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"Belanja pertahanan diperiksa untuk mengetahui pengaruhnya terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi dan investasi di Indonesia. Data yang digunakan adalah deret waktu (time series) mulai tahun 1976 hingga 2020 untuk memeriksa pengaruhnya terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi dan untuk memeriksa pengaruhnya terhadap investasi menggunakan data deret waktu mulai tahun 1990 hingga 2020 di Indonesia. Dengan hipotesis belanja pertahanan memiliki hubungan kointegrasi dalam jangka panjang dan memiliki kasualitas dua arah terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi dan investasi di Indonesia. Melalui pendekatan model Autoregression Distributed Lag dengan uji batas yaitu Bound Cointegration Test dan uji kasualitas Granger Toda-Yamamoto secara empiris menghasilkan belanja pertahanan berpengaruh positif terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi dan investasi di Indonesia dengan tingkat kepercayaan yang signifikan. Belanja pertahanan juga terbukti memiliki hubungan kointegrasi dalam jangka panjang atau bergerak bersama-sama dalam jangka panjang dan memiliki hubungan dua arah atau timbal balik terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi dan investasi di Indonesia. Hasil penelitian ini memperkuat teori bahwa belanja pertahanan adalah bagian dari komponen belanja permerintah yang memiliki pengaruh signifikan terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi dan investasi, demikian juga sebaliknya. Dengan kata lain semakin meningkat investasi di Indonesia, maka secara linier akan mempengaruhi pendapatan pemerintah yang pada akhirnnya berimplikasi langsung terhadap peningkatan pertumbuhan ekonomi sehingga secara berkelanjutan dapat digunakan untuk membiayai pengeluaran pemerintah di bidang pertahanan.

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Defence expenditure is examined to determine its effect on economic growth and investment in Indonesia. The data used is a time series from 1976 to 2020 to examine its effect on economic growth and to examine its effect on investment using time series data from 1990 to 2020 in Indonesia. With the hypothesis that defense spending has a cointegration relationship in the long term and has a bidirectional to economic growth and investment in Indonesia. Through the Autoregression Distributed Lag model approach with a bound test, namely the Bound Cointegration Test and the Granger Toda-Yamamoto causality test, empirically, defence expenditure has a positive effect on economic growth and investment in Indonesia with a significant level of confidence. Defence expenditure is also proven to have a cointegration relationship in the long term or move together in the long term and has a a bidirectional or reciprocal relationship to economic growth and investment in Indonesia. The results of this study strengthen the theory that defence expenditure is part of the component of government expenditure that has a significant influence on economic growth and investment, and vice versa. In other words, increasing investment in Indonesia will linearly affect government revenues which, in the end, have direct implications for increasing economic growth so that it can be used sustainably to finance government expenditure in the defence sector."

"The Inpres program basically is one of the Government's effort to strengthen the capacities of the regional Government to plan and implement development projects which met the needs of the region by providing direct access to local agencies to substantial public resources, as well as to narrow the gap of economic development between regions. However, the diversity of regional economic activity in Indonesia have caused a large variations in the region's ability to make the most of Inpres program. It is obvious that the diversity between regions could be a simple explanation of why the `effectiveness' of Inpres program varies across regions, that is, of why Inpres gives a substantial stimulus to development in some regions and has a nautral or even negative effect in other. That is the principal focus of this study, which aims to analyzes how far the Inpres program could achieve its objective effectively. According to the Paul Mosley's model, it is substantiated that the effectiveness of aid such as Inpres program is determined by several ultimates parameters which are related to the share of aid allocated to recurrent budget, the side-effect of aid on private sector and the ratio of changes in output to changes in private capital stocks and government capital stocks. Empirically, the study shows that Inpres program has some kind of straightforward `leverage' on regional economic development especially for the regions with high rate of growth. In other words, the effectiveness of aid is high in the region with high growth rate."

"ABSTRAKUntuk menjamin stabilitas pertahanan keamanan dibutuhkan biaya pertahanan keamanan yang cukup. Pemerintah Indonesia menilai pemenuhan kebutuhan tersebut hingga saat ini masih kurang. Studi ini meneliti tentang seberapa besar dan bagaimana pengaruh belanja Pertahanan Keamanan terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi di Indonesia melalui metode Analisis Regresi Linier Berganda. Model yang dibangun yaitu pengaruh belanja Pertahanan Keamanan terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi dengan menggunakan data tahunan 1974-2010. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa belanja Pertahanan Keamanan memberikan pengaruh negatif terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi.

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ABSTRACTA national defense and security stability requires an adequate budget allocation on defense expenses. Indonesian government believes that in Indonesia, these allocations are still insufficient enough. This study examines how big the government allocations of defense and security expenses in Indonesia and its effects on Indonesian economic growth using multiple linear regression analysis. The model use Indonesian yearly data 1974-2010. As a result, this research shows that defense and security expenditure give a negative impact either on economic growth."

"Pada fungsi produksi Cobb-Douglas, faktor A(t) tidak hanya mencerminkan teknologi namun juga perbedaan kontribusi sumber daya dan institusi lintas wilayah dan waktu (Lin dan Liu, 2000). Penelitian ini mengasumsikan bahwa A(t) dicerminkan oleh belanja daerah sebagai parameter desentralisasi dan belanja pemerintah pusat di daerah. Sehingga penelitian ini tidak hanya menguji pengaruh belanja daerah namun juga pengaruh belanja pemerintah pusat di daerah terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi daerah. Selain itu, penelitian ini juga bertujuan untuk menguji hubungan antara belanja pemerintah pusat di daerah dan belanja daerah. Dengan menggunakan data panel kabupaten/kota di Indonesia untuk periode 2010-2019 dan metode fixed effect model (FEM), hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa belanja desentralisasi yang diukur dengan belanja daerah serta belanja pemerintah pusat di daerah secara bersama-sama berpengaruh positif terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi daerah di Indonesia. Selanjutnya, belanja pemerintah pusat di daerah juga memiliki korelasi positif dengan belanja daerah kabupaten/kota di Indonesia.

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In Cobb-Douglas production function, the term A(t) reflects not only technology but also difference in resource endowments and institutions across regions and over time (Lin & Liu, 2000). This study assumes that A(t) is reflected by local expenditure as decentralization measure and central expenditure spent in local. This study examines not only the effect of local expenditure but also the effect of central expenditure spent in local to economic growth. Using panel data of regencies/cities in Indonesia for 2010-2019 period and fixed effect model (FEM) methodology, the result shows that decentralization expenditure as measured by local expenditure, together with central expenditure spent in local has positive effect on local economic growth in Indonesia. Furthermore, central expenditure spent in local also has positive correlation with local expenditure of regencies/cities in Indonesia."

"[ABSTRAKMakalah ini menyelidiki apakah kualitas tata kelola (governance)pemerintahan berkorelasi dengan pembangunan ekonomi di tingkat Kabupaten diIndonesia. Menggunakan analisis cross-sectional, penelitian ini meneliti dampakdari indikator pemerintahan di kabupaten terhadap kinerja ekonomi. Selain itu,metode variabel instrumental digunakan untuk menyelidiki masalah kausalitasantara tata kelola dan pertumbuhan ekonomi. Penelitian ini menggunakan surveiTata Kelola Ekonomi Daerah sebagai variabel untuk tata kelola pemerintahan danjumlah kecamatan sebagai variabel instrumental. Temuan utama penelitian iniadalah bahwa interaksi pemerintah dengan pihak swasta, biaya transaksi dan tatakelola infrastruktur merupakan faktor penting untuk meningkatkan kinerjaekonomi. Penelitian ini juga menemukan indikasi bahwa terdapat hubungan positifdari tata kelola terhadap kinerja ekonomi.

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ABSTRACTThis paper explore whether the quality of governance correlate with economicdevelopment at local level in Indonesia. Using cross-sectional analyses, this studyexamines the impacts of governance indicators on districts economic performance.In addition, instrumental variable method is use to investigate the causality issuebetween governance and economic growth. This study utilizes the Local EconomicGovernance survey as the variable for governance and the number of subdistrictsas the instrumental variable. The main finding is that that government-businessinteraction, transaction costs and infrastructure governance are important factors toincrease economic performance. This study also finds tentative evidence of thepositive relationship from economic governance to economic performance, This paper explore whether the quality of governance correlate with economicdevelopment at local level in Indonesia. Using cross-sectional analyses, this studyexamines the impacts of governance indicators on districts economic performance.In addition, instrumental variable method is use to investigate the causality issuebetween governance and economic growth. This study utilizes the Local EconomicGovernance survey as the variable for governance and the number of subdistrictsas the instrumental variable. The main finding is that that government-businessinteraction, transaction costs and infrastructure governance are important factors toincrease economic performance. This study also finds tentative evidence of thepositive relationship from economic governance to economic performance]"

"Paradigma pembangunan yang mengedepankan pada pertumbuhan ekonomi dan eksploitasi sumber daya alam saat ini telah sampai pada kawasan konservasi Taman Nasional Bromo Tengger Semeru. Di sisi lain masyarakat adat khususnya Dukun Pandita Tengger memiliki sebuah ritual Megeng Sasi Kapitu untuk ngleremen mantra maupun alam semesta dari segala aktivitasnya. Kebaruan penelitian ini terletak pada serangkaian ritual Megeng Sasi Kapitu secara holistik dan komprehensif. Tujuan penelitian ini menganalisis dan menemukan pengetahuan tradisional yang dipegang teguh seluruh Dukun Pandita Tengger secara turun­temurun. Pendekatan yang digunakan adalah etnografi dari James Spradley dengan teknik analisis data model spiral Creswell. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan sinergitas antara pemangku adat dan pemangku kepentingan dalam menjaga keseimbangan alam semesta di kawasan Tengger."

"Skripsi ini menganalisis variabel-variabel makroekonomi yang mempengaruhi investasi asing langsung dan investasi portofolio di 8 negara berkembang G-20 yakni Indonesia, Argentina, Korea Selatan, Meksiko, Afrika Selatan, Brazil, Rusia, dan Turki. Variabel-variabelmakroekonomi yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah PDB riil, uang kartal, cadangan devisa, PDB riil Amerika Serikat, dan tingkat suku bunga Treasury bills Amerika Serikat. Desain penelitian ini adalah deskriptif komprehensif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa investasi asing langsung di 8 negara berkembang G-20 dipengaruhi oleh semua variabel makroekonomi, sedangkan cadangan devisa dan tingkat sukubunga Treasury bills Amerika Serikat tidak mempengaruhi investasi portofolio di 8 negara berkembang G-20.

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This study analysis macroeconomics variables that influence FDI and portfolio investment in 8 G-20 developing countries which are Indonesia, Argentina, South Korea, Mexico, South Africa, Brazil, Russia, and Turkey. The macroeconomics variables used in this study are real GDP, currency, foreign exchange reserve, United States? real GDP, and United States? Treasury bills rate. This study design is descriptive comprehensive. The result of this study shows that FDI in 8 developing countries of G-20 are influenced by all macroeconomics variables, whereas foreign exchange reserve and United States? Treasury bills rate do not influence portfolio investment in 8 G-20 developing countries."