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"Latar Belakang: Kegagalan ekstubasi akibat pneumonia berat meningkatkan morbiditas dan mortalitas. Imunitas adaptif sistemik berupa fraksi dan rasio sel T limfosit CD4/CD8 darah memiliki peranan penting sebagai prediktor lemah mortalitas. Dibutuhkan studi lanjutan untuk mengetahui imunitas adaptif lokal melalui Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL) pada kedua paru.Tujuan: Mengetahui perbedaan kadar dan rasio sel T limfosit CD4/CD8 Bronchoalveolar Lavage sesuai status ekstubasi dan status mortalitas pada pneumonia berat.Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan desain kohort prospektif pada 40 pasien pneumonia berat. Data primer diambil dari pasien yang terintubasi dan menjalani tindakan bronkoskopi di perawatan IGD dan ruang intensif RSCM sejak November 2020 hingga Januari 2021. Analisa univariat dan bivariat dengan uji beda rerata digunakan pada data skala numerik dengan sebaran normal dan uji Mann Whitney dengan sebaran tidak normal. Hasil: Proporsi gagal ekstubasi sebesar 80% dan proporsi mortalitas sebesar 75%. Terdapat perbedaan bermakna pada fraksi sel T limfosit CD4 BAL pada paru cidera berat kelompok berhasil ekstubasi dan gagal ekstubasi (p=0,006); kelompok pasien hidup dan meninggal (p=0,002). Fraksi CD4 darah dan rasio CD4/CD8 darah ditemukan lebih tinggi secara bermakna pada kelompok berhasil ekstubasi dibandingkan dengan gagal ekstubasi; juga ditemukan lebih tinggi pada kelompok yang hidup dibandingkan yang meninggal.Kesimpulan: Fraksi CD4 BAL pada paru cidera berat berbeda secara statistik bermakna lebih tinggi pada kelompok pasien berhasil ekstubasi dibandingkan dengan kelompok pasien gagal ekstubasi dan kelompok pasien hidup dibandingkan dengan kelompok pasien meninggal.

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Background: Extubation failure due to severe pneumonia increases morbidity and mortality. Systemic adaptive immunity, T lymphocyte cells CD4/CD8 in blood, has special role as a mortality predictor in severe pneumonia. Further study still needed to evaluate local adaptive immunity through bronchoalveolar lavage celluler examination in both lung.

Objective: The aim of this study was to find out the differences between T lymphocytes CD4/CD8 in both lung based on extubation status and mortality status.

Methods: We performed a cohort prospective study of 40 patients with severe pneumonia whom underwent endotracheal intubation and bronchoscopy hospitalized in intensive care unit between November 2020 to January 2021 in Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital. Primary data was taken and analyzed using univariat and bivariat to investigate mean or median differences with unpaired t-test for normal numeric distribution data and Mann-Whitney test for abnormal distribution numeric data.

Result: The proportion of extubation failure was 80% and mortality rate was 75%. There were significantly different results of BALF CD4 T cells lymphocyte fraction in severe pneumonia group of patients based on extubation status (p=0,006) and mortality status (p=0,002). Blood CD4 T cells lymphocyte fraction and blood CD4/CD8 T cells lymphocyte ratio were found significantly higher in the successfully extubation group of patients compared to extubation failure group of patients; and also significantly higher in survived group of patients compared to mortality group of patients with pneumonia severe.

Conclusion: Fraction of CD4 BALF in severely injured pneumonia lungs group of patients who had succesful intubation processes were statistically different compared to the group of patients with unsuccesful extubation. Fraction of CD4 BALF were also found statistically different in the group of patients who were survived compared to the group of patients who were passed away."

"Latar Belakang : Kanker paru merupakan salah satu penyakit yang memiliki beban terbesar di dunia. Pajanan zat karsinogen merupakan salah satu faktor risiko kanker paru, baik pada rokok maupun di lingkungan, Zat karsinogenik di tempat kerja yang dapat menyebabkan kanker paru adalah silika, asbes dan radon. Silika merupakan salah satu zat karsinogenik dalam IARC kelompok 1. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui kadar silika kurasan bronkoalveolar pada pasien kanker paru, serta riwayat pajanannya.Metode : Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian cross sectional pada pasien tumor paru yang akan dilakukan tindakan diagnostik baik dari instalasi rawat jalan maupun rawat inap di RS Persahabaran. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan secara consecutive sampling dalam kurun waktu April 2019 sampai dengan Juni 2019.Hasil : Pada penelitian ini yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi sebesar 42 pasien kanker paru yang tegak jenis. Prevalens kanker paru dengan riwayat pajanan silika sebanyak 71.4%, status pajanan terbanyak dari pekerjaan sebanyak 38.1%. Kadar silika kurasan bronkoalveolar terbanyak adalah positif sebanyak 54,8% dengan rata-rata tertinggi dari pajanan pekerjaan dan rokok (2.85±2.9). Hasil ini bermakna secara statistik dengan nilai p<0,05. Jenis keganasan terbanyak dengan kadar silika positif adalah adenokarsinoma sebanyak 44%. Terdapat hubungan bermakna antara status pajanan dengan kadar silika (p 0.001), jenis pekerjaan dengan kadar silika (p 0.000), masa kerja dengan kadar silika (p 0.014), lama kerja dengan kadar silika (p 0.031), penggunaan Alat Pelindung Diri (APD) dengan kadar silika (p 0.005)Kesimpulan : Didapatkan kadar silika yang positif pada pasien kanker paru dengan riwayat pajanan silika dari pekerjaan dan rokok, terdapat hubungan antara status pajanan, jenis pekerjaan, masa kerja, lama kerja dan riwayat penggunaan APD dengan kadar silika kurasan bronkoalveolar pada pasien kanker paru.

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Background: Lung cancer is one leading cause of death in the world. Carcinogenic exposure is one of the risk factors for lung cancer, both in cigarettes and environment. Carcinogenic substances at work that can cause lung cancer are silica, asbestos and radon. Silica is one of the carcinogenic substances in IARC group 1. The purpose of this study was to determine the silica levels of bronchoalveolar lavage lung cancer patients and their exposure history of silica.

Method: This is cross sectional study based on prodiagnostic lung tumor patients measures both from outpatient and inpatient installations at Persahabatan Hospital. Sampling was done by consecutive sampling in the period April 2019 until June 2019.

Results: Sample of this study match with inclusion criteria are 42 patients with confirmed lung cancer. The prevalence of lung cancer with history of silica exposure was 71.4%, the most from occupational exposure was 38.1%. The highest amount of bronchoalveolar lavage silica was positive as much as 54.8% with the highest average of occupational and cigarette exposure (2.85 ± 2.9). This result is statistically significant with p value <0.05. The most common type of malignancy with positive silica levels was adenocarcinoma 44%. There is significant relationship between exposure status with silica levels (p 0.001), types of occupation with silica levels (p 0.000), years of service with silica levels (p 0.014), length of work with silica levels (p 0.031), use of Personal Protective Equipment with silica levels (p 0.005)

Conclusion: Positive silica levels from bronchoalveolar lavage in lung cancer patients with exposure silica history was found, the most from occupational and cigarettes exposure, there is relationship between exposure status, occupational type, length of service, length of work and history of using personal protective equipment with bronchoalveolar lavage silica levels in lung cancer patients."

"Latar Belakang Pneumonia adalah suatu penyakit akibat infeksi pada paru yang menjadi masalah serius, dengan tingkat mortalitas yang mencapai 42,4% di Indonesia sendiri. Pneumonia dikaitkan dengan mortalitas tinggi, salah satunya pada kondisi kegagalan ekstubasi yang terjadi pada pasien yang memerlukan intubasi. Proses patologis ini dikaitkan dengan peningkatan sitokin proinflamasi seperti IL-6 yang dapat ditemukan pada serum ataupun bilasan bronkoalveolar. Penelitian-penelitin terdahulu belum menentukan kaitan sitokin IL-6 dengan prognosis pasien terkait mortalitas dan kegagalan ekstubasi, serta belum menentukan korelasi kadar IL-6 serum dan bilasan bronkoalveolar pada pasien meninggal dan pasien gagal ekstubasi.Tujuan Mengetahui perbandingan kadar IL-6 pada serum dan bilasan bronkoalveolar pada pasien sesuai dengan status mortalitas dan ekstubasi pada pasien pneumonia berat, serta korelasi kadar IL-6 sersum dan bilasan bronkoalveolar pada pasien meninggal dan gagal ekstubasi.Metode Penelitian dengan desain kohort prospektif dilakukan pada 40 pasien pneumonia berat yang terintubasi dan menjalani tindakan bronkoskopi di IGD dan ruang intensif RSCM sejak November 2020 hingga Januari 2021. Kadar IL-6 pada pemeriksaan serum dan pemeriksaan bilasan bronkoalveolar kemudian dianalisis dengan observasi keberhasilan ekstubasi selama 20 hari dan status mortalitas selama 28 hari. Analisis univariat pada karakteristik pasien dilanjutkan dengan analisis bivariat dengan uji perbedaan dua rerata tidak berpasangan dengan data skala numerik dilakukan pada data sebaran normal dan uji Mann-Whitney dilakukan pada data sebaran tidak normal.Hasil Dalam penelitian, didapatkan rasio gagal ekstubasi dan mortalitas sebesar 80% dan 75% secara berurutan. Tidak ditemukan perbedaan bermakna antara kadar IL-6 serum ataupun bilasan bronkoalveolar pada status mortalitas dan ekstubasi pasien. Namun, ditemukan korelasi positif antara kadar IL-6 serum dan kadar IL-6 bilasan bronkoalveolar pada pasien meninggal (r=0,551) dan gagal ekstubasi (r=0,567).Kesimpulan Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna pada kadar IL-6 serum dan bilasan bronkoalveolar antara pasien meninggal dan hidup, serta pasien berhasil atau gagal ekstubasi. Namun, terdapat hubungan positif antara kadar IL-6 serum dan bilasan bronkoalveolar pada pasien meninggal dan gagal ekstubasi.

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Background. Pneumonia is a disease caused by infection in the lungs which has become a serious health issue, with a mortality rate of 42.4% in Indonesia itself. Pneumonia is associated with high mortality, one of which is in conditions of extubation failure that occurs in patients who require intubation. This pathological process is associated with an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 that can be found in serum or bronchoalveolar lavage. Previous studies have not determined the association of the IL6 cytokine with the prognosis of patients related to mortality and extubation failure, nor have they determined the correlation of serum IL-6 levels and bronchoalveolar lavage in patients dying and patients failing to extubate.

Purpose. To analyze the comparison of IL-6 levels in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage in patients based on their mortality and extubation status in severe pneumonia patients, as well as the correlation of IL-6 levels in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage in patients who died and failed extubation.

Method. The study with a prospective cohort design was conducted on 40 severe pneumonia patients who were intubated and underwent bronchoscopic procedures in the emergency room and intensive room of RSCM from November 2020 to January 2021. IL6 levels were examined on serum and bronchoalveolar lavage sample, which then analyzed with the observation for extubation status for 20 days and mortality status for 28 days. Univariate analysis on patient characteristics was followed by bivariate analysis with unpaired two-mean difference tests with numerical scale data performed on normal distribution data and Mann-Whitney test performed on abnormal distribution data

Result. In the study, the ratio of extubation failure and mortality was 80% and 75% respectively. No significant difference was found between serum IL-6 levels or bronchoalveolar lavage IL-6 levels based on the mortality and extubation status of patients. However, a positive correlation was found between serum IL-6 levels and IL-6 levels of bronchoalveolar lavage in patients who died (r=0.551) and failed extubation (r=0.567).

Conclusion. There were no significant differences in serum IL-6 levels and bronchoalveolar lavage between deceased and living patients, as well as patients succeeded or failed to be extubated. However, there was a positive correlation between serum IL-6 levels and bronchoalveolar lavage IL-6 levels in patients who died and failed extubation."

"Latar Belakang: Pneumonia merupakan infeksi paru yang hingga saat ini masih menjadi masalah kesehatan yang serius di seluruh dunia. Mortalitas dan morbiditas terutama didapatkan pada pasien yang mengalami pneumonia berat. Intubasi dan ventilasi mekanik diperlukan pada sekitar 6% pasien pneumonia. Lebih lanjut lagi, kegagalan ekstubasi berhubungan dengan peningkatan mortalitas pneumonia. Proses imunopatologi yang terjadi pada pneumonia berat dikaitkan dengan peningkatan kadar sitokin proinflamasi seperti IL-6 dan IL-17. Studi prognostik yang telah dilakukan saat ini belum dapat menggambarkan jelas peran sitokin tersebut terhadap terjadinya luaran buruk berupa gagal ekstubasi hingga mortalitas yang terjadi pada pasien pneumonia berat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk untuk mengetahui peranan proses imunitas lokal dan sistemik melalui pemeriksaan kadar sitokin pada cairan bilasan bronkus dan darah terhadap luaran buruk dari pneumonia berat.Tujuan: Mengetahui hubungan perbedaan kadar IL-6, 1L-17 darah dan cairan bilasan bronkus terhadap status ekstubasi dan mortalitas pada pasien pneumonia berat.Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan desain kohort prospektif pada 40 pasien pneumonia berat. Subjek yang direkrut adalah pasien yang terintubasi dan menjalani tindakan bronkoskopi di IGD dan ruang intensif RSCM sejak November 2020 hingga Januari 2021. Analisis bivariat dengan uji beda rerata digunakan pada data skala numerik dengan sebaran normal dan uji Mann Whitney dengan sebaran tidak normal. Subjek penelitian diobservasi untuk keberhasilan ekstubasi 20 hari dan mortalitas 28 hari.Hasil: Pada penelitian ini didapatkan proporsi gagal ekstubasi sebesar 80% dan mortalitas sebesar 75%. Etiologi terbanyak pneumonia berat pada penelitian ini adalah virus SARS-CoV-2 (28 subjek). Pada penelitian ini tidak didapatkan perbedaan secara statistik bermakna dari IL-6, IL-17 darah dan cairan bilasan bronkus pada kelompok subjek yang gagal ekstubasi dan yang berhasil ekstubasi. Tidak didapatkan juga perbedaan secara statistik bermakna dari IL-6, IL-17 darah dan cairan bilasan bronkus pada kelompok subjek yang meninggal dan yang hidup.Kesimpulan: Tidak terdapat hubungan perbedaan kadar IL-6, IL-17 darah dan cairan bilasan bronkus terhadap pasien pneumonia berat yang gagal ekstubasi dan berhasil ekstubasi, serta yang meninggal dan yang hidup.

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Background: Pneumonia is a lung infection which is still a serious health problem worldwide. Mortality and morbidity are mainly found in patients with severe pneumonia. Intubation and ventilation are required in about 6% of pneumonia patients. Furthermore, extubation failure was associated with increased pneumonia mortality. Immunopathological processes that occur in severe pneumonia related to increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and IL-17. Prognostic studies have been carried out to the occurrence of adverse outcomes in patients with pneumonia such as extubation failure and mortality, but still little to know about the role of these cytokines. This study aims to determine the role of local and systemic immune processes through examination of cytokine levels in bronchial lavage fluid and blood on the adverse outcome of severe pneumonia.

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the association of differences in blood and bronchial lavage levels of IL-6, 1L-17 to extubation status and mortality in patients with severe pneumonia.

Methods: This study was a prospective cohort study of 40 patients with severe pneumonia. Subjects in this study are patients who were intubated and underwent bronchoscopy in the emergency room and intensive care unit of Ciptomangunkusumo Hospital from November 2020 to January 2021. Bivariate analysis with the mean difference test was used on numerical scale data with normal distribution and Mann Whitney U test with abnormal distribution. Study subjects were observed for successful extubation of 20 days and mortality of 28 days.

Results: In this study, the proportion of failed extubation was 80% and the mortality rate was 75%. There were various etiologies of severe pneumonia in the study with SARS-CoV-2 being the major causes (28 subjects). In this study, there was no statistically significant difference between brochoalveolar lavage fluid and blood IL-6, IL-17 in based on extubation status. There was also no statistically significant difference between brochoalveolar lavage fluid and blood IL-6, IL-17 based on mortality status.

Conclusions: There was no association of differences in the blood and bronchoalveolar lavage levels of IL-6, IL-17 on patients with severe pneumonia who failed to extubate and successfully extubated, and those who deceased and those who lived."

"Latar Belakang: Pneumonia berat adalah infeksi saluran napas yang masih memiliki angka mortalitas yang tinggi. Pasien pneumonia berat sering kali memerlukan intubasi untuk mencapai ventilasi yang adekuat. Terjadinya kegagalan ekstubasi dapat meningkatkan komplikasi dan mortalitas pada pasien, sehingga pasien dengan risiko gagal ekstubasi perlu dikenali sedini mungkin.Tujuan: Mengetahui faktor yang dapat memprediksi kegagalan ekstubasi pada pasien pneumonia beratMetode: Studi ini merupakan studi kohort retrospektif yang melibatkan pasien dengan pneumonia berat yang terintubasi dan dirawat di ICU/HCU RSCM pada tahun 2015-2019. Data pasien dan hasil pemeriksaan laboratorium diambil dari rekam medis. Analisis bivariat dilakukan dengan uji Chi-square atau uji Fischer, sementara analisis multivariat dilakukan dengan uji regresi cox.Hasil: Sebanyak 192 subjek pasien pneumonia berat dilibatkan dalam penelitian ini. Insidensi kegagalan ekstubasi pada pasien pneumonia berat di RSCM adalah 70,3%, dengan angka mortalitas pada pasien yang mengalami gagal ekstubasi adalah sebesar 85,2%. Dari analisis bivariat, didapatkan usia >60 tahun, merokok, Charlson Comorbidity Index sedang-berat, tidak adanya penyakit neuromuskular, terapi pengganti ginjal, prokalsitonin > 2 ng/mL, dan skor APACHE II ≥25 sebagai variabel yang berhubungan signifikan dengan kegagalan ekstubasi. Selanjutnya, analisis multivariat menemukan bahwa Charlson Comorbidity Index sedang-berat (p=0,002, HR 2,254, IK95% 1,353-3,755), dan prokalsitonin > 2 ng/mL (p<0,001, HR 1,859, IK95% 1,037-3,333) merupakan prediktor independen terhadap kegagalan ekstubasi pada pasien pneumonia berat.Kesimpulan: Faktor-faktor yang secara independen merupakan prediktor kegagalan ekstubasi pada pasien pneumonia berat adalah Charlson Comorbidity Index sedang-berat, dan kadar prokalsitonin > 2 ng/mL.

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Background: Severe pneumonia is a lower respiratory tract infection still presenting with a high a mortality rate. Patients with severe pneumonia often require intubation in order to achieve adequate ventilation. Extubation failure, however, is associated with increased complications and mortality. Therefore, it is crucial to recognize risk factors associated with extubation failure as soon as possible.

Objective: To determine the predictors associated with extubation failure in patients with severe pneumonia

Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted, which included patients with severe pneumonia who were intubated in ICU/HCU of Ciptomangunkusumo General Hospital over the period of 2015-2019. Patient characteristics and laboratory values were obtained from medical records. Bivariate analysis was performed with Chi-square or Fischer test, whereas multivariate analysis was performed with cox regression model.

Results: A total of 192 subjects with severe pneumonia was included in this study. Incidence of extubation failure among patients with severe pneumonia was 70,3%, with a mortality rate of 85,2%. Bivariate analyses found that age of >60 years, smoking history, moderate-to-severe Charlson Comorbidity Index, procalcitonin > 2 ng/mL, not having neuromuscular disease, renal replacement therapy, and APACHE II score of ≥25 were significantly associated with extubation failure. In multivariate analysis, moderate-to-severe Charlson Comorbidity Index (p=0,002, HR 2,254, 95% CI 1,353-3,755) and procalcitonin > 2 ng/mL (p<0,001, HR 1,859, 95% CI 1,037-3,333) were found to be independent predictors of extubation failure in patients with severe pneumonia.

Conclusion: Moderate-to-severe Charlson Comorbidity Index and procalcitonin level of > 2 ng/mL were independent predictors of extubation failure in patients with severe pneumonia."

"Latar Belakang. Pneumonia berat masih menjadi masalah kesehatan utama di Indonesia dan dunia. Sistem imun diketahui memiliki peranan penting dalam patogenesis pneumonia, namun tidak banyak studi yang menilai hubungan antara kadar CD4 dan CD8 darah dengan mortalitas akibat pneumonia berat pada pasien dengan status HIV negatif.Tujuan. Mengetahui data hubungan dan nilai potong kadar CD4 dan CD8 darah dengan angka mortalitas 30 hari pada pasien pneumonia berat di RSCM. Metode. Penelitian berdesain kohort prospektif yang dilakukan di ruang rawat intensif RSCM periode Juni-Agustus 2020. Keluaran berupa kesintasan 30 hari, nilai titik potong optimal kadar CD4 dan CD8 darah untuk memprediksi mortalitas 30 hari dan risiko kematian. Analisis data menggunakan analisis kesintasan Kaplan-Meier, kurva ROC dan multivariat regresi Cox. Hasil. Dari 126 subjek, terdapat 1 subjek yang loss to follow up. Mortalitas 30 hari didapatkan 26,4%. Nilai titik potong optimal kadar CD4 darah 406 sel/μL (AUC 0,651, p=0,01, sensitivitas 64%, spesifisitas 61%) dan kadar CD8 darah 263 sel/μL (AUC 0,639, p=0,018, sensitivitas 62%, spesifisitas 58%). Kadar CD4 darah < 406 sel/μL memiliki crude HR 2,696 (IK 95% 1,298-5,603) dan kadar CD8 darah < 263 sel/μL memiliki crude HR 2,133 (IK 95% 1,035-4,392) dengan adjusted HR 2,721 (IK 95% 1,343-5,512). Bila sepsis dan tuberkulosis paru ditambahkan dengan kadar CD4 darah dan CD8 darah, didapatkan nilai AUC 0,752 (p=0,000). Kesimpulan. Kadar CD4 dan CD8 darah memiliki akurasi yang lemah dalam memprediksi mortalitas 30 hari pasien pneumonia berat. Kadar CD4 darah < 406 sel/μL dan kadar CD8 darah < 263 sel/μL memiliki risiko mortalitas 30 hari yang lebih tinggi.

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Background. Severe pneumonia is a major health problem in Indonesia and the world. The immune system is known to play an important role in the pathogenesis of pneumonia, but few studies have assessed the relationship between blood CD4 and CD8 count and mortality from severe pneumonia in patients with negative HIV status.

Objectives. Knowing the correlation data and the cut-off value of blood CD4 and CD8 count with a 30-days mortality rate in severe pneumonia patients at RSCM.

Methods. This study is a prospective cohort study conducted at RSCM intensive care rooms from June to August 2020. The outputs were 30-days survival rate, optimal cut-off value for blood CD4 and CD8 count to predict 30-days mortality and mortality risk. Data analysis used Kaplan-Meier survival, ROC curves and multivariate Cox regression analysis.

Results. Of the 126 subjects, there was 1 subject who lost to follow up. The 30-days mortality rate was 26.4%. The optimal cut-off value for blood CD4 count was 406 cells/μL (AUC 0.651, p=0.01, sensitivity 64%, specificity 61%), blood CD8 count was 263 cells/μL (AUC 0.639, p=0.018, sensitivity 62%, specificity 58%). CD4 blood count < 406 cells/μL had a crude HR of 2.696 (95% CI 1.298-5.603) and blood CD8 count < 263 cells/μL had a crude HR of 2.133 (95% CI 1.035-4.392) with an adjusted HR of 2.721 (CI 95% 1,343-5,512). If sepsis and pulmonary tuberculosis were added to the blood CD4 and CD8 count, the AUC value was 0.752 (p=0.000).

Conclusion. Blood CD4 and CD8 count had poor accuracy in predicting 30-days mortality in patients with severe pneumonia. The group with blood CD4 count < 406 cells/μL and blood CD8 count < 263 cells/μL had a higher risk of 30-days mortality."

"Latar Belakang: Pneumonia berat masih menjadi masalah kesehatan utama di Indonesia dan dunia. Sistem imun diketahui memiliki peranan penting dalam patogenesis pneumonia, namun tidak banyak studi yang menilai hubungan antara kadar CD4 dan CD8 darah dengan mortalitas akibat pneumonia berat pada pasien dengan status HIV negatif. Tujuan: Mengetahui data hubungan dan nilai potong kadar CD4 dan CD8 darah dengan angka mortalitas 30 hari pada pasien pneumonia berat di RSCM. Metode: Penelitian berdesain kohort prospektif yang dilakukan di ruang rawat intensif RSCM periode Juni-Agustus 2020. Keluaran berupa kesintasan 30 hari, nilai titik potong optimal kadar CD4 dan CD8 darah untuk memprediksi mortalitas 30 hari dan risiko kematian. Analisis data menggunakan analisis kesintasan Kaplan-Meier, kurva ROC dan multivariat regresi Cox.Hasil: Dari 126 subjek, terdapat 1 subjek yang loss to follow up. Mortalitas 30 hari didapatkan 26,4%. Nilai titik potong optimal kadar CD4 darah 406 sel/μL (AUC 0,651, p=0,01, sensitivitas 64%, spesifisitas 61%) dan kadar CD8 darah 263 sel/μL (AUC 0,639, p=0,018, sensitivitas 62%, spesifisitas 58%). Kadar CD4 darah < 406 sel/μL memiliki crude HR 2,696 (IK 95% 1,298-5,603) dan kadar CD8 darah < 263 sel/μL memiliki crude HR 2,133 (IK 95% 1,035-4,392) dengan adjusted HR 2,721 (IK 95% 1,343-5,512). Bila sepsis dan tuberkulosis paru ditambahkan dengan kadar CD4 darah dan CD8 darah, didapatkan nilai AUC 0,752 (p=0,000). Kesimpulan: Kadar CD4 dan CD8 darah memiliki akurasi yang lemah dalam memprediksi mortalitas 30 hari pasien pneumonia berat. Kadar CD4 darah < 406 sel/μL dan kadar CD8 darah < 263 sel/μL memiliki risiko mortalitas 30 hari yang lebih tinggi.

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Background: Severe pneumonia is a major health problem in Indonesia and the world. The immune system is known to play an important role in the pathogenesis of pneumonia, but few studies have assessed the relationship between blood CD4 and CD8 count and mortality from severe pneumonia in patients with negative HIV status.

Objectives: Knowing the correlation data and the cut-off value of blood CD4 and CD8 count with a 30-days mortality rate in severe pneumonia patients at RSCM. Methods. This study is a prospective cohort study conducted at RSCM intensive care rooms from June to August 2020. The outputs were 30-days survival rate, optimal cut-off value for blood CD4 and CD8 count to predict 30-days mortality and mortality risk. Data analysis used Kaplan-Meier survival, ROC curves and multivariate Cox regression analysis.

Results: Of the 126 subjects, there was 1 subject who lost to follow up. The 30- days mortality rate was 26.4%. The optimal cut-off value for blood CD4 count was 406 cells/μL (AUC 0.651, p=0.01, sensitivity 64%, specificity 61%), blood CD8 count was 263 cells/μL (AUC 0.639, p=0.018, sensitivity 62%, specificity 58%). CD4 blood count < 406 cells/μL had a crude HR of 2.696 (95% CI 1.298- 5.603) and blood CD8 count < 263 cells/μL had a crude HR of 2.133 (95% CI 1.035-4.392) with an adjusted HR of 2.721 (CI 95% 1,343-5,512). If sepsis and pulmonary tuberculosis were added to the blood CD4 and CD8 count, the AUC value was 0.752 (p=0.000).

Conclusion: Blood CD4 and CD8 count had poor accuracy in predicting 30-days mortality in patients with severe pneumonia. The group with blood CD4 count < 406 cells/μL and blood CD8 count < 263 cells/μL had a higher risk of 30-days mortality."

"Ventilator-associated pneumonia VAP punya prevalensi yang tinggi pada pasien pediatric intensive care unit PICU . Gizi lebih overweight dan obesitas dicurigai sebagai salah satu faktor risiko VAP namun hubungannya kurang diteliti. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menyelidiki hubungan antara gizi lebih dan kejadian VAP pada pasien PICU RSCM. Desain studi ini adalah cross-sectional analitik dengan data rekam medis pasien PICU RSCM yang mendapat ventilasi mekanik pada periode 2014 ndash;2016. Pasien dikatakan menderita gizi lebih berdasarkan assessment gizi pada rekam medis atau berdasarkan data antropometri dengan rujukan kriteria WHO atau CDC jika assessment gizi tidak ada. VAP ditentukan berdasarkan diagnosis tertulis pada rekam medis atau adanya gejala dan tanda yang memenuhi kriteria NNIS/CDC. Data tambahan yang diambil antara lain ada tidaknya kondisi immunocompromised, reintubasi, enteral feeding, penggunaan imunosupresan, antibiotik atau profilaksis stress ulcer. Sebanyak 64 pasien diikutsertakan sebagai subjek. Gizi lebih ditemukan pada 12 pasien 18.8 dan VAP pada 12 pasien 18.8 . Hanya satu pasien dengan gizi lebih mengalami VAP. Penelitian ini tidak menemukan hubungan antara gizi lebih dan kejadian VAP pada pasien PICU RSCM two-sided p = 0.436 dengan uji Fisher , mungkin karena sampel terlalu kecil. Penelitian prospektif dengan sampel yang cukup dibutuhkan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara gizi lebih dan VAP.

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Ventilator associated pneumonia VAP is prevalent among pediatric intensive care unit PICU patients. Overnutrition overweight and obesity is a candidate for VAP risk factor but research into the link is wanting. This study aimed to investigate the association between overnutrition and VAP among PICU patients in RSCM. Medical records of RSCM PICU patients undergoing mechanical ventilation between 2014 and 2016 were used in this analytic cross sectional study. Overnutrition was established based on the nutritional assessment on the patient rsquo s medical record or anthropometric data using WHO or CDC criteria if the former was not available. VAP was established based on recorded diagnosis or the presence of signs and symptoms meeting the NNIS CDC criteria. Additional data include whether the patient was immunocompromised, reintubation, enteral feeding, use of immunosuppressants, antibiotics and stress ulcer prophylaxis. A total of 64 patients was included as subjects. Overnutrition was identified in 12 patients 18.8 and VAP in 12 patients 18.8 . Only one overnourished patient had VAP. This study found no association between overnutrition and VAP two sided p 0.436 by Fisher rsquo s test , probably because the sample was too small. Prospective studies with adequate sample sizes are needed to understand the link between overnutrition and VAP."

"Latar Belakang: Angka mortalitas pasien Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) di Indonesia cukup tinggi, salah satu organ yang terlibat dalam memengaruhi tingginya mortalitas ini adalah jantung. Evaluasi ekokardiografi dapat membantu mengidentifikasi secara dini gangguan jantung yang berhubungan dengan mortalitas pasien. Saat ini data kelainan jantung dengan pemeriksaan ekokardiografi pada pasien COVID-19 derajat berat-kritis di Indonesia.Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mencari hubungan antara kelainan ekokardiografi dengan mortalitas pada pasien COVID-19 derajat berat dan kritis.Metode: Data pasien COVID-19 derajat berat dan kritis di RSCM diambil berdasarkan rekam medis lalu dilakukan analisis data dengan menampilkan tabel deskriptif, analisis bivariat dengan chi-square dan multivariat dengan regresi logistik.Hasil: Dari total 83 pasien, sebanyak 48 pasien (57,8%) meninggal. Kelainan fungsional yang paling banyak ditemukan pada ekokardiografi adalah mPAP yaitu sebanyak 51 pasien (68%) dan gangguan struktural terbanyak adalah remodelling konsentrik ventrikel kiri yaitu 48 pasien (58%). Hasil analisis chi-square terhadap variabel ekokardiografi memperlihatkan bahwa Tricuspid Annular Plane Systolic Excursion (TAPSE) dengan RR 7,29 (IK95%; 0,98 - 54,36), Right Ventricular Systolic Pressure (RVSP) dengan RR 10,21 (IK95%; 1,41 - 74,04), mean Pulmonary Artery Pressure (mPAP) dengan RR 1,44 (IK95%; 1,02 - 2,04), Pulmonary Acceleration Time (PAT) dengan RR 2,36 (IK95%; 1,14 - 4,86), dan Right Atrial Pressure (RAP) dengan RR 3,40 (IK95%; 1,06 - 10,95), memiliki hubungan signifikan dengan mortalitas. Sedangkan Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction (LVEF), disfungsi diastolik ventrikel kiri (E/e’) dan cardiac output (CO) tidak terdapat hubungan yang signifikan. Analisis multivariat dengan regresi logistik menunjukan bahwa variabel ekokardiografi yang secara independen berhubungan dengan mortalitas adalah RVSP dan RAP.Simpulan: Kelainan ekokardiografi yang berhubungan dengan mortalitas pasien COVID 19 derajat berat dan kritis adalah TAPSE, RVSP, mPAP, PAT dan estimasi RAP.

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Background: The mortality rate of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) patient in Indonesia is high and one of the organ that may contribute mortality is heart problem. Echocardiography can help clinician to identify early functional abnormalities and structural defect of heart that may correlates to mortality and patient’s prognosis. Currently, there are limited data in Indonesia about cardiac abnormalities in severe-critically ill COVID-19 patients that evaluated with echocardiography.Objective: This study aims to determine the relationship between echocardiography abnormalities and mortality in severe and critically ill COVID-19 patients.Methods: Severe and critically ill COVID-19 patients data taken from medical records and then analyzed by presenting descriptive table, bivariate analysis using chi square and multivariate analysis using logistic regression.Results: Out of total 83 patients, 48 ​​patients (57.8%) died. The most common functional abnormality found on echocardiography was mPAP found in 51 patients (68%) and the most common structural defect was left ventricular concentric remodeling in 48 patients (58%). The results of chi-square analysis of echocardiographic variables are Tricuspid Annular Plane Systolic Excursion (TAPSE) RR 7,29 (95%CI; 0,98 - 54,36), Right Ventricular Systolic Pressure (RVSP) RR 10,21 (95% CI; 1,41 - 74,04), mean Pulmonary Artery Pressure (mPAP) RR 1,44 (95%CI; 1,02 - 2,04), Pulmonary Acceleration Time (PAT) RR 2,36 (95%CI; 1,14 - 4,86), dan Right Atrial Pressure (RAP) RR 3,40 (95% CI; 1,06 - 10,95)had a significant relationship with mortality. Meanwhile, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (E/e') and cardiac output (CO) had no significant relationship. Multivariate analysis using logistic regression showed that RVSP and RAP were independent variables that correlates to mortality.Conclusions: Echocardiography abnormalities that associated with mortality in severe-critically ill patients are TAPSE, RVSP, mPAP, PAT and estimated RAP"

"Latar Belakang: Resusitasi cairan merupakan terapi yang sering diberikan pada ruang rawat intensif untuk mengembalikan perfusi jaringan. Namun, seringkali terapi resusitasi cairan menyebabkan kelebihan cairan yang memiliki efek buruk terhadap pasien termasuk kematian. Tujuan: Penelitian retrospektif ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara mortalitas dengan durasi kelebihan cairan di Rumah Sakit Ciptomangunkusumo. Metode: Sebanyak 194 pasien yang mengalami kelebihan cairan dan berada di ruang rawat intensif selama 7 hari atau lebih, diperoleh melalui teknik consecutive sampling, dievaluasi. Durasi kelebihan cairan dan kematian 28 hari dicatat. Sampel yang diperoleh dibagi menjadi dua kelompok, yaitu pasien yang mengalami kelebihan cairan kurang dari sama dengan 4 hari dan pasien yang mengalami kelebihan cairan lebih dari 4 hari. Sampel kemudian dianalisis menggunakan uji bivariat Chi square untuk diketahui hubungannya dengan kematian. Hasil: Terdapat hubungan antara kematian dengan durasi kelebihan cairan dengan nilai P.

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Background: Fluid resuscitation is a common therapy given at the Intensive Care Unit ICU to maintain tissue perfusions. However, this therapy usually results in fluid overload that has adverse outcome including death.

Objective: This retrospective study aimed to assess the association between mortality and fluid overload duration in Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital's.

Methods: A total of 194 ICU patients with fluid overload and stayed for 7 days or more that obtained by consecutive sampling, were evaluated. Fluid overload duration and 28 days mortality were recorded. Samples were divided into two groups, patients with fluid overload less than or equal to 4 days and patients with fluid overload more than 4 days. A bivariate analysis Chi square were perform to assess the association of mortality and fluid overload duration.

Results: Mortality and fluid overload duration were significantly associated P."