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"Seed cultivation for true shallot is an alternative for the more common cultivation practice in which 30% of the harvested tubers are used for cultivation purposes. Seed production of this temperate tuber in the tropical region, however, is quite challenging due to its low flowers and seed formation. Several studies have shown that vernalization (cold induction) and application of Benzil Amino Purin (BAP) had improved the flowering and seed production of shallot. However, such studies were conducted during the best cultivation period for about 3 months and thus, limit the production period of seeds during the rainy season. This study was conducted to observe the effect of both methods outside cultivation periods on the flower and capsule numbers, fruit set, and weight of 100 seeds when compared with commonly practiced cultivation during the dry season. The onion bulbs vernalized at 10 oC for 30 days were subjected to synthetic hormone (BAP) prior to planting. The shallot group treated with BAP had the lowest values for all observed parameters, i.e., 1,552.67 number of flowers; 312.11 number of capsules; 22.5% seed set; and 0.2244 g weight of 100 seeds, compared to those in the vernalization treated group, i.e., 1,592.44 number of flowers; 623 number of capsules; 30.5% seed set; 0.2261 g weight of 100 seeds and control group 6,774.67 number of flowers; 3,898.44 number of capsules; 57.06% seed set; 0.3304 g weight of 100 seeds. In conclusion, the commonly practiced cultivation of sowing bulbs directly without vernalization and plant growth regulator treatment is probably the better method to produce shallot seeds during the offseason, the rainy season."

"Bawang merah (Allium ascalonicum L.) merupakan salah satu rempah-rempah yang ada di Indonesia. Peningkatan produksi bawang merah menyebabkan pemerintah tidak lagi mengimpor bawang merah. Pemerintah mengupayakan untuk produksi bawang merah  di negeri sendiri terlebih dahulu. Tegal merupakan pemekaran Brebes dalam hal produksi bawang merah. Hal ini didukung dengan kondisi fisik dari wilayah Tegal. Tegal merupakan wilayah dengan struktur tanah berupa aluvial, sehingga bawang merah di lokasi ini tumbuh dengan subur. Teknik pemilihan informan dengan snowball sampling yang bermula dari petani. Di mana dalam teknik ini mencari informan lainnya untuk melengkapi informasi dari informan sebelumnya. Pengolahan data berupa data- data yang sudah terkumpul diolah dan diklasifikasikan sesuai dengan kata kunci yang ada. Data-data yang sudah diolah lalu dianalisis untuk kemudian ditarik kesimpulan. Hasil dari penelitian ini ditemukan tiga tengkulak yang terdiri dari tengkulak desa dan tengkulak besar. Tengkulak mendistribusikan bawang merah ke pedagang dan manufaktur. Perbedaan pendapatan terjadi di setiap aktor. Aktor dengan biaya pemasaran terbesar adalah tengkulak karena proses distribusi tengkulak harus mengeluarkan biaya transportasi.

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Shallot (Allium ascalonicum L.) is one of the spices in Indonesia. The increase in  shallot production causes the government to no longer use shallots. The government strives to produce shallots in their own country first. Tegal is a division of Brebes in terms of shallot production. This is supported by the physical requirements of the Tegal region. Tegal is an area with an alluvial soil structure, so shallots in this location grow with suburban. The technique of selecting informants with snowball sampling starts from farmers. Where in this technique look for other information to complete information from previous informants. Data processing consists of data that has been collected and processed in accordance with existing keywords. Data that has been processed and then analyzed for later conclusions. The results of this study found three middlemen consisting of village middlemen and large middlemen. There are brokers who distribute shallots to traders and manufacturers. Income differences occur for each actor. The actor with the biggest marketing cost is the middleman because the middleman distribution process must incur transportation costs."

"ABSTRAKKabupaten Probolinggo merupakan salah satu sentra penghasil tanaman bawang merah di Jawa Timur. Tanaman bawang merah menjadi salah satu tanaman holtikultura andalan Kabupaten Probolinggo. Hal ini ditunjukkan dengan nilai produksi tanaman bawang merah yang lebih besar jika dibandingkan dengan tanaman holtikultura lainnya yaitu mencapai 40.234 ton pada tahun 2016 Kabupaten Probolinggo Dalam Angka, 2017 . Tanaman bawang merah sangat bergantung dengan kondisi iklim. Kondisi iklim yang tidak menentu dapat memberikan dampak yang kurang baik terhadap produktivitas bawang merah. Gangguan iklim seperti kekeringan dan hujan lebat ekstrem yang dipengaruhi aktivitas ENSO kemungkinan membawa pengaruh terhadap berubahnya nilai produktvitas bawang merah dari normalnya. Data curah hujan periode El Nino dan La nina serta data produktivitas bawang merah tahun El Nino, Normal dan La Nina akan digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Data curah hujan akan diklasifikasi menjadi kekeringan periode El Nino dan hujan ekstrem periode La Nina. Metode yang digunakan untuk menghitung kekeringan yaitu metode De Boer. Hasil akhir menunjukkan pola iklim ekstrem Kabupaten Probolinggo didominasi oleh iklim ekstrem sedang, sementara iklim ekstrem tinggi hanya berada di beberapa Kecamatan saja. Hasil akhir juga menunjukkan adanya pengaruh dari iklim ekstrem terhadap penurunan produktivitas bawang merah.

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ABSTRACTProbolinggo regency is one of the centers of shallot production in East Java. Shallot plants become one of the mainstay horticultural crops Probolinggo regency. This is indicated by the higher production value of onion plants compared to other horticultural crops, which reached 40,234 tons in 2016 Probolinggo Dalam Angka, 2017 . Shallot plants are highly dependent on climatic conditions. Uncertain climatic conditions can have an unfavorable impact shallot productivity. Climate anomalies such as droughts and heavy rainfall extreme influenced by ENSO activity may have an effect on the change in shallot productivity value from normal. The rainfall data for the El Nino and La Nina periods as well as the El Nino, Normal and La Nina shallot productivity data will be used in this study. Rainfall data will be classified into El Nino period droughts and the extreme rain of the La Nina period. The method used to calculate the drought is De Boer method. The final result shows that the extreme climate pattern of Probolinggo is dominated by moderate temperate climates, while extreme high temperatures are in only a few sub districts. The end result also shows the influence of extreme climate on the decrease of onion productivity. "

"Manual material handling merupakan kegiatan yang dapat ditemui dalam operasional gudang dan menjadi salah satu penyebab risiko terjadinya kecelakaan kerja dalam bentuk musculoskeletal disorder (MSDs). Kegiatan manual material handling yang memiliki tingkat risiko cukup tinggi perlu dilakukannya perbaikan yang salah satunya perancangan terhadap alat manual yang digunakan. Dalam kegiatan manual material handling dalam gudang benih padi, kegiatan material handling yang dilakukan menggunakan alat two- wheeled hand trucks. Hand trucks yang digunakan merupakan alat utama dan paling sering digunakan dalam operasional gudang benih padi namun memiliki potensi risiko musculoskeletal disorder yang cukup tinggi terhadap penggunaannya. Dalam penggunaannya, pekerja memiliki beberapa keluhan terkait kesulitan dan ketidaknyamanan. Sebagai kegiatan utama dalam gudang benih, objektif perancangan alat hand trucks yang akan dilakukan bertujuan menyesuaikan dengan pekerjaan yang dilakukan dan meminimalisasi potensi risiko musculoskeletal disorder. Perancangan terhadap hand trucks akan menggunakan metode perancangan produk rasional yang mengarah pada pendekatan yang sistematis dalam menyelesaikan masalah. Dalam perancangan alat yang kemudian dilakukan dengan mengintegrasikan digital human modelling yang menggunakan posture evaluation index (PEI) sebagai indikatornya. Perancangan hand trucks yang dihasilkan mampu menurunkan nilai PEI dalam batas rekomendasi dan dilakukan validasi terhadap rancangan usulan alat kepada pekerja sehingga diharapkan mampu menurunkan risiko musculoskeletal disorder dalam manual material handling yang dilakukan dan menyesuaikan dengan kondisi pekerja.

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Manual material handling is an activity that can be found in warehouse operations and is one of the causes of the risk of work accidents in the form of musculoskeletal disorders. Manual material handling activities that have a fairly high level of risk need to be improved, one of which is the design of the manual tools used. In manual material handling activities in the rice seed warehouse, material handling activities are carried out using two-wheeled hand trucks. The hand trucks used are the main tools and are most often used in seed warehouse operations but have a high potential risk of musculoskeletal disorders in their use. In its use, workers have some complaints related to difficulties and discomfort. As the main activity in the rice seed warehouse, the objective of designing hand trucks that will be carried out is aimed at adjusting to the work being carried out and minimizing the potential risk of musculoskeletal disorders. The design of the hand trucks will use a rational product design method that leads to a systematic approach in solving problems. In the design of the tool, it is integrated with digital human modeling which uses the Posture Evaluation Index (PEI) as an indicator. The design of the recommendation hand trucks is able to reduce the PEI value within the recommended limits and validation of the proposed tool design for workers is expected to reduce the risk of musculoskeletal disorders in manual material handling carried out and adjust to the conditions of workers."

"Latar belakang: Ekstrak Biji Anggur (EBA) mengandung Proanthosianidin yang efektif sebagai agen antibakteri. Biofilm adalah komunitas mikrobialmultiseluler yang terdiri atas sel-sel yang berlekatan dan dapat membentuk matriks ekstraselular polisakarida. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis kemampuan antibakteri larutan EBA terhadap biofilm E.faecalis. Metoda: E.faecalis ATCC 29212 dibuat dalam bentuk biofilm dengan cara diinokulasi diatas membran filter selulosa nitrat steril yang diletakkan di atas BHIA dandiinkubasi pada suhu 37oC selama 72 jam pada keadaan aerob. Kemudian dipapar dengan PBS (kontrol), larutan EBA, dan larutan Klorheksidin 2% masing-masing kelompok terdiri dari 3 tabung. Setiap tabung ditambahkan PMA dan analisis DNA E.faecalis menggunakan RT-PCR. Data dianalisis secara statistik dengan uji non parametrik Kruskal Wallis dan Mann-Whitney. Hasil: Larutan EBA memiliki kemampuan antibakteri terhadap biofilm E.faecalis. Apabila antar kelompok dibandingkan maka kemampuan antibakteri antar kelompok mempunyai nilai yang berbeda bermakna. Kesimpulan: Ekstrak Biji Anggur (EBA) memiliki kemampuan antibakteri terhadap biofilm E. faecalis.

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Background: Grape Seed Extract contains Proanthosianidin which proven to be effective as antimicrobial agent. Biofilm is defined as multicelular microbial community, consist of cells attached to others and produce polisacharide extracelullar matrix. The aim of this study is to investigate antibacterial efficacy of grape seed extract againts E.faecalis biofilm.

Method: E.faecalis ATCC 29212 strain was prepared in biofilmform using sterile nitrate selulose membrane, incubated on BHIA media at 37oC for 72 h. Each membrane contain E.faecalis biofilm was added to 3 tubes of PBS (control), 3 tubes of Grape Seed Extract, and 3 tubes of Clorhexidine 2%. The value of viable DNA cells was measured using RT-PCR. The data was analyzed statistically using non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney test.

Result: Grape Seed Extract has antibacterial efficacy againts E.faecalis biofilm. The difference between all groups were statistically significant.

Conclusion: Grape Seed Extract has antibacterial efficacy againts E.faecalis Biofilm."

"ABSTRACT

Hybrid tomato seed production after rice is a way of intensifying agriculture in rainfed areas in Northeast Thailand. Although this type of intensive high value contract farming has been developing for the last 30 years, there has been little research on it. This study describes the historical development of this system and identifies factors influencing increases and decreases in the number of production sites and farmers producing hybrid tomato seeds. Although production of hybrid tomato seeds was initially adopted by a large number of farmers in many villages in both rainfed and irrigated areas, in recent years it has been carried out only in a smaller number of villages, mostly in rainfed areas. The decision of growers to continue or discontinue production is influenced by both the benefit they gain from production and their relations with the seed companies. The local availability of highly skilled hired workers also affects the concentration of production in certain sites."