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"Latar Belakang: Pergeseran dominasi antara laki-laki dan perempuan pada dunia kedokteran terjadi dari waktu ke waktu di berbagai belahan dunia, termasuk di bidang bedah plastik di Indonesia. Profesi yang semula didominasi oleh laki-laki, saat ini didominasi perempuan. Pergeseran dominasi perempuan ini memungkinkan terjadinya masalah-masalah yang berpengaruh pada pendidikan dan pelayanan bedah plastik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi fenomena dominasi perempuan pada pendidikan spesialis di Indonesia. Metode: Penelitian ini bersifat kualitatif berupa studi fenomenologi. Penelitian dilakukan pada 3 program pendidikan dokter spesialis bedah plastik rekonstruksi dan estetik di Indonesia. Penelitian dimulai pada bulan Januari 2020. Populasi penelitian terdiri dari 4 kelompok, yaitu peserta didik, dosen, pengelola program studi, dan pengguna lulusan. Responden penelitian dipilih menggunakan metode maximum variation sampling. Setiap responden mendapatkan informed consent, seluruh informasi yang diberikan sifatnya rahasia dan tidak memengaruhi proses pendidikan responden. Metode pengumpulan data berupa studi dokumen, Focus Group Discussion (FGD), dan In-Depth Interview. Data penelitian yang diperoleh dari berbagai metode diatas, kemudian dianalisis dan diolah lebih dalam secara tematik. Hasil: Peneliti membagi tema berdasarkan garis waktu proses pendidikan, yaitu: prapendidikan, intra-pendidikan, dan pascapendidikan. Masing-masing proses memiliki tema yang saling memengaruhi proses pendidikan. Pada masa prapendidikan terdapat karakter personal yang dipengaruhi oleh persepsi positif maupun negatif dari masyarakat. Sedangkan iklim lingkungan kerja, dampak dominasi perempuan, dan dimensi budaya memengaruhi kelancaran intra-pendidikan. Pasca pendidikan dan memasuki dunia kerja, peserta didik menginginkan suatu kondisi lingkungan kerja yang ideal dan terdapat preferensi tempat bekerja tertentu untuk mencapai kondisi well-being. Kesimpulan: Dampak dominasi perempuan selama pendidikan hanya akan berpengaruh pada dinamika kehidupan antar peserta didik dan antara peserta didik dengan dosen sebagai mentor. Namun dominasi ini tidak akan memengaruhi kualitas pendidikan dan beban kerja yang diberikan. Pada penelitian ini juga didapatkan fenomena kesenjangan kepemimpinan tidak terjadi selama pendidikan tetapi terjadi pada pascapendidikan. Namun kesenjangan kepemimpinan bukanlah akibat tekanan dalam komunitas, melainkan kecenderungan dari pribadi perempuan pada umumnya di kelompok masyarakat feminim.

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Introduction: Shifting in gender dominance between men and women in the medical field has occurred from time to time globally, including in Indonesia’s plastic surgery. The profession, which was initially dominated by men, is currently dominated by women. This shift in female dominance might allow problems that affect the education and clinical settings of plastic surgery. This study aims to explore the phenomenon of women's dominance in medical residency education in Indonesia. Method: This study is a qualitative study of phenomenology. It was conducted on 3 medical residency programs specializing in reconstructive and aesthetic plastic surgery in Indonesia. The study began in January 2020. The research population consisted of 4 groups, namely students, lecturers, study program managers, and graduate users. Research subjects were selected using the maximum variation sampling method. Each respondent was provided with informed consent, all information given was confidential and did not affect the educational process of the respondent. Data collection methods include document study, Focus Group Discussion (FGD), and In-Depth Interview. Research data obtained from various methods above was analyzed and processed thematically. Results: The themes were categorized based on the educational process timeline, namely: pre-education, intra-education, and post-education. Each timeline had several themes which mutually influenced the educational process. During pre-education there were personal characters which were affected by positive and negative perceptions from society. Whereas the work environment atmosphere, the impact of women's dominance, and the cultural dimension affected the intra-educational process. After graduating from residency program and entering the career life, students expected an ideal working environment and had certain workplace preferences to achieve their well-being. Conclusion: The impact of women's dominance during education affected the daily dynamics among students and their interaction with lecturers as mentors. However, this dominance did not affect the quality of education and workload. We also found that the phenomenon of leadership disparity did not occur during education but occurred in post-education setting. This leadership disparity was not resulted by pressure in the community, but due to the tendency of the women’s personality in general among the feminine community."

"Salah satu pergeseran paradigma terbesar dalam dunia kedokteran saat ini adalah pergeseran model pelayanan kesehatan dari disease-centric care menjadi patient-centric care. Bedah plastik rekonstruksi dan estetik menjadi spesialis kedokteran yang membutuhkan implementasi model tersebut, didorong oleh rendahnya tingkat konversi pasien di tahap pre-operatif, teknik operasi tanpa panduan di tahap intra-operatif, dan masih tingginya tingkat permintaan revisi operasi di tahap pasca-operatif. Saat ini, implementasi patient-centric care melalui penggunaan model spesifik-pasien, yaitu replika anatomis bagian wajah atau tubuh pasien yang dapat digunakan dokter sebagai simulator bedah dan alat visualisasi pasien, menjadi instrumen paling efektif dalam memecahkan masalah tersebut. Namun, model spesifik-pasien yang ada di pasaran saat ini masih menggunakan modalitas pemindai yang rumit, mahal, dan model spesifik-pasien masih sulit diakses khususnya untuk negara berkembang. Oleh karena itu, dalam skripsi ini penulis mengusulkan sebuah rancang bangun model spesifik-pasien yang dikhususkan pada bagian maxillofacial untuk pemandu operasi dengan metode pemindaian 3D berbasis smartphone dengan sensor TrueDepth™ dan pemodelan 3D berbasis Growing Neural Gas yang jauh lebih sederhana, murah, dan terjangkau. Akurasi model spesifik-pasien yang dirancang diukur nilai indeks similaritasnya sebesar 0,2101 terhadap topologi wajah subjek asli yang dinilai cukup akurat.

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One of the biggest paradigm shifts in medicine today is the shift in health care models from “disease-centric care” to “patient-centric care”. Plastic and aesthetic surgery become one of the medical field who urgently need this model implementation, driven by the low conversion rates of patients in pre-surgery phase, unguided surgery technique encountered in intra-operative phase, and high surgery revision demand in postoperative phase. Currently, patient-centric care implemented through patient-specific models, which is an anatomical replica of the patient's face or body which surgeons can use as a surgical simulator and patient visualization tool, this instrument proven to be the most effective in solving those mentioned problems. However, patient-specific models on the market today still use complex and expensive scanning modalities and the patient-specific models that are still difficult to access, especially in developing countries. Therefore, in this research the author propose a patient-specific model prototype for surgical guidance in maxillofacial region with 3D scanning methodology which utilized smartphone with TrueDepth™ sensor and Growing Neural Gas-based 3D modelling methodology which more simple, low-cost, and accessible. The accuracy of patient-specific model measured in similarity index against the subject’s real face topology resulted in the amount of 0,2101 which sufficiently accurate."

"[ABSTRAKPendahuluan :Fraktur Midface merupakan fraktur yang sering terjadi dapat dapat memberikan efek baik dari segi estetik dan fungsi. Fraktur Midface yang tidak ditangani dengan baik akan merubah bentuk wajah menjadi tidak proporsional, salah satunya wajah yang menjadi lebih lebar dan panjang, terdapat depresi malar. Tata laksana dengan reposisi segmen fraktur dan fiksasi interna merupakan pilihan utama.Metode :Data yang diambil dari status estetik dengan menggunakan studi cross sectional pada pasien dengan fraktur midface sebelum operasi ORIF didapatkan di rekam medis, dan data setelah opeasi ORIF didapatkan dari follow up (4 years), kemudian dilakukan pengukuran dari proyeksi vertical, horizontal dan warm?s view .Hasil :Berdasarkan analisis fotografi dari proyeksi vertikal didapatkan 3 pasien memiliki proporsi muka yang baik, 3 pasien memiliki proporsi wajah yang baik dikarenakan perbedaan rata-rata. Berdasarkan analisis fotografi dari proyeksi horizontal didapatkan 3 pasien memiliki panjang muka yang berbeda, 2 pasien memiliki dystopia, 1 pasien memiliki enophtalmus. Berdasarkan analisi fotografi dari proyeksi worm?s eye didapatkan 4 pasien memiliki depresi malar eminensMengenai hasil estetika, didapatkan 4 pasien (66,6 %) puas dengan simetrisitas wajah setelah operasi. 2 pasien (33,3 %) mengeluhkan tidak puas dengan penampilan akhir setelah operasiKesimpulan :Untuk dapat mengevaluasi hasil operasi ORIF di Divisi Bedah Plastik Rumah Sakit Ciptomangunkusumo. Tidak hanya dibutuhkan registrasi data awal yang baik, tetapi juga dibutuhkan sarana dan fasilitas untuk mendapatkan evaluasi jangka panjang pada pasien terutama lokasi pasien yang jaraknya jauh dari lokasi rumah sakit.

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ABSTRACTBackground :Midface fracture is a fracture that often occurs may be able to give a good effect in terms of aesthetics and functionality. Midface fracture that is not handled properly will change the shape of the face become disproportionate, one of which face becomes wider and longer, there is a malar depression. The management of the segment repositioning fracture and internal fixation is the main option.Methods:Data taken from the status aesthetic using cross sectional study in patients with fractures midface before surgery ORIF obtained in medical records, and the data after opeasi ORIF obtained from follow-up (4 years), then the measurement of the projected vertical, horizontal and warm's view.Result:Based on the photographic analysis of the vertical projection obtained 3 patients have a good proportion of the face, 3 patients had good facial proportions due to differences in average. Based on the photographic analysis of horizontal projection obtained 3 patients had a different face long, 2 patients had a dystopia, 1 patient had enophtalmus. Based on the photographic analysis of the worm's eye projection obtained 4 patients had a malar depression eminens.Regarding the aesthetic results, obtained four patients (66.6%) are satisfied with simetrisitas face after surgery. 2 patients (33.3%) complained of is not satisfied with the final appearance after surgeryConclusions:To be able to evaluate the results of ORIF surgery in the Division of Plastic Surgery Hospital Ciptomangunkusumo. Not only the data registration needed a good start, but also the infrastructure and facilities needed to obtain a long-term evaluation of the patients, especially the location of patients that were located far from the location of the hospital, Background :Midface fracture is a fracture that often occurs may be able to give a good effect in terms of aesthetics and functionality. Midface fracture that is not handled properly will change the shape of the face become disproportionate, one of which face becomes wider and longer, there is a malar depression. The management of the segment repositioning fracture and internal fixation is the main option.Methods:Data taken from the status aesthetic using cross sectional study in patients with fractures midface before surgery ORIF obtained in medical records, and the data after opeasi ORIF obtained from follow-up (4 years), then the measurement of the projected vertical, horizontal and warm's view.Result:Based on the photographic analysis of the vertical projection obtained 3 patients have a good proportion of the face, 3 patients had good facial proportions due to differences in average. Based on the photographic analysis of horizontal projection obtained 3 patients had a different face long, 2 patients had a dystopia, 1 patient had enophtalmus. Based on the photographic analysis of the worm's eye projection obtained 4 patients had a malar depression eminens.Regarding the aesthetic results, obtained four patients (66.6%) are satisfied with simetrisitas face after surgery. 2 patients (33.3%) complained of is not satisfied with the final appearance after surgeryConclusions:To be able to evaluate the results of ORIF surgery in the Division of Plastic Surgery Hospital Ciptomangunkusumo. Not only the data registration needed a good start, but also the infrastructure and facilities needed to obtain a long-term evaluation of the patients, especially the location of patients that were located far from the location of the hospital]"

"ABSTRAKLatar belakang: Diced cartilage banyak digunakan dalam praktek bedah plastik. Keuntungannya sangat beragam, dari rekonstruksi hingga estetik. Tetapi data mengenai viabilitas antara bentuk kasar dan halus belum ada, sehingga penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan data dasar tersebut.Metode: Penelitian menggunakan kelinci New Zealand dewasa. Menggunakan tujuh ekor kelinci yang dibagi menjadi tiga grup yaitu grup block cartilage, coarsely diced cartilage dan finely diced cartilage. Pengabilan cartilage dilakukan dari satu sisi bagian telinga kelinci, dibagi dengan ukuran yang sama dan ditanam di bawah kulit scapula. Setelah 12 minggu dilakukan pemeriksaan makroskopik untuk menilai warna, dan kontur dari kartilago yang sudah diimplantasikan lalu juga dilakukan pemeriksaan histologis dengan pewarnaan : Haematoxylin Eosin dan Mason Tricrhome untuk menilai viabilitas masing ndash; masing grup.Hasil: Secara makroskopik didapatkan perbedaan berat cartilage dari masing ndash; masing grup. Masing ndash; masing menunjukkan peningkatan berat cartilage antara sebelum dan sesudah 12 minggu. Tidak didapatkan perbedaan viabilitas antara masing ndash; masing grup, dengan nilai p > 0.312.Kesimpulan: Penggunaan coarsely diced cartilage memiliki keuntungan untuk pengisian volume organ yang besar. Hal ini dikarenakan tidak adanya perbedaan secara makroskopik maupun mikroskopik antra finely dan coarsely diced cartilage.

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ABSTRACTThe use of diced cartilage grafts is common in plastic surgery, it is very useful for reconstruction after secondary accident and malignancies in the facial region. In recent years it is very useful for aesthetic surgery. The study to compare between coarsely and finely diced cartilage is not provide.Methods We use New Zealand white rabbits for this study. We used seven samples with three group, one group of block cartilage, one group of coarsely diced cartilage and the last group of finely diced cartilage. Three equal sized auricular cartilage grafts were harvested from each rabbit and implanted on the scapulae of the same rabbits. Twelve weeks after implantation, all cartilage grafts were examined macroscopically and microscopy. Post implanted cartilage grafts were stained by Haematoxylin Eosin and Thricrhome to know the viability of each group.Result Macroscopically there is different weight before and after implantation, every group was gain the weight. The viability between the each group is not different significant, p 0.312. The advantages for the coarsely diced cartilage than fined diced cartilage was same in contour, color, viability and absorpsion weight was gained .Conslusion We can used the coarsely diced cartilage for the bigger defect that need more volume. The result is same between finely and coarsely in clinical and histologic"

"Objective : To measure sensitivity and specificity diagnostic finding of convensional radiography in midfacial fractur performed at the Emergency room of Cipto Hospital and to evaluate its quality.

Design and Main Outcome Measures: In this diagnostic testing 35 patients with clinical signs of midfacial fracture were investigated. All patient underwent radiography examination at the Emergency room (Anteroposterior, Lateral and reverse Waters view). X ray photo were expertised by a plastic surgeon and a radiologist, both of them without knowing the clinical conditions, and by the residen who received the patient at the ER. Then we compare radiographic and intraoperative findings as goal standard, The results were analyzed by statistical testing (for sensitivity, specificity, positive, negative predictive value).

Results: The result showed that sensitivity and specificity varied between plastic surgeon, radiologist and residen but still high, and we noted that clinical examinations revealed to be very helpful in the assessment of an inadequate imaging fracture.

Conclusion: Conventional radiography performe at the Emergency Room of Cipto hospital has high specificity although the quality is considered substandard. Clinical findings is still very important to distinguished uncertain fracture."

"ABSTRAKPendahuluan. Perkembangan analisis wajah pada bedah rekonstruksi wajah sangatlah pesat, sejalan dengan perkembangan teknologi pencitraan dan komputerisasi. Program perangkat lunak yang tersedia pada saat ini, seperti Rhinobase, hanya dapat mengukur daerah hidung, tidak seluruh wajah. Oleh sebab itu dibutuhkan suatu program perangkat lunak yang lebih lengkap, dapat menyimpan data medis, mengukur dan menganalisis foto (fotogrametri dan analisis fotografi) guna merencanakan tindakan operasi rekonstruksi wajah secara keseluruhan. Pengakat lunak ini diharapkan dapat digunakan sebagai alat ukur dan menjadi panduan untuk melakukan tindakan bedah rekonstruksi wajah (reaksilofasial)."

"ABSTRAKSkripsi ini membahas tentang inspanningverbintenis dan resultaatverbintenis dalam praktik bedah plastik serta kaitannya dengan tanggung jawab hukum dokter yang melakukan praktik diluar kompetensinya. Pembahasan dilakukan melalui studi kasus pada putusan No.1207/Pid.S/1992/PN.SBY dan No. 944/Pid.Sus/2015/PN.JKT.SEL, serta wawancara dengan ahli bidang hukum kesehatan. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan bentuk penelitian yuridis normatif. Hasil penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa antara inspanningverbintenis dan resultaatverbintenis, keduanya dapat diterapkan dalam praktik bedah plastik. Inspanningverbintenis dapat diterapkan pada bedah plastik rekonstruksi, sedangkan resultaatverbintenis dapat diterapkan pada bedah plastik estetik. Tindakan bedah plastik haruslah dilakukan oleh dokter yang kompeten di bidangnya, apabila seorang dokter terbukti melakukan pelanggaran disiplin profesi, maka dapat dikenakan sanksi disiplin.

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ABSTRACTThis thesis discusses inspanningverbintenis and resultaatverbintenis in the practice of plastic surgery and its relation to the legal responsibility of doctors who practice outside of its competence. The study was conducted through case studies on the decision number 1207 Pid.S 1992 PN.SBY and number 944 Pid.Sus 2015 PN. JKT.SEL, as well as interviews with the experts in the field of medical law. This research is a qualitative research in the form of normative juridical study. The results of this study concluded that between inspanningverbintenis and resultaatverbintenis, both of which can be applied in the practice of plastic surgery. Inspanningverbintenis can be applied to reconstructive plastic surgery, while resultaatverbintenis can be applied to aesthetic plastic surgery. Plastic surgery should be performed by doctors who are competent in their fields, if a doctor was guilty of violation of professional discipline, he or she could be subjected to the disciplinary sanctions."