territorial basis in the geostrategic concept; and 3) there needs to be an approach towards the community in supporting the realization of the strategic area of Bitung City, North Sulawesi. The fulfillment of these requirements has made the Bitung Port area capable of supporting geostrategy through strategic maritime security studies and economic implications, because it is located in the Indo-Pacific Region as a center for political and economic defense so as to strengthen national security and national defense."

"Tesis ini menganalisa mengenai kebijakan laut Indonesia apakah sudah tewujud sebagai kebijakan yang seharusnya ada untuk sebuah negara kepulauan seperti Indonesia yang memiliki luas perairan 2/3 dari luas daratan sekitar 5.8 juta km², dengan garis pantai sepanjang 81.000 km². Dengan adanya keistimewaan posisi dan letak strategis Indonesia di tataran dunia, laut merupakan media yang paling banyak di gunakan dalam hal lintas ekonomi maupun kapal-kapal militer, serta rentan akan isu Non-Traditional Security lainnya. Akan tetapi Indonesia, belum mampu mengatur dan mengelola keistimewaan laut tersebut dalam menghadapi isu maritime security, dikarenakan law enforcement yang belum optimal dilaksanakan, sehingga dalam kelembagaan nasional terjadi overlapping dalam menjalankan fungsi dan tugas pokok yang saling berbenturan (dijalankan secara sektoral), serta banyaknya kepentingan antar negara di wilayah Asia Tenggara dalam mengahadapi isu kelautan. Dengan demikian adanya kelemahan tersebut, Indonesia belum menjadikan Indonesia sebagai negara maritim yang seutuhnya dan tidak terealisasinya kebijakan laut Indonesia yang akan membawa perubahan pada pembangunan ekonomi dan pertahanan keamanan di laut. Maka, strategi keamanan maritim yang kuat tidak dapat terwujud secara kuat dan normatif.

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This thesis analyzes about the ocean policy of Indonesia is already exist as a policy should be abide for an archipelagic state like Indonesia which has an area of water 2/3 of the land area about 5.8 million km², with a coastline 81,000 km². With the features and location of Indonesia's strategic position at the world level, the sea is the most widely used in cross-economically and military ships, as well as vulnerable to issues Non-Traditional Security. Indonesia, however, have not been able to organize and manage the marine privilege in the face of maritime security issues, because law enforcement is not optimal yet implemented, resulting in overlapping national institutions in carrying out the functions and main tasks are clashing (sectoral), and there are many of interests among states in Northeast Asia region to faces the maritime issue. Thus the existence of these weaknesses, Indonesia yet to make Indonesia as a maritime nation as a whole and not the realization of Indonesia's ocean policy that will bring changes in the economic development and defense and security at sea. Thus, a strong maritime security strategy can not be realized in a powerful and normative."

"Dalam proses menjaga perdamaian dan stabilitas kawasan, agenda keamanan Perhimpunan Bangsa-Bangsa Asia Tenggara (ASEAN)—sebagai institusi internasional utama di Asia Tenggara—melibatkan negara-negara anggotanya serta negara mitra dari luar dalam kegiatan-kegiatannya. Dengan sengketa maritim yang belum terselesaikan, meningkatnya pengaruh dari negara-negara kuat di ambang perbatasannya, serta munculnya pertanyaan-pertanyaan kritis yang diarahkan pada kemampuan institusi-institusi internasional, peran ASEAN dalam dimensi keamanan maritim lantas menjadi titik kritis secara akademik dan politik. Tinjauan literatur ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pemahaman akademis mengenai kerja sama keamanan maritim ASEAN secara kritis, serta menerapkan analisis tersebut pada konteks regional yang terus berkembang. Menggunakan 25 literatur serta metode taksonomi, artikel ini mengidentifikasi tiga titik fokus utama literatur: 1) ASEAN sebagai aktor dalam sengketa Laut Tiongkok Selatan; 2) keamanan non-tradisional sebagai fokus utama keamanan maritim ASEAN; dan 3) analisis kritis mengenai kapabilitas dan agensi ASEAN sebagai institusi internasional. Tinjauan ini menemukan bahwa Tiongkok tetap menjadi faktor utama yang konstan dalam diskursus keamanan ASEAN, dan tindakannya di Laut Tiongkok Selatan menjadi tantangan keamanan utama bagi agenda keamanan ASEAN. Tinjauan ini juga menemukan bahwa diskursus akademik terpengaruh oleh interaksi antar-negara adidaya (great powers), khususnya kontestasi antara AS dan Tiongkok. Mengingat aspirasi ASEAN untuk mempertahankan sentralitasnya dalam menjamin perdamaian dan stabilitas kawasan, kajian literatur ini menyimpulkan bahwa ASEAN harus mengambil tindakan jika ingin mempertahankan sentralitas tersebut saat ini.

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The issue of maritime security cooperation has become one of considerable importance within the changing political context of the maritime Southeast Asia region. In the process of establishing and maintaining the region’s peace and stability, the security agendas of the Association of Southeast Asian Nation—acting as Southeast Asia’s premier international institution—sees active participation by both its member states within the region as well as partners from without. But how does it fare in the face of its changing security challenges? With unresolved maritime disputes within its borders, the growing influence of international powers, and critical questions poised at the capabilities of international institutions, ASEAN’s role within the dimension of maritime security becomes a critical academic and political juncture. This literature review aims to critically analyze current academic understanding of ASEAN maritime security cooperation, applying it to the changing regional context. Using 25 relevant academic articles, this article identifies three main focal points of literature: 1) ASEAN as an actor in the South China Sea disputes’ 2) non-traditional security as the primary focus of ASEAN maritime security; and 3) critical analyses regarding ASEAN’s institutional capability and agency. It finds that China remains a constant primary factor in ASEAN’s security discourse, and its actions in the South China Sea constitutes ASEAN’s main security challenge. It also finds that the academic discourse is subject to the encroachment of great power politics, particularly the US-China contestation. Considering ASEAN’s aspirations to maintain its centrality in guaranteeing the region’s peace and stability, this literature review concludes that ASEAN must take political and academic action if it seeks to maintain its current trajectory."

"Indonesia is one of the countries which has many maritime security issues that needs to be managed appropriately through defense diplomacy approach, including the ASEAN framework. ADMM Plus on Maritime Security as the highest defense forum and dialog in ASEAN on maritime security issues is expected to be able to build confidence building measures and mutual trust between ASEAN member states and non-member states in solving maritime security issues. However, some goals have not been achieved due to many complex problems on maritime security in domestic sphere. This paper will use securitization theory, defense diplomacy concept, and maritime security concept for analyzing the maritime security issues in Indonesia which need securitization for supporting its defense diplomacy at ADMM Plus on Maritime Security. However, the securitization progress faced several challenges coming from various aspects, especially the habit of political leaders that only use maritime security as political instrument without concerning to the real security issues."

"Sebagai poros maritim dan negara kepulauan yang strategis dari perspektif geopolitik, Indonesia telah menetapkan tiga jalur ALKI untuk lintas damai pelajaran International, yang dijamin keberadaannya oleh hukum International. Hasil penelitian mengungkap beberapa tipe ancaman keamanan terkini yang cukup kompleks yang dihadapi Indonesia sebagai sebuah negara kepulauan dan juga maritim, yang datang dari meningkatnya ketegangan dan ekkalasi konflik di laut China Selatan, serta terorisme global, intervensi asing, dan beragam kejahatan transnasional"

"[ABSTRAKTesis ini membahas tentang penolakan Indonesia terhadap inisiatif kontraterorisme Amerika Serikat di wilayah laut yang disebut Proliferation SecurityInitiative (PSI). Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif yang bersifat eksplanatif.Kajian literatur dalam penelitian ini melihat penolakan Indonesia terhadap PSIberdasarkan cost and benefit analysis pada aspek internal (kepentingan politik,kepentingan ekonomi, dan kepentingan militer) dan eksternal (posisi tawarmenawar dan logika konsekuensi). Kesimpulan atas penolakan tersebut adalahadanya ketidaksesuaian komponen dalam negeri dan kebijakan luar negeriIndonesia dengan prinsip PSI yang membuktikan lebih banyaknya pengeluaranyang akan ditanggung daripada keuntungan yang diperoleh.

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ABSTRACTThis thesis discusses the refusal of Indonesia to the United States counterterrorisminitiatives in the sea area called Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI).This study is a qualitative interpretive. Literature review in this study perceivesthe refusal of Indonesia towards PSI is based on cost and benefit analysis on theinternal aspects (political interests, economic interests, military interests) andexternal aspects (bargaining position and logic of consequences). Conclusions forthe refusal is the discrepancy between domestic component and Indonesia'sforeign policy with PSI principles that proves more costs will be incurred ratherthan benefits gained.;This thesis discusses the refusal of Indonesia to the United States counterterrorisminitiatives in the sea area called Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI).This study is a qualitative interpretive. Literature review in this study perceivesthe refusal of Indonesia towards PSI is based on cost and benefit analysis on theinternal aspects (political interests, economic interests, military interests) andexternal aspects (bargaining position and logic of consequences). Conclusions forthe refusal is the discrepancy between domestic component and Indonesia'sforeign policy with PSI principles that proves more costs will be incurred ratherthan benefits gained., This thesis discusses the refusal of Indonesia to the United States counterterrorisminitiatives in the sea area called Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI).This study is a qualitative interpretive. Literature review in this study perceivesthe refusal of Indonesia towards PSI is based on cost and benefit analysis on theinternal aspects (political interests, economic interests, military interests) andexternal aspects (bargaining position and logic of consequences). Conclusions forthe refusal is the discrepancy between domestic component and Indonesia'sforeign policy with PSI principles that proves more costs will be incurred ratherthan benefits gained.]"

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dan mengidentifikasi kewenangan lembaga pemerintah dalam penegakan hukum di wilayah laut Indonesia. Permasalahan yang dibahas diantaranya mengenai pengaturan peran dan kewenangan lembaga pemerintah dalam menyelenggarakan penegakan hukum di wilayah laut Indonesia, serta dampak terhadap kewenangan yang sama antara lembaga pemerintah dalam menyelenggarakan penegakan hukum di wilayah laut Indonesia. Metode Penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode yuridis normatif berdasarkan teori kewenangan dengan data sekunder. Hasil yang diperoleh adalah Indonesia mempunyai enam lembaga penegak hukum di wilayah laut antara lain Badan Keamanan Laut, TNI Angkatan Laut, Ditjen Pengawasan Sumber Daya Kelautan dan Perikanan, Ditjen Bea Cukai, Polair, dan Kesatuan Penjagaan Laut dan Pantai. Keenam lembaga tersebut mempunyai kewenangan yang sama sehingga dapat mengakibatkan tumpang tindih yang berdampak pada ego sektoral antar-lembaga penegak hukum, ambiguitas peran sebagai Indonesia sea and coast guard, respon negatif dari negara lain terhadap lembaga penegak hukum wilayah laut di Indonesia dan lemahnya pengaturan kewenangan Bakamla dalam penegakan bhukum di wilayah laut. Pemerintah perlu menerapkan konsepsi omnibus law dengan merevisi/mengubah, mengganti, mencabut atau menggambungkan agar tidak terjadi pertentangan antar peraturan perundang-undangan. Selain itu, Pemerintah perlu merumuskan peraturan perundang-undangan baru dengan menetapkan lembaga yang berwenang sebagai Indonesia sea and coast guard.

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The purpose of this research aims to analyze and identify the authority of government agencies in law enforcement in the Indonesian marine area. Issues discussed include regulating the role and authority, as well as the impact on the same authority between government agencies to carry out law enforcement in Indonesian marine areas. The research method used is a normative juridical method based on the theory of authority with secondary data. The results obtained are that Indonesia has six law enforcement agencies in the marine area, consist of the Indonesia Maritime Security Agency, the Directorate General of Surveillance and Control of Marine and Fishery Resources, the Directorate General of Customs and Excise, the Directorate Marine Police, and the Directorate Indonesian Sea and Coast Guard. The six agencies have the same authority that can lead to impact on sectoral egos between law enforcement agencies, ambiguity in the role of Indonesia as a sea and coast guard, negative responses from other countries to law enforcement agencies in Indonesia's marine areas and the weak regulation of Indonesia Maritime Security Agency. The government needs to implement the omnibus law concept by revising/amending, replacing, revoking or merging so that there is no conflict between laws and regulations. In addition, the Government needs to formulate new laws and regulations by establishing an authorized institution as the Indonesian sea and coast guard."

"Penelitian ini membahas bagaimana pentingnya mitigasi potensi ancaman terhadap implementasi golden visa di Indonesia terhadap keamanan nasional. Kebijakan golden visa sudah banyak dilakukan oleh banyak negara guna menghadapi persaingan global yang disebabkan oleh derasnya arus globalisasi. Namun, dalam perkembangannya banyak negara yang kemudian menghentikan atau memberikan evaluasi pada kebijakan tersebut menyusul kekhawatiran atas potensi ancaman yang menganggu keamanan nasional. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan intelijen serta collaborative governance sebagai kerangka analisis. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dan pengumpulan data penelitian dilakukan dengan melakukan wawancara terhadap key informan serta studi literatur terhadap sumber terbuka. Hasil penelitian menunjukan golden visa dapat memberikan dampak terhadap perekonomian nasional, akan tetapi untuk menghadapi potensi ancaman yang dapat muncul seperti tindak pidana pencucian uang, konflik sosial, pendanaan terorisme, serta pelanggaran keimigrasian maka kolaborasi dalam melakukan analisis intelijen melalui wadah Timpora memiliki suatu peran yang strategis. Memaksimalkan Timpora dalam melakukan analisis intelijen diantara akan dapat memberikan optimalisasi terhadap upaya mitigasi potensi ancaman golden visa di Indonesia serta memberikan implikasi pada ketahanan nasional yang dimiliki.

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This research discusses the importance of mitigating potential threats to the implementation of the golden visa in Indonesia on national security. The golden visa policy has been implemented by many countries to face global competition caused by the rapid flow of globalization. However, in the course of its development, many countries then stopped or evaluated this policy following concerns over potential threats that could disrupt national security. This research uses an intelligence and collaborative governance approach as an analytical framework. This research uses qualitative methods and research data collection is carried out by conducting interviews with key informants and studying literature on open sources. The research results show that the golden visa can have an impact on the national economy, however, to deal with potential threats that could arise such as money laundering crimes, social conflicts, terrorism financing, and immigration violations, collaboration in conducting intelligence analysis through Timpora has a strategic role. . Optimizing Timpora in conducting intelligence analysis will be able to provide optimization of efforts to mitigate the potential threat of the golden visa in Indonesia as well as have implications for national resilience."

"Kawasan Pelabuhan Bitung memiliki sejumlah potensi yang dapat berdampak pada struktur keamanan nasional dan pertahanan negara karena memiliki konsep gesotrategi bagi Kawasan Indo – Pasifik. Kawasan Pelabuhan Bitung sebagai international hub port, tertuang dalam Kepmenhub Nomor 54 Tahun 2002 Tentang Penyelenggaraan Pelabuhan Laut. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif kualitatif dan teknik analisis data menggunakan interactive of model analysis. Penelitian ini menganalisis konsep Geostrategi Kawasan Pelabuhan Bitung sebagai bagian dari strategi keamanan nasional guna penguatan pertahanan negara berdasarkan sisi keamanan maritim Indonesia. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa secara umum analisis geostrategi kawasan Pelabuhan Bitung dalam kajian keamanan maritim untuk keamanan nasional dan pertahanan negara, menunjukan beberapa hal: 1) kondisi strategis kawasan Pelabuhan Bitung perlu didukung dengan kebijakan strategis dan terintegrasi antara pemerintah Pusat dengan Provinsi Sulawesi Uatara dan pemerintah Kota Bitung; 2) pembangunan Kawasan Ekonomi Khusus (KEK) memerlukan akselerasi pelaksanaan kebijakan secara berkelanjutan dan dukungan penuh dari sisi anggaran, untuk memperkuat basis kewilayahan dalam konsep geostrategi; dan 3) perlu ada upaya pendekatan terhadap masyarakat dalam mendukung terwujudnya wilayah strategis Kota Bitung, Sulawesi Utara. Terpenuhinya persyaratan tersebut, menjadikan kawasan Pelabuhan Bitung mampu mendukung geostrategi melalui kajian keamanan maritim yang strategis dan implikasi ekonomi, karena berada di Kawasan Indo – Pasifik sebagai pusat pertahanan politik dan ekonomi sehingga mampu memperkuat keamanan nasional dan Pertahanan negara."