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"Coalbed Methane (CBM) merupakan gas alam dengan kandungan utama gas metana yang tersimpan atau terabsorbsi ke dalam pori-pori permukaan pada matriks lapisan batubara. Coalbed Methane(CBM) merupakan salah satu sumber potensial untuk digunakan sebagai energi alternatif. Indonesia memiliki cadangan CBM cukup besar sekitar 453 TCF yaitu sekitar 6% dari total cadangan CBM dunia. Oleh karena itu, CBM dapat menjadi solusi bagi Indonesia untuk pemenuhan kebutuhan energi nasional. Namun, masih sedikitnya informasi mengenai kapasitas adsorpsi metana pada batubara Indonesia menghambat pengembangan CBM di Indonesia. Prediksi kapasitas adsorpsi gas metana pada batubara Indonesia pada penelitian ini menggunakan pemodelan Generalized Ono-Kondo. Pemodelan Generalized Ono-Kondo merupakan salah satu pemodelan adsorpsi yang dapat digunakan untuk memprediksi kapasitas adsorpsi khususnya adsorpsi gas tekanan tinggi. Penggunaan pemodelan pada penelitian ini meliputi perhitungan dua parameter, yaitu nilai energi interaksi antara adsorben dengan adsorbat ( ) dan kapasitas maksimum adsorpsi pada adsorben (C). Pada penelitian ini, jenis batubara Indonesia yang akan digunakan adalah Barito dan Ombilin dengan tekanan tinggi diatas suhu kritis. Berdasarkan hasil simulasi pemodelan Ono-Kondo, batubara barito kering memiliki kapasitas adsorpsi maksimum yang lebih besar dibandingkan dengan batubara ombilin. Kapasitas adsorpsi terbesar untuk batubara barito adalah 0,1879 mmol/g dan untuk batubara ombilin adalah 0,16944 mmol/g. Kapasitas adsorpsi terbesar untuk batubara Indonesia terdapat pada batubara barito kering suhu 30 ⸰C dengan kapasitas 0,1879 mmol/g. Batubara yang bukan berasal dari Indonesia yaitu jenis Pocahontas dan fruitland memiliki kapasitas adsorpsi yang lebih besar dibandingkan batubara Indonesia. Batubara Pocahontas memiliki kapasitas 0,6479 mmol/g dan untuk batubara fruitland adalah 0,5828 mmol/g. Berdasarkan hasil simulasi, pemodelan Ono-Kondo dapat merepsentasikan adsorpsi metana pada batubara Indonesia dan batubara yang bukan berasal dari Indonesia dengan akurat karena memiliki nilai AAPD dibawah 1%.

 

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Coalbed Methane (CBM) is natural gas with the main content of methane gas that is stored or absorbed into the surface pores of the coal seam matrix. Coalbed Methane (CBM) is one of the potential sources to be used as an alternative energy. Indonesia has quite large CBM reserves of around 453 TCF, which is about 6% of the world's total CBM reserves. Therefore, CBM can be a solution for Indonesia to fulfill national energy needs. However, there are still little information about the adsorption capacity of methane in Indonesian coal, which hampers the development of CBM in Indonesia. Prediction of methane gas adsorption capacity in Indonesian coal in this study using Generalized Ono-Kondo modeling. Generalized Ono-Kondo modeling is one of the adsorption modeling that can be used to predict adsorption capacity, especially for high pressure gas adsorption. The use of modeling in this study includes the calculation of two parameters, namely the value of the interaction energy between the adsorbent and the adsorbate ( ) and the maximum adsorption capacity of the adsorbent (C). In this study, the types of Indonesian coal that will be used are Barito and Ombilin with high pressure above the critical temperature. Based on the simulation results of Ono-Kondo modeling, dry barito coal has a higher maximum adsorption capacity than ombilin coal. The largest adsorption capacity for barito coal is 0.1879 mmol/g and for ombilin coal is 0.16944 mmol/g. The largest adsorption capacity was found in dry barito coal at 30 C with a capacity of 0.1879 mmol/g. The Coal that is not come from Indonesia, namely the Pocahontas and fruitland types, has a higher adsorption capacity than Indonesian coal. Pocahontas coal has a capacity of 0.6479 mmol/g and for fruitland coal is 0.5828 mmol/g. Based on the simulation results, Ono-Kondo modeling can represent methane adsorption on Indonesian coal and coal that is not from Indonesia accurately because it has an AAPD value below 1%."

"Salah satu upaya ECBM adalah dengan menginjeksikan gas nitrogen ke dalam reservoir CBM. Gas nitrogen yang diinjeksikan ke dalam reservoir batubara tersebut teradsorp seiring dengan berkurangnya CH4 di dalam reservoir tersebut. Oleh sebab itu, diperlukan informasi mengenai karakteristik adsorpsi N2 pada batubara Indonesia, mengingat Indonesia memiliki potensi CBM yang cukup besar, yaitu 450 TCF. Dalam penelitian ini, digunakan sampel batubara Barito dan Ombilin sebagai adsorben. Kapasitas adsorpsi N2 pada batubara Indonesia diperoleh dengan adsorpsi tekanan tinggi dengan variasi kandungan air pada temperatur 25°C - 55°C dan tekanan 0 atm - 60 atm. Dari penelitian ini diperoleh bahwa kapasitas adorpsi N2 pada batubara Barito 6,85 % hingga 16,92 % lebih banyak daripada batubara Ombilin. Selain itu, peningkatan temperatur dapat menurunkan kapasitas adsorpsi hingga 8,96 %. Kandungan air pada batubara juga dapat menyebabkan penurunan kapasitas adsorpsi 11,6 % hingga 11,8 %. Data eksperimen yang direpresentasikan dengan model Ono-Kondo menghasilkan deviasi hingga 11,75 % AAD.

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Injecting high pressure nitrogen into CBM reservoir is one of ECBM methods. The nitrogen injected into CBM reservoir will be adsorbed on coal surface, while partial pressure of methane decreases. The consequences, we need information about nitrogen adsorption capacity on Indonesian coal, considering that Indonesia has 450 TCF CBM potential. Barito and Ombilin coal are used as adsorben. Nitrogen adsorption capacity obtained by doing high pressure adsorption using water content variation at temperature 25°C - 55°C and pressure 0 atm ' 60 atm. This experiments results that N2 adsorption capacity on Barito coal is 6,85 % - 16,92 % higher than Ombilin coal. Additionally, increasing temperature cause decreasing N2 adsorption capacity on coal as much as 8,96 %. Water content also decreases adsorption capacity as much as 11,6 % up to 11, 8%. This experiment data correlated using Ono-Kondo model results in deviation up to 11,75 % AAD."

"Coalbed methane (CBM) adalah gas alam dengan kandungan utama gas metana (CH4) yang terkandung di dalam pori-pori permukaan pada matriks lapisan batubara. Indonesia saat ini memiliki cadangan CBM sebesar 453 Tcf (6% cadangan CBM dunia) yang tersebar pada 11 coal basin dan merupakan sumber energi alternatif yang besar. Sumber energi ini dapat dimanfaatkan bagi Indonesia sebagai salah satu solusi untuk pemenuhan kebutuhan energi nasional. Maka dari itu informasi mengenai kapasitas adsorpsi batubara Indonesia, terutama adsorpsi gas metana sangat diperlukan untuk memprediksi kandungan gas pada reservoir tersebut. Prediksi adsorpsi metana pada batubara Indonesia ini dilakukan menggunakan metode Simplified Local Density-Peng Robinson yang mana memiliki kapabilitas untuk memprediksi adsorpsi metana tekanan tinggi pada fasa superkritis yang ditemukan pada Coalbed methane. Pengembangan model yang dilakukan meliputi dua parameter yang di optimasi yakni, densitas adsorben dan volume pori adsorben (V). Penelitian ini, jenis batubara Indonesia yang akan digunakan adalah Barito dan Ombilin dengan tekanan tinggi diatas suhu kritis yakni pada rentang 30oC-60oC dan pada tekanan 0,79-6,27 Mpa. Berdasarkan hasil simulasi, didapat rentang volume pori adsorben Barito dan Ombilin diantara 0,0126 – 0,0205 ml/g dan batubara Barito pada suhu 30oC tekanan 5,9 MPa memiliki kapasitas adsorpsi metana tertinggi pada batubara Indonesia yang diuji dengan kapasitas 4,8601 mg/g. Pemodelan Simplified Local Density-Peng Robinson dapat merepresentasikan adsorpsi metana pada batubara Indonesia dan batubara yang bukan berasal dari Indonesia dengan akurat dengan nilai %AAPD sebesar 1,2386%.

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Coalbed methane (CBM) is a natural gas with the main content of methane gas (CH4) contained in the surface pores of the coal seam matrix. Indonesia currently has CBM reserves of 453 Tcf (6% of world CBM reserves) spread over 11 coal basins and is a large alternative energy source. This energy source can be utilized for Indonesia as a solution to fulfill national energy needs. Therefore, information about the adsorption capacity of Indonesian coal, especially methane gas adsorption is needed to predict the gas content in the reservoir. Prediction of methane adsorption in Indonesian coal was carried out using the Simplified Local Density-Peng Robinson method which has the capability to predict high pressure methane adsorption in the supercritical phase found in Coalbed methane. The model development carried out includes two optimization parameters, namely, adsorbent density and adsorbent pore volume (V). In this study, the types of Indonesian coal that will be used are Barito and Ombilin with high pressure above the critical temperature in the range of 30oC-60oC and at a pressure of 0.79-6.27 MPa. Based on the simulation results, the range of the pore volume of the Barito and Ombilin adsorbents is between 0.0126 - 0.0205 ml/g and Barito coal at a temperature of 30oC and pressure of 5.9 MPa had the highest methane adsorption capacity in the tested Indonesian coal with the capacity of 4.8601 mg/g. Simplified Local Density-Peng Robinson modeling can accurately represent methane adsorption on Indonesian coal and coal that is not from Indonesia with the percentage of error (%AAPD) of 1.2386%."

"Mikrokontroller H8/3069F digunakan untuk pengukuran konsentrasi Gas CBM dengan sensor gas TGS 2611 sebagai detektor gas metana. Sensor ditempatkan dalam chamber bervolume 500 ml yang dilengkapi dengan sensor digital DS18B20 yang digunakan untuk pengukuran temperatur dan sensor MPXAZ4115A untuk pengukuran tekanan udara, serta informasi waktu, untuk pengukuran secara real time. Perangkat lunak yang digunakan dibuat dengan menggunakan bahasa C yang dikategorikan sebagai bahasa mid-level yang mudah diimplementasikan pada mikrokontroler. Komunikasi sensor TGS 2611, DS18B20 dan MPXAZ4115A masing-masing menggunakan 1-wire, ADC, dan RS-232. Selanjutnya, hasil akuisisi ditampilkan dalam bentuk Graphical User Interface (GUI) dan penyimpanan data dengan menggunakan database berbasis SQLite yang dibuat dengan bahasa pemrograman Python. Sensitivitas sensor yang diperoleh adalah sebesar 0.54 ± 0.05.

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Microcontroller H8/3069F is used for the measurement concentration of Gas CBM with the gas sensor TGS 2611 as a detector gas methane. Sensors are placed in a chamber volume of 500 ml equipped with digital sensor DS18B20 used for temperature sensor and MPXAZ4115A for pressure air sensor. The system is also equipped with timing information for measurements in real time. The software used is made by using the C language which is categorized as mid-level language and easy to implement on a microcontroller. TGS 2611, DS18B20 and MPXAZ4115A sensors communication each using 1-wire, ADC, and RS-232. Furthermore, the acquisition is displayed in the form of Graphical User Interface (GUI) and database based on SQLite created with Python programming language. Sensor calibration results obtained from a sensitivity of 0.54 ± 0.05."

"ABSTRAKSalah satu inovasi menciptakan sumber energi alternatif baru (unconventional gas) secara bersih dan mengurangi emisi CO2 dengan menginjeksi CO2 ke dalam coalbed. Keuntungan yang akan diperoleh yaitu mengurangi emisi CO2 dan meningkatkan produksi metana (CH4) ke dalam coalbed. Coalbed methane (CBM) merupakan unconventional gas yang dikembangkan di Indonesia khususnya pada kategori high prospective basins yaitu Sumatera Selatan (183 TCF), Barito (101,6 TCF), Kutei (89,4 TCF) dan Sumatera Tengah (52,5 TCF). Penelitian ini mengkaji potensi kelayakan ekonomi CO2 sequestration secara overall. Nilai probabilitas yang diperoleh berdasarkan potensi market, produksi, CO2 storage, supply CO2 dan biaya infrastruktur pada Sumatera Selatan 88,11%, Sumatera Tengah 78,66%, Kutei 78,2% dan Barito 73,94%. Dengan merancang model optimum untuk perhitungan CAPEX dan OPEX, perhitungan analisis ekonomi Sumatera Selatan basin menghasilkan nilai net present value (NPV) $ 523 juta, rate of return (IRR) 22,86% dan Payback period (PB) 8,38 tahun. Sedangkan Sumatera Tengah basin menghasilkan NPV $ 247 juta, IRR 18,08% dan PB 10,77 tahun. Barito basin menghasilkan NPV $ 318 juta, IRR 19,24 % dan PB 9,77 tahun dan Kutei basin menghasilkan NPV $ 2.012 juta, IRR 46,51 % dan PB 5,77 tahun. Model ini didisain dengan harga gas $ 2,57/MMBtu, regulasi Product Sharing Contract (PSC) pengembangan CBM yang berlaku di Indonesia dan life project 24 tahun.

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Abstract

One of the innovations to create new alternative clean energy sources (unconventional gas) and to reduce CO2 emissions is injecting CO2 into coalbed. The advantage will be obtained by reducing CO2 emissions and by increasing the production of methane (CH4) into coalbed. Coalbed methane (CBM) is an unconventional gas and it is developed in Indonesia. Particularly high prospective basins are : South Sumatra (183 TCF), Barito (101.6 TCF), Kutei (89.4 TCF) and the Central Sumatra (52.5 TCF) . This study assesses the overall potential and the economic feasibility of CO2 sequestration. The probability to develop the basins is influenced by the following indicators: market potential, production potential, storage of CO2, CO2 supply and infrastructure costs, amounts to 88.11% in South Sumatra, to 78.66% in Central Sumatra, to 78.2% in Kutei and to 73.94% in Barito. By designing an optimum model to substantiate CAPEX and OPEX calculation, economic analysis demonstrates that an NPV of $ 523 million, which is equal to an IRR of 22.86% and a PB of 8.38 years, is obtained for the Sumatra Selatan basin. Whilst an analysis for Sumatra Tengah basin resulted in an NPV of $ 247 million, equal to an IRR of 18.08% and a PB 10.77 years. The Barito basin generates an NPV of $ 318 million, an IRR of 19.24 % and a PB of 9.77 years and for the Kutei basin an NPV $ 2.012 million, equal to an IRR 46.51 % and a PB 5.77 years is obtained. This model is designed based on a gas price of $ 2.57 /MMBtu, compliant with a regulation of the Product Sharing Contract (PSC) about CBM development policies in Indonesia. The project life considered in the model amounts to 24 years."

"ABSTRAKKelas batubara dianggap sebagai parameter utama yang mempengaruhi kapasitas adsorpsi metana (Kim, 1993). Batubara yang digunakan adalah batubara Lignit, Sub-Bituminus dan Bituminus yang diklasifikasi sesuai dengan ASTM D388 berdasarkan kandungan volatilnya yaitu antara (0-65 %wt) dalam basis DMMF. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada temperatur isotermal pada temperatur konstan pada suhu ± 50oC, dengan variasi tekanan dari 0.7 MPa hingga 6,4 MPa. Hasil uji adsorpsi menunjukkan bahwa secara umum semakin meningkatnya kelas batubara maka semakin tinggi adsorpsi yang dihasilkan, pada batubara Lignit titik puncak minimal pengujian adsorpsi isotermal batubara sebesar 2,42 m3/ton dan titik puncak maksimalnya adalah 8,56 m3/ton, batubara Sub-Bituminus titik puncak minimal sebesar 4,87 m3/ton dan titik puncak maksimalnya mencapai 12,52 m3/ton, dan batubara Bituminus titik puncak minimal sebesar 4,93 m3/ton dan titik puncak maksimalnya adalah 13,41 m3/ton. Pada analisa proksimat kandungan air dan kandungan abu tidak memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap daya adsorpsi, kadar karbon batubara cenderung meningkat seiring meningkatnya adsorpsi gas metana, sedangkan kandungan volatilnya semakin menurun seiring meningkatnya daya adsorpsi batubara.

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ABSTRACTCoal Rank is considered as the main parameter affecting the adsorption capacity of methane (Kim, 1993). Coal used is Lignite coal, Sub-Bituminous coal and Bituminous coal Where the coal are classified in accordance with ASTM D388 under volatile content between (0-65 wt%) in DMMF based. The research was carried out at isothermal temperature at a constant operating temperature at 50oC, with variations in pressure from 0.7 MPa to 6.4 MPa. The results of adsorption tests showed that in general affect the grade of coal to coal methane adsorption in which the increasing grade, the higher adsorption of coal produced, the coal on the cusp of a minimum of Lignite coal adsorption isotherm testing of coal is 2.42 m3/ton cusp the maximum is 8.56 m3/ton, Sub-bituminous coal cusp minimal adsorption isotherm testing of coal is 4.87 m3/ton cusp maximum is 12.52 m3/ton and minimum peak point of bituminous coal adsorption isotherm testing of coal is 4.93 m3/ton peak maximum is 13.41 m3/ton. In the analysis proximate moisture content and ash content had no significant effect on the adsorption, the fixed carbon of coal tends to increase with increasing adsorption of methane gas, whereas the more volatile levels decreased with increasing adsorption of coal."

"Indonesia's landds are estimated to contain coal deposits of over 36 billion tons which come from 13 sedimentation basins. Geologically, the deposits are relatively immature yet the quality is generally low in ash and sulphate. In the future surface mines in Indonesia will change to underground system. In anticipation of this prospective mode, Indonesian coal industries should start to set up a program on CMB recovery and utilization on pilot and commercial scales. The purpose is to promote the benefication of secondary product, CBM as a source of non conventional energy and of chemicals, to reduce the effects of global warming, and very importantly to minimize the mine hazards caused by methane."

"Knowledge of the adsorption behavior especially at high pressure, has been long been important inprocesses involving high pressure gas adsorption such as: gas separation, gas storage, and CO;sequestration. However research on high pressure adsorption is considerably rare, also model that canaccurately represent high pressure gas adsorption. Accurate model which has a strong theoretical basecan improve model ability to predict gas adsorption when experimental data are not available. Therefore,the new model need to be developed to overcome the discrepancies of the existing model. In this study, weevaluate and further develop adsorption models based the Ono-Kondo (OIG theory to improve theirpredictive capabilities when dealing with near-critical and supercritical adsorption systems. The goal ofsuch developments is to facilitate the use of reliable computational frameworks for representingadsorption behavior, as well as improving our understanding of the phenomenon. The abilities of the two-parameter OK models to correlate accurately supercritical adsorption systems are demonstrated byrepresenting the adsorption data with 3. 6% AAD on average. The generalized OK model can also predictthe adsorption on activated carbon with 8% AAD. Furthermore, a high potential exist the model thatprovides reasonably accurate predictions for other gases adsorption isotherms based on adsorption datafor one gas at given temperature."

"Sektor energi merupakan sektor yang sangat penting di Indonesia. Konsumsi energi di Indonesia yang semakin meningkat, membuat para ahli untuk mencari solusi energi alternatif, salah satunya adalah coalbed methane (CBM) yang sangat potensial di Indonesia. Untuk mengetahui potensi CBM di Indonesia, maka dilakukan penelitian adsorpsi tekanan tinggi gas metana dan nitrogen pada substrat karbon aktif dan juga dikembangkan alternatif model yang lebih sederhana namun cukup akurat dalam merepresentasikan data adsorpsi yang ada. Penelitian ini dilakukan dua tahap, yaitu tahap percobaan dan tahap pemodelan. Tahap percobaan meliputi preparasi karbon aktif, karakterisasi karbon aktif, dan uji adsorpsi tekanan tinggi gas metana dan nitrogen pada karbon aktif dengan variasi tekanan antara 150 psia - 900 psia, dan variasi temperatur antara 30°C- 50°C. Tahap pemodelan meliputi pemodelan menggunakan model Ono-Kondo yang didasarkan pada Lattice Theory dan model Langmuir Modifikasi, serta evaluasi terhadap pemodelan tersebut. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa semakin tinggi temperatur maka kapasitas adsorpsi gas yang terjadi semakin kecil. Selain itu, model Langmuir Modifikasi dapat merepresentasikan data percobaan secara lebih akurat dibandingkan dengan model Ono-Kondo. Namun, baik model Langmuir Modifikasi (dengan 2 parameter) ataupun model Ono-Kondo (dengan 1 parameter) sama-sama menghasilkan nilai AAPD yang cukup rendah, sehingga cukup baik untuk diaplikasikan dalam proses adsorpsi.

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Energy sector is an important sector in Indonesia. High energy consumption in Indonesia makes the researchers are trying to find renewable energy solution, which is coalbed methane (CBM). To know about CBM potential in Indonesia, so I do the research about High Pressure Gas Adsorption of Methane and Nitrogen on Activated Carbon, and also developed more simple model alternative but accurate enough to representate the adsorption datas.

This research is do in two steps, there are experimental step and modeling step. The experimental step included activated carbon preparation, activated carbon characterization, and also do an adsorption experiment of gas methane and gas nitrogen on dry activated carbon with variation pressure between 150 psia'900 psia and variation temperature between 30°C-50°C. For the modeling step is used Ono-Kondo modeling based on Lattice Theory and Modifcation of Langmuir.

The results indicated that more higher the temperature, so the adsorption capacity is getting low. Besides, Modification of Langmuir model can representate data more accurate than Ono-Kondo model. Besides, both Modification of Langmuir model (with 2 parameters) and Ono-Kondo model (with 1 parameter) are representating a less AAPD, so both of them are good enough for applicated in adsorption process."