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"Latar Belakang: Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) merupakan salah satu masalah dengan angka mortalitas jangka pendek dan morbiditas jangka panjang. Sebanyak 60% kasus DVT tidak memiliki gejala. Seiring bertambahnya usia, insiden DVT akan terus meningkat. Sekitar 1 dari 100.000 orang tiap tahunnya akan menderita DVT dibawah usia 50 tahun dan meningkat menjadi 1000 dari 100.000 per tahun di usia 85 tahun. Pada satu pertiga kasus bermanifestasi sebagai emboli paru, sedangkan dua pertiga lainnya hanya sebatas DVT. Terdapat kenaikan kadar fibrinogen maupun d-dimer pada pasien dengan keganasan.Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisa dan membandingkan kadar fibrinogen, d-dimer dan dosis heparin terapeutik pada pasien DVT dengan keganasan dan non keganasan. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan kohort retrospektif menggunakan rekam medis di RS Cipto Mangunkusumo. Variabel bebas adalah terapi pada pasien DVT sedangan variabel terikatnya adalah kadar D-dimer, fibrinogen dan aPTT terapeutik. Analisa statistic menggunakan SPSS versi 20, nilai p<0.05 menunjukkan terdapat hubungan bermakna secara statistik. Hasil: 63 pasien masuk dalam penelitian, didapatkan pasien DVT dengan keganasan sebanyak 33 pasien (52,4%) dan pasien DVT non keganasan sebanyak 30 pasien (47,6%). Kadar fibrinogen, D-dimer awal dan akhir pada pasien DVT dengan keganasan memiliki kadar yang lebih tinggi secara bermakna dibandingkan dengan DVT non keganasan (p<0,001). Terdapat perbedaan signifikan pada penurunan D-dimer pasien DVT dengan keganasan dibandingakan dengan pasien DVT non kegananasan. Dosis heparin awal pasien DVT dengan keganasan memiliki nilai tidak bermakna dibandingkan dengan DVT non keganasan (p>0,001). Dosis heparin terapeutik pada pasien DVT dengan keganasan bermakna signifikan lebih tinggi dibandingkan DVT non keganasan (p<0,001). Simpulan: Terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna pada kadar fibrinogen, d-dimer awal dan akhir yang bermakna antara pasien DVT keganasan dengan pasien DVT non keganasan. Terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna pada penurunan D-dimer pasien DVT dengan keganasan dan DVT non keganasan. Ditemukan perbedaan bermakna pada dosis heparin terapeutik pasien DVT dengan keganasan dan DVT non keganasan.

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Background: Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) is a problem with short-term mortality and long-term morbidity. As many as 60% of DVT cases have no symptoms. With age, the incidence of DVT will continue to increase. About 1 in 100,000 people each year will suffer from DVT under the age of 50 years and this increases to 1000 from 100,000 per year at the age of 85 years. In one third of cases it manifests as a pulmonary embolism, while in the other two thirds only a DVT is present. There is an increase in the levels of fibrinogen and d-dimer in patients with malignancy. This study aims to analyze and compare the levels of fibrinogen, d-dimer and therapeutic doses of heparin in malignant and non-malignant DVT patients.

Method: This study is a retrospective cohort using medical records at Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital. The independent variable is therapy in DVT patients while the dependent variable is the level of D-dimer, fibrinogen and therapeutic aPTT. Statistical analysis using SPSS version 20, p value <0.05 indicates that there is a statistically significant relationship.

Results: 63 patients were included in the study, 33 patients with malignant DVT were found (52.4%) and 30 patients with non-malignant DVT (47.6%). The initial levels of fibrinogen in patient with malignant DVT were significantly higher than those of non malignant DVT (p<0.05). The final levels of fibrinogen in patient with malignant DVT were significant higher than those of non malignant DVT (p<0,05).There was significant higher of D-dimer initial levels beetween patient with malignant DVT and patient with non malignant DVT (p<0,05). There was significant higher of D-dimer final levels beetween patient with malignant DVT and patient with non malignant DVT (p<0,05). There was a significant difference in the decrease of d-dimer levels between DVT patients with malignancy compared to non-malignant DVT patients who were given heparin therapy. The initial heparin dose in patients with malignant DVT had no significant value compared to non malignant DVT (p>0.001). The therapeutic dose of heparin in patients with malignant DVT was significantly higher than that of non malignant DVT (p<0.001).

Conclusion: There was a significant difference in the levels of fibrinogen and D- dimer initial and final which was significant between malignant DVT patients and non-malignant DVT patients. There is a significant difference in the decrease in D-dimer in patients with malignant DVT and non-malignant DVT. A significant difference was found in the therapeutic dose of heparin in patients with malignant DVT and non-malignant DVT."

"Pendahuluan: Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) memiliki kecenderungan terus meningkat dengan koinsidensi mortalitas jangka pendek dan morbiditas jangka panjang. COVID-19 dapat menyebabkan hypercoagulable state dan menjadi predisposisi terjadinya DVT. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis hubungan kadar fibrinogen, D-Dimer, dan dosis heparin teraupetik berdasarkan kadar APTT dengan adanya COVID-19 pada pasien DVT. Metode: Desain penelitian komparatif dan kohort prospektif digunakan untuk membandingkan kadar fibrinogen, D-Dimer, dan dosis heparin terapeutik antara pasien COVID-19 dan non COVID-19 yang menderita DVT di RSPN Cipto Mangunkusumo pada bulan Maret 2020 – Maret 2022. Penegakan diagnosis DVT dilakukan dengan pemeriksaan ultrasonografi dan/atau computed tomography angiography (CTA) fase vena. Data variabel utama dan lainnya diperoleh dari rekam medis pasien. Uji T independen atau Mann-Whitney digunakan untuk menganalisis perbedaan nilai variabel antara kedua kelompok. Hasil: Dari total 253 sampel, tidak terdapat perbedaan karakterisitik awal antara kelompok DVT COVID-19 (n=44) dan DVT non COVID-19 (n=209), kecuali pada parameter Wells Score. Kelompok DVT COVID-19 memiliki kadar Fibrinogen, D-Dimer, dan aPTT yang lebih tinggi daripada kelompok DVT non COVID-19, baik sebelum terapi maupun sesudah terapi heparanisasi (semua nilai p =0,000). Pada akhir pengamatan, didapatkan dosis heparin terapeutik pada kelompok DVT COVID-19 lebih tinggi dibanding pada kelompok DVT non COVID-19 (30,00 (20,00-40,00)x103 U vs. 25,00 (20,00-35,00)x103 U, p=0,000). Kesimpulan: Kadar fibriongen, D-Dimer, dan dosis heparin terapeutik pada pasien DVT yang menderita COVID-19 lebih tinggi dibandingkan pada pasien DVT yang tidak menderita COVID-19. Inisiasi pemberian dosis heparin terapeutik dosis tinggi dapat dipertimbangkan pada pasien DVT dengan komorbid COVID-19 dan dipandu oleh hasil pemeriksaan biomarker koagulasi darah.

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Introduction: Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) has an increasing trend with a coincidence of short-term mortality and long-term morbidity. COVID-19 can cause a hypercoagulable state and predispose to DVT. This study aims to analyze the relationship between fibrinogen levels, D-Dimer, and therapeutic heparin doses based on APTT levels in the presence of COVID-19 in DVT patients. Methods: A comparative study design and a prospective cohort were used to compare levels of fibrinogen, D-Dimer, and therapeutic heparin doses between COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 patients suffering from DVT at Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital in March 2020 – March 2022. Diagnosis of DVT was performed by ultrasound examination and/or computed tomography angiography (CTA) venous phase. The primary variable data and others were obtained from the patient's medical record. An Independent T-test or Mann-Whitney was used to analyze the differences in variable values between the two groups. Results: Of 253 samples, there was no difference in initial characteristics between the DVT COVID-19 (n=44) and non-COVID-19 DVT groups (n=209), except for the Wells Score parameter. The COVID-19 DVT group had higher levels of fibrinogen, D-Dimer, and aPTT than the non-COVID-19 DVT group, both before and after heparinization therapy (all p-values = 0.000). At the end of the follow-up period, the therapeutic dose of heparin in the COVID-19 DVT group was higher than in the non-COVID-19 DVT group (30.00 (20.00-40.00)x103 U vs. 25.00 (20.00-35.00)x103 U, p-value=0.000). Conclusion: The levels of fibrinogen, D-Dimer, and therapeutic doses of heparin in DVT patients who have COVID-19 are higher than in DVT patients who do not have COVID-19. Initiation of a higher therapeutic dose of heparin can be considered in DVT patients with comorbid COVID-19 and guided by the results of blood coagulation biomarkers."

"Latar Belakang: Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) adalah salah satu penyakit penyebab mortalitas jangka pendek dan morbiditas jangka panjang. Kasus DVT akan meningkat seiring bertambahnya usia. Pada pasien dengan keganasan, risiko DVT meningkat hingga 4,1 kali lipat karena kondisi hiperkoagulasi. Penatalaksanaan DVT antara lain pemberian antikoagulan dan kompresi eksterna. Penelitian ini bertujuan membandingkan luaran antropometrik tungkai pasien DVT dengan keganasan dan non-keganasan yang diterapi heparin.Metode: Kohort retrospektif menggunakan rekam medis di RS Cipto Mangunkusumo. Variabel bebas adalah status keganasan pada pasien DVT sedangkan variabel terikatnya adalah pengukuran antropometrik lingkar tungkai sebelum terapi heparin, 4 hari, dan 7 hari. Analisis statistik menggunakan SPSS versi 25, nilai p<0,05 menunjukkan kemaknaan secara statistik.Hasil: Sebanyak 63 subjek penelitian, didapatkan subjek DVT dengan keganasan sebanyak 33 subjek (52,4%) dan DVT non keganasan sebanyak 30 subjek (47,6%). Pada awal terapi, tidak terdapat perbedaan ukuran antropometrik antara DVT keganasan dan non keganasan. Pada hari ke-4 dan ke-7 terapi, terdapat perbedaan perbaikan ukuran antropometrik di mid femur, distal femur, dan mid cruris, dimana perbaikan klinis lebih tampak pada DVT non keganasan (p<0,05). Subjek DVT keganasan memiliki dosis heparin maintenance teraputik yang lebih tinggi (p=0,000), dan mencapai waktu kadar APTT terapeutik yang lebih lama (p=0,000).Kesimpulan: Subjek DVT keganasan menunjukkan perbaikan klinis yang lebih kecil dibandingkan DVT non keganasan. Selain itu, memerlukan dosis heparin maintenance terapeutik yang lebih tinggi, dan mencapai waktu kadar APTT terapeutik yang lebih lama.

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Background: Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) is a disease that causes short-term mortality and long-term morbidity. DVT cases will increase with age. In patients with malignancy, the risk of DVT increases up to 4.1-fold due to the hypercoagulable state. Treatment for DVT includes anticoagulants and external compression. This study aims to compare the anthropometric outcomes of the limbs of DVT patients with malignancy and non-malignancy treated with heparin.

Method: Retrospective cohort study using medical records at Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital. The independent variable is malignancy status in DVT patients while the dependent variable is anthropometric measurements of leg circumference at first day, 4 days and 7 days heparin therapy. Statistical analysis using SPSS version 25, p<0.05 showed statistical significance.

Results: Of the 63 study subjects, 33 subjects (52.4%) had DVT with malignancy and 30 subjects (47.6%) had non-malignant DVT. At the start of therapy, there was no difference in anthropometric measures between malignant and non-malignant DVT. On the fourth and seventh days of therapy, there were differences in anthropometric size improvement in the mid femur, distal femur, and mid cruris, whereas clinical improvement was more evident in nonmalignant DVT (p<0.05). Malignant DVT subjects had higher therapeutic maintenance heparin doses (p=0.000), and achieved longer therapeutic APTT levels (p=0.000).

Conclusion: Malignant DVT subjects showed less clinical improvement than non-malignant DVT. In addition, it requires higher therapeutic maintenance heparin doses, and achieves a longer therapeutic APTT level time."

"ABSTRAKLatar Belakang. Penegakan diagnosis DVT akut ekstremitas bawah dengan sarana diagnostik yang ada termasuk venous duplex ultrasonography VDUS masih terkendala biaya, waktu dan tenaga operator. Penelitian ini bertujuan menilai efektivitas skor Wells, kadar D-Dimer atau skor kombinasi keduanya dibandingkan dengan VDUS dalam mendeteksi kasus-kasus DVT akut ekstremitas bawah.Metode. Dilakukan studi diagnostik dengan desain cross-sectional yang dilakukan di Divisi Bedah Vaskular dan Endovaskular Departemen Ilmu Bedah FKUI-RSCM pada semua pasien dewasa dengan dugaan DVT akut ekstremitas bawah yang dikonsultasikan ke Divisi Bedah Vaskular RSCM yang dikonfirmasi dengan pemeriksaan VDUS pada periode Januari 2014 ndash; Desember 2015 yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi. Sumber data diambil dari rekam medik data sekunder . Analisis data berupa uji diagnostik dan diuji dengan SPSS version 17.0 for WindowsHasil. Studi melibatkan 85 orang. Didapatkan kejadian DVT akut ekstremitas bawah sebesar 65,88 . Sensitivitas dan nilai duga negatif tertinggi 100.00 didapatkan pada skor kombinasi II dan IV. Sedangkan spesifisitas tertinggi 89,66 dan nilai duga positif tertinggi 92,68 diperoleh pada skor kombinasi III. Skor dengan nilai diagnostik berimbang sensitivitas 87,50 ; spesifisitas 72,41 dijumpai pada skor Wells 3 level I.Simpulan. Skor Wells dan VDUS memiliki efektivitas sebanding dalam deteksi kasus-kasus kecurigaan DVT akut ekstremitas bawah.

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ABSTRACTIntroduction. The diagnosis of acute lower extremity DVT with available resources including VDUS was still costly, time consuming and power consumng. The purpose of this study was to evaluate effectivity of Wells score, D Dimer and combination of both compared with VDUS in detecting lower extremity DVT. Methods. This was a cross sectional diagnostic study that was carried out at Vascular and Endovascular Surgery Division of Surgery Department of FKUI RSCM between by enrolling all adult patients with suspected acute DVT of lower extremity that was consulted to Vascular Surgery Division and confirmed with VDUS study between January 2014 and December 2015 that meet inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data source was taken from medical record. Data analysis in the form of diagnostic study was performed with SPSS version 17.0 for WindowsResult. The study enrolled 85 subjects, of which 65,88 was found to have acute lower extremity DVT. The highest sensitivity and negative predictive value 100,00 was discovered in combination score II and IV. The combination score III had the highest specificity 89,66 and positive predictive value 92,68 . Whereas the most balanced diagnostic study score was the Wells score 3 Level I with sensitivity 87,50 and specificity 72,41 . Conclusion. Wells score and VDUS were equally effective in detection of lower extremity acute DVT cases. "

"Setidaknya 1 dari 200 pasien COVID-19 akan mengalami DVT, dan sekitar 20% kasus VTE berhubungan dengan COVID-19. Risikonya meningkat empat kali lipat pada pasien COVID-19. Munculnya berbagai faktor patofisiologis yang berkontribusi terhadap terjadinya DVT pada pasien COVID-19 menimbulkan pertanyaan menarik mengenai perbedaan dalam karakteristik luaran pasien DVT sebelum dan selama pandemi, serta variasi dalam perawatan dan hasil pasien. Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah studi kohort retrospektif untuk melihat perbandingan karakteristik dan manajemen pasien DVT (Deep Vein Thrombosis) sebelum dan selama pandemi COVID-19. Didapatkan data 489 subyek yang diikutsertakan dalam penelitian ini dengan nilai rata-rata usianya adalah 50.72 ± 18.00. Berdasarkan waktu terkenanya DVT, dari 489 subyek tersebut, sebagian besar sampel yaitu sebanyak 344 orang (72.9%) merupakan pasien yang mengalami DVT selama pandemi COVID. Berdasarkan status mortalitas, terdapat 336 orang (71.8%) yang masih hidup setelah mengalami DVT. Berdasarkan keberadaan perdarahan hebat, sebagian besar subyek yaitu 402 orang (82.2%) tidak mengalami perdarahan hebat. Berdasarkan status rekurensi, terdapat 321 orang (65.7%) yang mengalami rekurensi yaitu kembali dirawat dengan diagnosa yang sama dalam 1 tahun pertama setelah pertama kali dirawat. Sebanyak 479 orang (97.9%) tidak mengalami emboli paru. Didapatkan nilai rata-rata durasi rawat inap selama 13.41 ± 9.89 hari. Berdasarkan hasil pemeriksaan D-Dimer, didapatkan nilai rata-rata 3008.21 ± 1494.59 ng/mL. Sedangkan hasil pemeriksaan fibrinogen, didapatkan nilai rata-rata 301.06 ± 58.63 mg/dL. Dalam melihat komparasi data DVT sebelum dan selama pandemic COVID-19, dari 4 variabel yang dilihat, hanya D-Dimer yang memiliki perbedaan yang signifikan berupa peningkatan nilai rata-rata apabila dibandingkan antara sebelum pandemic COVID (2052.34 ± 568.30 ng/mL) dan selama COVID (3363.89 ± 1573.79 ng/mL) dengan nilai p < 0.001. Hasil berbeda terjadi pada fibrinogen yang tidak memiliki perbedaan yang signifikan antara sebelum pandemic COVID (295.66 ± 57.28 mg/dL) dibandingkan dengan selama COVID (303.06 ± 59.08 mg/dL) dengan nilai p 0.223. Ditemukan bahwa pada pasien COVID-19 didapati nilai D-Dimer yang lebih tinggi (nilai p <0.001) serta fibrinogen yang lebih tinggi secara signifikan (p=0.032).

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At least 1 in 200 COVID-19 patients will experience DVT, and approximately 20% of VTE cases are related to COVID-19. The risk increases fourfold in COVID-19 patients. The emergence of various pathophysiological factors that contribute to the occurrence of DVT in COVID-19 patients raises interesting questions regarding differences in the outcome characteristics of DVT patients before and during the pandemic, as well as variations in patient care and outcomes. The research design used was a retrospective cohort study to compare the characteristics and management of DVT (Deep Vein Thrombosis) patients before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Data were obtained for 489 subjects who were included in this study with an average age value of 50.72 ± 18.00. Based on the time of DVT, of the 489 subjects, the majority of the sample, namely 344 people (72.9%) were patients who experienced DVT during the COVID pandemic. Based on mortality status, there were 336 people (71.8%) who were still alive after experiencing DVT. Based on the presence of severe bleeding, the majority of subjects, namely 402 people (82.2%) did not experience severe bleeding. Based on recurrence status, there were 321 people (65.7%) who experienced recurrence, namely being treated again with the same diagnosis within the first year after first being treated. A total of 479 people (97.9%) did not experience pulmonary embolism. The average duration of hospitalization was 13.41 ± 9.89 days. Based on the results of the D-Dimer examination, an average value of 3008.21 ± 1494.59 ng/mL was obtained. Meanwhile, the results of the fibrinogen examination showed an average value of 301.06 ± 58.63 mg/dL. In looking at the comparison of DVT data before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, of the 4 variables looked at, only D-Dimer had a significant difference in the form of an increase in the average value when compared between before the COVID pandemic (2052.34 ± 568.30 ng/mL) and during COVID (3363.89 ± 1573.79 ng/mL) with p value < 0.001. Different results occurred in fibrinogen which did not have a significant difference between before the COVID pandemic (295.66 ± 57.28 mg/dL) compared to during COVID (303.06 ± 59.08 mg/dL) with a p value of 0.223. It was found that COVID-19 patients had higher D-Dimer values (p value <0.001) and significantly higher fibrinogen (p=0.032)."

"Pendahuluan: Heparin dapat digunakan sebagai terapi bagi pasien COVID-19. Namun, indikasi dan efeknya masih berbeda di berbagai penelitian. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menilai efektivitas pemberian heparin dalam menurunkan keparahan gejala klinis. Metode :Studi retrospektif dilakukan dari rekam medis pasien COVID-19 kondisi sedang-berat yang dirawat di Rumah Sakit Universitas Indonesia (RSUI). Parameter yang diperiksa adalah kondisi klinis pasien (tingkat mortalitas dan total lama perawatan), kadar D-dimer, dan trombosit pada dua kelompok, kelompok yang diberikan heparin dan yang tidak. Hasil:Penelitian ini menyertakan 110 subjek penelitian. Terdapat tingkat mortalitas yang lebih tinggi pada kelompok heparin dibandingkan kontrol (45,3% vs 5 10,9%; p<0,01). Hal ini dapat disebabkan perbedaan derajat sedang dan berat. Mayoritas kelompok heparin berkondisi berat (58,1% vs 28,2%) jika dibandingkan kontrol. Pada pengecekan laboratorium, heparin menurunkan kadar D-dimer (790 ke 500 vs 725 ke 4.475 µg/L) dan trombosit (366 ke 208x103 vs 217 ke 318x103/µL)secara signifikan (p<0,01). Kesimpulan: Kelompok heparin memiliki tingkat mortalitas yang tinggi akibat tingkat kondisi yang lebih berat, tetapi kadar D-dimer dan trombosit menurun dibandingkan kelompok kontrol.

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Introduction: Heparin can be used as therapy for COVID-19 patients. However, the indications and effects still differ in various studies. Therefore, this study aims to assess the effectiveness of heparin administration in reducing the severity of clinical symptoms. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted from medical records of moderate-severe COVID-19 patients treated at the University of Indonesia Hospital (RSUI). The parameters examined were the patient's clinical condition (mortality rate and total length of treatment), D-dimer levels, and platelets in two groups, those given heparin and those not. Results: This study included 110 research subjects. There was a higher mortality rate in the heparin group compared to controls (45.3% vs 5 10.9%; p<0.01). This is due to the difference in moderate and severe degrees. The majority of the heparin group had severe conditions (58.1% 28.2%) when compared to controls. In laboratory tests, heparin reduced the levels of D-dimer (790 to 500 vs 725 to 4,475 µg/L) and platelets (366 to 208x103 vs 217 to 318x103/µL) significantly (p<0.01). Conclusion: The heparin group had a high mortality rate due to more severe conditions, but D-dimer and platelet levels decreased compared to the control group"

"Latar Belakang: Pemeriksaan D-dimer dan ultrasonografi sering dipakai untuk menegakkan diagnosis trombosis vena dalam (DVT). Walaupun demikian, kedua pemeriksaan tersebut memiliki keterbatasan jika dipakai pada pasien trauma ekstremitas bawah. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk meneliti tingkat akurasi dari pemeriksaan D-dimer atau ultrasonografi (USG) dalam mendiagnosis trombosis vena dalam pada pasien dengan trauma ekstremitas bawah. Metode: Pencarian literatur sistematis dilakukan pada database Pubmed, Cochrane, ProQuest, dan EBSCOhost. Hasil artikel yang diperoleh diskrining berdasarkan kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi. Artikel yang dimasukkan dalam tinjauan dilakukan telaah kritis menggunakan panduan dari The Center of Evidence Based-Medicine (CEEBM) University of Oxford untuk kategori systematic review dan Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS). Hasil: Sebanyak 89 studi teridentifikasi dari pencarian yang dilakukan. Setelah proses inklusi dan eksklusi, 3 studi dipilih untuk dimasukkan. Ketiga studi yang ditemukan membandingkan akurasi USG dan/atau D-dimer dengan venografi, flebografi, atau USG Doppler. Pemeriksaan D-dimer menunjukkan sensitivitas dan spesifisitas pasca operasi yang mencapai 95,5% dan 91,4% dengan ambang batas 10mcg/mL, namun dengan ambang batas 4,01 mcg/mL sensitivitas hanya 71.3% dan spesifitas 44.83%. Untuk sensitivitas dan spesifitas USG beragam dengan nilai sensitivitas 18%-96% dan spesifisitas 71,8-96,5%. Diskusi: Sensitivitas dan spesifisitas D-dimer dan USG cukup baik sehingga bisa dipakai untuk mendeteksi trombosis vena dalam. Untuk meningkatkan sensitivitas dan spesifitas D-dimer, ambang batas yang lebih tinggi bisa digunakan khususnya pada skrining DVT di ekstremitas bawah. Untuk sensitivitas dan spesifitas USG variatif. Hasil telaah kritis menunjukkan risiko bias yang rendah. Kesimpulan: USG dan DVT dapat menjadi alat diagnostik awal untuk mendeteksi DVT pada pasien dengan trauma ekstremitas bawah. 

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Background: The D-dimer test and ultrasonography are commonly utilized in establishing the diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis (DVT). However, both examinations have limitations when applied to patients with lower extremity trauma. The aim of this research is to investigate the accuracy of D-dimer testing or ultrasonography (USG) in diagnosing deep vein thrombosis in patients with lower extremity trauma. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted on the Pubmed, Cochrane, ProQuest, and EBSCOhost databases. The obtained articles were screened based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Articles included in the review underwent critical appraisal using guidelines from The Center of Evidence-Based Medicine (CEEBM) University of Oxford for systematic review categories and the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS). Results: A total of 89 studies were identified from the conducted search. Following the inclusion and exclusion processes, 3 studies were selected for inclusion. The three identified studies compared the accuracy of ultrasonography (USG) and/or D-dimer with venography, phlebography, or Doppler ultrasonography. D-dimer testing demonstrated postoperative sensitivity and specificity reaching 95.5% and 91.4%, respectively, with a threshold of 10 mcg/mL. However, with a threshold of 4.01 mcg/mL, sensitivity was only 71.3%, and specificity was 44.83%. Sensitivity and specificity for USG varied, with sensitivity values ranging from 18% to 96% and specificity ranging from 71.8% to 96.5%. Discussion: The sensitivity and specificity of both D-dimer testing and ultrasonography (USG) are deemed adequate, rendering them suitable modalities for the detection of deep vein thrombosis (DVT). To enhance the sensitivity and specificity of D-dimer, higher thresholds can be employed, particularly in screening for DVT in the lower extremities. The sensitivity and specificity of USG are variable. Critical appraisal results indicate a low risk of bias. Conclusion: Ultrasound (USG) and D-dimer testing can serve as early diagnostic tools to detect deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in patients with lower extremity trauma."

"Latar belakang. Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) memiliki spektrum penyakit yang sangat luas dari gejala ringan sampai berat, hingga kematian. Reaksi inflamasi berat akibat dari COVID-19 ini menimbulkan gangguan hemostasis yang disebut dengan COVID-19 associated coagulopathy. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menilai profil koagulasi pada pasien dalam pemantauan (PDP) ataupun terkonfirmasi COVID-19 serta hubungannya terhadap mortalitas 30-hari pasien.Metode. Studi ini merupakan studi kohort retrospektif di RS Cipto Mangunkusumo (RSCM) selama Maret 2020 hingga Juni 2020. Sebanyak 106 subjek yang sesuai kriteria inklusi dianalisis dari data rekam medis. Dilakukan pengambilan data berupa data demografik, klinis atau hemodinamik pasien, profil koagulasi saat subjek ditentukan sebagai PDP atau terkonfirmasi COVID-19, pemberian terapi tromboprofilaksis heparin, dan status mortalitas 30 hari setelah admisi. Perhitungan statistik dilakukan dengan menggunakan Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS) versi 24.0. Profil koagulasi subjek penyintas 30 hari dibandingkan dengan subjek yang mengalami mortalitas. Variabel profil koagulasi yang bermakna kemudian dianalisis dengan analisis bivariat dan regresi logistik multivariat.Hasil. Pada kelompok yang mengalami mortalitas 30-hari ditemukan adanya peningkatan jumlah leukosit (p: 0,022), penurunan kadar trombosit (p: 0,016), dan waktu protrombin (PT) dan waktu activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) yang lebih panjang (p: 0,002 dan p: 0,018) dibandingkan pada kelompok penyintas 30-hari. Tidak ditemukan perbedaan fibrinogen dan d-Dimer yang bermakna secara statistik. PT merupakan suatu profil koagulasi tunggal yang dapat digunakan sebagai prediktor mortalitas 30-hari dengan odds ratio (95% CI) sebesar 1,407 (1,072 – 1,846), nilai p: 0,014.Simpulan. Terdapat hubungan antara faktor koagulasi pasien COVID-19 dengan mortalitas 30 hari di RSCM, khususnya PT yang dapat digunakan sebagai prediktor mortalitas 30-hari.

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.Background. Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) has a very broad spectrum of disease from mild to severe symptoms, to death. The severe inflammatory reaction as a result of COVID-19 infection causes a hemostasis disorder called COVID-19 associated coagulopathy. This study aims to assess the coagulation profile of patients under monitoring (PDP) or confirmed COVID-19 and its relationship with 30-day mortality.

Method. This retrospective cohort study was conducted at RS Cipto Mangunkusumo (RSCM) from March 2020 to June 2020. A total of 106 subjects who met the inclusion criteria were analyzed from medical record data. Data were collected in the form of patient demographic, clinical or hemodynamic data, coagulation profile when the subject was determined as PDP or confirmed as COVID-19, administration of heparin thromboprophylaxis therapy, and mortality status 30 days after admission. Statistical calculations were performed using the Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS) version 24.0. We compared the coagulation profiles of the survivor group in contrast to the non-survivor group. Significant coagulation profile variables were analyzed using bivariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression.

Results. There was elevated number of leukocytes (p: 0.022), reduced platelet levels (p: 0.016), and longer prothrombin time (PT) as well as activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) (p: 0.002 and p: 0.018, consecutively) in non-survivor group. There were no statistical differences in fibrinogen and d-Dimer levels in both groups. Additionally, PT is a single coagulation profile which predicted 30-day mortality with an odds ratio (95% CI) of 1.407 (1.072 - 1.846), and p value: 0.014.

Conclusion. This present study shows abnormal coagulation results are associated with 30-day mortality in COVID-19 patients at RSCM. Prolonged PT was an independent predictor for 30-day mortality in COVID-19 patients"

"Kasus trombosis vena dalam (TVD) pasca operasi di Indonesia dianggap jarang, demikian pula dengan trombofilia. Oleh karena itu, penulis berpendapat bahwa diperlukan penelitian untuk mendapat angka kejadian TVD pasca operasi ortopedi risiko tinggi, dan profil trombofilia pada kasus TVD dan non-TVD di Indonesia. Penelitian cross sectional ini dilakukan pada 20 pasien yang menjalani operasi daerah panggul (total hip replacement dan fiksasi fraktur femur proksimal) dan daerah lutut (fiksasi femur distal dan total knee replacement). Pada tiap pasien dilakukan pemeriksaan protein C, protein S, antitrombin III, dan fibrinogen pada hari kelima pasca operasi, kemudian pada periode antara hari kesepuluh dan keduapuluhsatu pasca operasi dilakukan pemeriksaan USG kompresi/Doppler vena. Bila hasil USG-nya menunjukkan adanya TVD, maka dikonfirmasi dengan venografi. TVD ditemukan pada lima pasien (25%). Defisiensi protein C (P= 0,46), protein S (P= 0,81), antitrombin III (P= 0,46), dan hiperfibrinogenemia (P= 0,0547) tidak berkorelasi dengan TVD pasca operasi. Namun demikian, hiperfibrinogenemia merupakan faktor risiko TVD pasca operasi (attributable risk= 1). Faktor penyerta lain seperti diabetes mellitus (P= 1,0), obesitas (P= 0,28), hipertensi (P= 1,0), hipertrigliseridemia, dan hiperkolesterolemia tidak berkorelasi dengan TVD pasca operasi. Penelitian ini menunjukkan adanya kasus TVD pasca operasi di Indonesia. TVD tidak berkorelasi dengan defisiensi protein S, protein C, dan antitrombin III. (Med J Indones 2004; 13: 24-30).

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Post operative DVT is believed to be rare in Indonesia, and so is trombophilia. It is necessary to know the incidence of postoperative DVT in Indonesia and thrombophlia profile (protein C, S, AT III deficiency and hyperfibrinogenemia) in DVT and non DVT patient who underwent orthopedic surgery involving the hip and knee (high risk surgery). A cross sectional study was conducted in 20 patients who underwent surgery involving the hip (total hip replacement and fixation of proximal femoral fracture) and knee (total knee replacement and fixation of distal femoral fracture). Protein C, protein S, antithrombin III, and fibrinogen were examined in day 5 post operative, as well as with compression/Doppler USG between day 10 to 21 post operative, and confirmed by venography if USG findings was positive. Post operative DVT were found in 5 of 20 patients (25%). Deficiency of protein C (P= 0.46) protein S (P= 0.81), antithrombin III (P= 0.46), and hyperfibrinogenemia (P= 0.0547) did not correlate to post operative DVT. However, hyperfibrinogenemia was found to be a risk factor to post operative DVT (attributable risk= 1). Other confounding factor such as diabetes mellitus (P= 1.0), obesity (P= 0.28), hypertention (P= 1.0), hypertrigliseridemia, and hypercholesterolemia did not correlate to post operative DVT. The study suggested the existence of postoperative DVT cases in Indonesia. Hyperfibrinogenemia is a risk factor to promote post operative DVT. Deep vein thrombosis did not correlate to protein S, protein C, and antithrombin III deficiency. (Med J Indones 2004; 13: 24-30)."

"Latar Belakang: Penggunaan heparin inhalasi pada beberapa penelitian COVID-19memberikan hasil dalam perbaikan klinis pasien, baik dalam menurunkan lama rawat,perbaikan oksigenasi paru, dan mortalitas. Dosis harian total heparin inhalasi yangbervariasi terutama bila diberikan bersamaan dengan antikoagulan sistemik, memilikiresiko komplikasi perdarahan yang memerlukan kajian terhadap keefektifan dankeamanannya.Tujuan: Meneliti keefektifan dan keamanan inhalasi heparin dosis 150,000 IU/haridengan dosis 100.000 IU/hari dinilai dari AaDO2, aPTT dan d-Dimer dalam 7 haripengamatan pada pasien ICU COVID-19.Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian observasional dengan studi kohortretrospektif menggunakan data sekunder rekam medis pasien ICU COVID-19 bulanSeptember 2020 – September 2021. Terdapat 300 sampel menggunakan consecutivesampling. Pasien dikelompokkan menjadi kelompok heparin dosis 150.000 IU/hari dan100.000 IU/hari. Pencatatan dilakukan dalam 7 hari pengamatan. Uji Statistikmenggunakan uji Mann Whitney untuk menilai tingkat keparahan, Uji Wilcoxon rank testuntuk melihat perbedaan variabel dependen hari pertama dengan hari ketujuh padamasing-masing dosis.Hasil: Heparin inhalasi baik dosis 150.000 IU/hari dan 100.000 IU /hari bermaknamenurunkan AaDO2 pada 7 hari pengamatan (p 0.001). Nilai aPTT tidak memanjangpada kedua kelompok, dan kedua dosis heparin sama- sama menurunkan nilai d-Dimerpada 7 hari pengamatan (p 0.001).Simpulan: Heparin Inhalasi dosis 150.000 IU/hari sama efektif dinilai dari AaDO2, dansama amannya terhadap aPTT dan d-Dimer dibandingkan heparin inhalasi dosis 100.000IU/hari.

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Rationale: The use of inhaled heparin in several COVID-19 studies has resulted in

clinical improvements in patients, both in reducing length of treatment, improving

pulmonary oxygenation, and reducing mortality. The varying total daily dose of inhaled

heparin, especially when given together with systemic anticoagulants, poses a risk of

bleeding complications that require review of its effectiveness and safety.

Objective: To analyze effectiveness and safety of heparin inhalation dosage 150,000

IU/day compare to 100,000 IU/day assessed from AaDO2, aPTT and d-Dimer from 7

days observation in ICU COVID-19 patients with invasive and non-invasive ventilator

patterns.

Methods: An observational cohort retrospective study used secondary data from medical

records ICU COVID-19 patients with invasive and noninvasive ventilator patterns from

September 2020 – September 2021. There were 300 samples using consecutive sampling.

Patients divided into 2 groups, one received dosage 150,000 IU / day heparin inhalation,

the other received heparin inhalation dosage 100,000 IU / day. Recording of the research

from medical records is carried out at 7 days of ICU treatment. Statistical tests were

carried out using Mann Whitney to assess severity, Wilcoxon rank test to see the

difference in dependent variables day 1 and day 7 to dose.

Measurements and Main Results: Heparin inhalation at dose of 150,000 IU/day and

100,000 IU/day both significantly decreased AaDO2 at 7 days of observation (p 0.001).

The aPTT on both groups at 7 days of observation are within normal limits. Both doses

of heparin inhalation decreased d-dimer at 7 days of observation (p 0.001).

Conclusion: Inhaled heparin doses of 150,000 IU/day as effective and as safe as inhaled

heparin doses of 100,000 IU/day."