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"Latar belakang: Diagnosis tuberkulosis (TB) pada anak sulit ditegakkan karena gejala tidak khas dan sulit memperoleh sampel sputum. Pemeriksaan antigen lipoarabinomannan (LAM) urin telah direkomendasikan oleh WHO. Namun, penelitian pada anak tanpa HIV di Indonesia masih sangat terbatas. Mengingat kesulitan dalam mendapatkan sampel sputum pada anak tanpa HIV, diperlukan metode diagnostik non-sputum yang mudah dilakukan, memberikan hasil cepat, serta dapat diterapkan langsung di lokasi pasien (point-of-care testing atau POCT). Tujuan: Menilai dan membandingkan akurasi diagnostik dua alat deteksi LAM urin yaitu Abbott Determine TB LAMAg TM (Abbott LAM) dan Fujifilm SILVAMP TB LAM TM (Fuji LAM) untuk mendiagnosis TB pada anak.Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan studi potong lintang yang melibatkan anak berusia 0 - 18 tahun dengan dugaan TB di tiga rumah sakit rujukan nasional. Data dikumpulkan melalui anamnesis, pemeriksaan fisis, serta pengambilan sampel urin menggunakan metode midstream atau urine collector. Sampel urin kemudian diperiksa menggunakan Abbott LAM dan Fuji LAM, lalu dibandingkan dengan standar diagnosis TB menurut Pedoman Kemenkes RI 2023 (TB klinis dan TB terkonfirmasi bakteriologis) serta standar pemeriksaan bakteriologis (GeneXpert®).Hasil: Pada periode Oktober hingga Desember 2024, sebanyak 77 pasien dianalisis, dengan 18 pasien terkonfirmasi bakteriologis dan 22 pasien didiagnosis TB secara klinis.Dibandingkan dengan alur diagnosis Kemenkes RI 2023 sebagai standar: Abbott LAM memiliki sensitivitas 52% dan spesifisitas 48,6%, Fuji LAM memiliki sensitivitas 22,5% dan spesifisitas 97,3%. Dibandingkan dengan pemeriksaan bakteriologis sebagai standar: Sensitivitas dan spesifisitas Abbott LAM menurun menjadi 47,1% dan 42,5%, sensitivitas dan spesifisitas Fuji LAM meningkat menjadi 47% dan 97,5%.Kesimpulan: Kedua alat memiliki sensitivitas yang lebih rendah dari standar minimal WHO (65%), sehingga tidak direkomendasikan untuk skrining atau diagnosis awal TB pada anak. Namun, Fuji LAM menunjukkan spesifisitas tinggi dan berpotensi menjadi alat diagnostik penguat dalam mendeteksi TB pada anak yang menunjukkan gejala, terutama bagi anak yang mengalami kesulitan dalam memperoleh sampel untuk pemeriksaan bakteriologis

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Background: Diagnosing tuberculosis (TB) in children is challenging due to non-specific symptoms and difficulties in obtaining sputum samples. The World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended urinary lipoarabinomannan (LAM) antigen testing for TB detection. However, studies on HIV-negative children in Indonesia remain very limited. Given the challenges in obtaining sputum samples from HIV-negative children, a non-sputum diagnostic method that is easy to perform, provides rapid results, and can be implemented at the point of care (POCT) is needed.

Objective: To evaluate and compare the diagnostic accuracy of two urinary LAM detection tests, Abbott Determine TB LAM Ag™ (Abbott LAM) and Fujifilm SILVAMP TB LAM™ (Fuji LAM), for diagnosing TB in children.

Methods: This cross-sectional study involved children aged 0–18 years with suspected TB from three national referral hospitals. Data collection included medical history, physical examination, and urine sample collection using either the midstream method or a urine collector. Urine samples were tested using Abbott LAM and Fuji LAM, and results were compared with the 2023 Indonesian Ministry of Health TB diagnostic guidelines (clinical TB and bacteriologically confirmed TB) as well as the bacteriological testing standard (GeneXpert®).

Results: Between October and December 2024, a total of 77 patients were analyzed, including 18 bacteriologically confirmed TB cases and 22 clinically diagnosed TB cases. When compared to the 2023 Indonesian Ministry of Health TB diagnostic algorithm, Abbott LAM showed a sensitivity of 52% and specificity of 48.6%, while Fuji LAM had a sensitivity of 22.5% and specificity of 97.3%. When using bacteriological testing (GeneXpert®) as the reference standard, the sensitivity and specificity of Abbott LAM decreased to 47.1% and 42.5%, respectively, whereas Fuji LAM demonstrated improved performance with a sensitivity of 47% and specificity of 97.5%.

Conclusion: Both tests demonstrated lower sensitivity than the WHO-recommended minimum standard (65%), making them unsuitable for screening or initial TB diagnosis in children. However, Fuji LAM exhibited high specificity, suggesting that it may serve as a valuable additional diagnostic tool for children with TB symptoms who face challenges in providing sputum samples for bacteriological confirmation."

"ABSTRAKRuang Lingkup dan Cara Penelitian: Penentuan LBM penting untuk penetapan dosis pemakaian obat-obatan, pemberian cairan, penentuan taraf metabolisme, pengaturan gizi pada masa pertumbuhan, penentuan kegemukan dan evaluasi kegemukan. Selama ini yang dipakai adalah Berat Badan Total (BBT), padahal jumlah lemak tubuh normal ialah 15 - 18% BBT pada pria dewasa atau 20 - 25% BBT pada wanita dewasa. Banyak cara untuk menentukan LBM antara lain ekskresi kreatinin urin 24 jam. Cara ini didasarkan atas pemikiran bahwa kreatinin berasal dari kreatin sedangkan ± 98% kreatin terdapat di otot yang merupakan bagian terbesar LBM.Tujuan penelitian ialah mempelajari hubungan antara kreatinin urin 24 jam dengan LBM pada orang Indonesia. Bila hubungan ini cukup kuat akan dibuat suatu rumus prediksi LBM, rumus ini kemudian dibandingkan dengan 3 rumus lain yaitu rumus dari Forbes, Cheek dan Miller. Penelitian dilakukan pada 77 mahasiswa pria umur 20 - 23 tahun. LBM diperoleh dari BBT dikurangi lemak tubuh, sedangkan lemak tubuh diperoleh dengan memasukkan berat jenis tubuh (BJT diperoleh dengan densitometer) ke dalam rumus Siri. Kemudian dibuat persamaan regresi dengan LBM sebagai variabel dependen dan kreatinin urin 24 jam sebagai variabel independen.Hasil dan Kesimpulan: Didapat hubungan cukup kuat antara kreatinin urin 24 jam dan LBM dengan r = 0,59. Rumus prediksi yang diperoleh ialah : LBM = 25,76 + 0,0145 Cr mg/24 jam. Nilai rata-rata dari selisih antara nilai LBM perhitungan dengan nilai prediksi LBM hasil rumus Peneliti, Forbes, Cheek, dan Miller berturutturut: 0,38%; 3,50%; 9,46% dan 6,95%. 'Standard error' masingmasing 0,85%; 1,08%; 1,13% dan 1,33%. Kisarannya berturut-turut: -19,66% sampai +20,69%; -19,53% sampai +23,83%; -14,19% sampai +31,93%; dan -6,73% sampai +-36,03%. Ditetapkan bahwa suatu rumus dapat diterima bila 95% subyek penelitian dengan nilai prediksi LBM berkisar ± 10%. Jumlah subyek penelitian yang masuk dalam kisaran ± 10% darn. LBM perhitungan, bila nilai LBM nya diprediksi dengan keempat rumus di atas berturut-turut: 65 orang = 84,42%; 55 orang = 71,43%; 39 orang = 50,65%; dan 38 orang = 49,35%. Mengingat tak ada satu pun rumus yang dapat diterima maka perlu dilakukan pengujian kembali rumus yang telah dibuat.

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ABSTRACT

24-Hour Creatinine Excretion And Lean Body Mass (LBM)Scope and Method of Study: LBM is important in determining dosage of drugs, administration of fluids, metabolic rate, nutrition in growth and obesity. Total body weight (TBW) is usually used for this purpose, whereas in reality it includes total body fat which is 15-18% of TBW in males, and 20-25% in females. There are many ways of determining LBM, one of which utilizes 24-hour urinary creatinine excretion. The method is based on the fact that creatinine is formed from creatine, and about 98% of creatine can be found in muscles which makes up most of LBM. The aim of this investigation is to study the correlation between 24-hour urinary creatinine excretion and LBM in Indonesians. If a strong correlation exists, a predictive formula will be constructed, which will then be compared with 3 other formulae from Forbes, Cheek, and Miller.

The study was done on 77 male students aged 20-23 years. LBM was calculated from TBW minus body fat; body fat was derived from Siri formula using Total Body Density measured with a densitometry. A regression equation was made with LBM as dependent variable and 24-hour urinary creatinine as independent variable.

Findings and Conclusions: A strong correlation exists between 24-hr urinary creatinine excretion and LBM with r = 0.59. The predictive formula obtained is: LBM (kg) = 25.76 + 0.0145 Cr mg/24h. The mean difference between predicted LBM in this investigation, LBM obtained from Forbes, Cheek, Miller, and computed LBM are, respectively, 0.38%, 3.50%, 9.46%, and 6.95%, with standard error of 0.85%, 1.08%, 1.13% and 1.33%; ranging from -19.66% to +20.69%, -19.53% to +23.83%, -14.19% to +31.93%, and' -6.73% to 36.03%. An equation was accepted if 95% of all LBM predicted from that equation fell within ± 10% of the calculated LBM. Using subjects in this investigation, the amount of LBM obtained from the 4 mentioned equations that fell within ± 10 % of calculated LBM are, respectively, 65 subjects (84.42%), 55 subjects {71.43%), 39 subjects (50.65%), and 38 subjects (49.35%). Since none of the above equation can Be satisfactorily accepted, the LBM pre-diction equation obtained from this investigation needs to be tested further."

"Proteinuria merupakan indikator adanya penyakit gagal ginjal yang ditandai dengan konsentrasi protein yang tinggi pada urine. Urine manusia dengan konsentrasi protein melebihi 0,15 g/L dianggap abnormal dan dapat diindikasikan sebagai penderita proteinuria. Secara berkolerasi, tingginya konsentrasi protein dalam urine menyebabkan pH urine semakin rendah dan specific gravity urine semakin tinggi. Beberapa tahun terakhir, dikembangkan sistem urinalisis berbasis deep learning menggunakan citra ponsel pintar. Namun, sistem ini hanya mampu memprediksi satu kadar analit urine tertentu, sesuai dengan target yang ditentukan. Pada penelitian ini, dikembangkan sistem urinalisis multi-output berbasis citra kamera ponsel pintar menggunakan model ResNet50 yang mampu melakukan pengukuran terhadap kadar protein, pH, dan specific gravity urine secara serentak. Urinalisis dilakukan dengan memanfaatkan kolorimetri pada strip uji celup urine URIT 11G. Citra strip uji dan papan warna referensi (X-Rite ColorChecker) diambil menggunakan kamera ponsel pintar, kemudian diproses menjadi bentuk barcode uji. Barcode uji digunakan sebagai input model dengan output berupa prediksi kadar analit dalam urine. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa model urinalisis multi-output berhasil dibangun menggunakan arsitektur CNN ResNet50 dengan akurasi sebesar 96,63% pada output klasifikasi serta mampu melakukan prediksi kadar analit secara regresi dengan performa R2 dan RMSE berturut-turut sebesar 0,9487 dan 0,0951. Performa tersebut menunjukkan bahwa sistem urinalisis multi-output berhasil dibangun dengan performa yang dapat bersaing dengan model urinalisis single-output, secara lebih efisien karena hanya menggunakan satu model ResNet50 untuk menghasilkan 6 output prediksi berbeda.

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Proteinuria is an indicator of kidney disease characterized by high protein concentration in urine. Human urine with protein concentration exceeding 0.15 g/L is considered abnormal and indicative of proteinuria. Correlatively, elevated protein concentration in urine leads to lower urine pH and higher specific gravity. In recent years, a deep learning-based urinalysis system using smartphone images has been developed. However, these systems are only capable of predicting a specific analyte level in urine according to predetermined targets. In this study, a multi-output urinalysis system based on smartphone camera images was developed using the ResNet50 model. This system is capable of simultaneously measuring protein, pH, and specific gravity levels in urine. Urinalysis was conducted using colorimetry on URIT 11G urine dipstick tests. Images of the dipstick tests and reference color board (X-Rite ColorChecker) were captured using a smartphone camera and processed into test barcodes. The test barcodes were used as inputs for the model, which generated predictions of analyte levels in urine as outputs. The results of this study demonstrate that a multi-output urinalysis model was successfully built using the ResNet50 CNN architecture. It achieved an accuracy of 96.63% in classification output and was able to predict analyte levels through regression with R2 and RMSE performances of 0.9487 and 0.0951, respectively. These performances indicate that the multi-output urinalysis system was successfully developed with competitive performance compared to single-output urinalysis models, but with greater efficiency as it only utilized one ResNet50 model to generate six different prediction outputs."

"Latar Belakang: Pemeriksaan volume urine kala III merupakan salah satu komponen dalam skor Suskhan guna memprediksi retensio urine pasca persalinan. Selama ini pemeriksaan dilakukan dengan kateter urine yang berhubungan dengan peningkatan risiko infeksi saluran kemih. Ultrasonografi (USG) Dietz merupakan alternatif metode pemeriksaan volume urine. Namun, belum terdapat perbandingan antara USG Dietz dan kateter dalam pemeriksaan volume urine kala III.Metode: Penelitian analitik korelasional dengan metode potong lintang dilakukan terhadap 30 orang ibu yang menjalani persalinan normal pervaginam di Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo dan Rumah Sakit Umum Kota Tangerang pada Oktober 2020 hingga Desember 2021. Pasien dengan riwayat retensi urine atau memiliki indikasi pemasangan kateter kontinu dieksklusi dari penelitian. Pemeriksaan volume urine kala III dengan USG Dietz dilakukan dengan rumus volume = tinggi (cm) x lebar (cm) x 5,6. Pemasangan kateter urine dilakukan segera setelah pemeriksaan dengan USG Dietz.Hasil: Sebanyak 30 orang subjek mengikuti penelitian ini. Didapatkan korelasi sangat kuat antara hasil pemeriksaan USG Dietz dan kateter (r = 0,788, p < 0,001). Didapatkan korelasi terbaik pada kelompok subjek dengan volume urine < 50 cc (r = 0,842, p <0,001). Didapatkan selisih antar pemeriksaan yang tidak bermakna secara statistik (p =0,133).Kesimpulan: Hasil pemeriksaan volume urine kala III dengan USG Dietz memiliki korelasi positif kuat terhadap pemeriksaan dengan kateter urine.

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Background: Examination of the third stage of labor urine volume is one of vital components in the Suskhan score to predict postpartum urinary retention. So far, the examination is done with a urinary catheter, which is associated with increased risk of urinary tract infection. Ultrasonography (USG) Dietz is an alternative method of measuring urine volume. However, there is no comparison between Dietz ultrasound andcatheter in the third stage labor urine volume examination.

Methods: A cross-sectional correlational analytic study was conducted on 30 mothers who underwent normal vaginal delivery at Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital and Tangerang City General Hospital from October 2020 to December 2021. Patients with a history of urinary retention or indications for continuous catheter insertion were excluded

from the study. study. Examination of the third stage of urine volume with USG Dietz was carried out with the formula volume = height (cm) x width (cm) x 5.6. Urinary catheter insertion was performed immediately after examination with Ultrasound Dietz.

Results: A total of 30 subjects participated in this study. There was a very strong correlation between the results of the Dietz ultrasound examination and the catheter (r =0.788, p < 0.001). The best correlation was found in the group of subjects with urine volume < 50 cc (r = 0.842, p < 0.001). The difference between examinations was not statistically significant (p = 0.133).

Conclusion: The results of the third stage labor urine volume examination with USG Dietz had a strong positive correlation with the examination with a urinary catheter."

"[ABSTRAKLatar belakang: Berdasarkan data riskesdas 2013, prevalensi batu saluran kemih di Indonesia adalah 0,6 persen. Batu saluran kemih disebabkan oleh beberapa faktor; lingkungan kerja panas dan BJ Urin. Sebagian pekerja dapur RS X Tangerang mengeluh lingkungan kerja yang panas berlebihan sehingga berkeringat dan data medical check up tahun 2014 tidak ada pemeriksaan urin sehingga gambaran status kesehatan pekerja akibat lingkungan panas tidak dapat diketahui. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan lingkungan kerja panas dengan kristalisasi urin pada pekerja dapur RS X Tangerang.Metode: Rancangan penelitian yang digunakan adalah kros seksional. Pengumpulan data dilakukan di RS X Tangerang dari bulan Januari sampai Maret 2015, dengan menggunakan kuesioner, wawancara, pemeriksaan tanda vital responden sebelum dan sesudah kerja, pemeriksaan urinalisa sebelum dan sesudah kerja serta pengukuran suhu lingkungan kerja dengan menggunakan alat area heat stress monitor Quest Stemp 36 dan perhitungannya berdasarkan Indeks Suhu Bola Basah. Berdasarkan metode total populasi dan setelah mempertimbangkan faktor eklusi dan inklusi didapatkan sampel sebanyak 105 orang.Hasil: Prevalensi kristal urin ditemukan sebesar 6,7% pada pemeriksaan urin sebelum kerja dan 10,5% sesudah kerja. Lingkungan kerja panas tidak mempunyai hubungan yang bermakna dengan terjadinya kristalisasi urin pada pekerja (p=0,316). BJ urin mempunyai hubungan yang bermakna dengan terjadinya kristalisasi urin (p<0,05), dimana risiko untuk terjadinya kristalisasi urin meningkat 1,8 kali sesudah kerja. Faktor risiko lain seperti umur, jenis kelamin, riwayat penyakit, Indeks Masa Tubuh, kebiasaan makan dan minum, masa kerja, lama kerja, dan jenis pekerjaan tidak terdapat hubungan yang bermakna (p>0,05).Kesimpulan: Lingkungan kerja panas dan faktor risiko lainnya tidak berhubungan dengan terjadinya kristalisasi urin pada pekerja di bagian dapur RS X Tangerang. BJ Urin responden berhubungan dengan terjadinya kristalisasi urin baik pada pemeriksaan urin sebelum dan sesudah kerja, Ini berarti sebelum kerja responden sudah dehidrasi, mungkin karena kurang minum atau paparan panas sebelumnya. Ditambah lingkungan kerja panas kepekatan urin meningkat, karenanya dianjurkan pekerja mengkonsumsi cairan minimal dua liter perhari.

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ABSTRACTBackground: According to 2013 Riskesdas data, the prevalence of urinary tract calculus in Indonesia is 0.6%. Several factors like temperature of working environment and urine specific gravity contribute to the formation of urinary tract calculus. Some of kitchen workers in the hospital X Tangerang complain about their hot working environment which caused them to sweat excessively and medical check-ups data in 2014, there was no urine examination so that an overview of health status of workers due to hot environment can‟t be obtained.This study aims to determine the relationship between hot working environment and urine crystallization on the kitchen workers of hospital X TangerangMethods: The research used a cross-sectional design. Data collection was done in Hospital X Tangerang from January to March 2015 using questionnaire, interview, and vital signs examination of the respondents before and after work, urine examination before and after work. Environment temperature was measured using area heat stress monitor Quest Stemp 36 and the calculation was done based on WBGT (Wet Bulb Globe Temperature Index). Using total population methods after considering the inclusion and exclusion factors, we acquired 105 people as samples.Result: The prevalence of urinary crystals was 6. 7% on urine samples before work and 10.5% after work. The relationship between hot working environment and the formation of crystals in the urine was not significant in the kitchen workers (p>0.316). Urine specific gravity has a significant relationship to the formation of crystals in the urine (p<0.05) in which the risk of the crystals formation increase 1,8 time after work. The other risk factors such as age, sex, hospital sheet, body mass index, eating and drinking habits, tenure, long working, and type of work showed no significant relationship (p>0.05).Conclusion: Hot working environment and the other risk factors are not related to urine crystallization in the kitchen workers of Hospital X Tangerang. Urine specific gravity is related to the formation of crystals in the urine before and after work. This means, before working respondents already dehydrated, probably due to lack of drinking or heat exposure before. Hot working environment increases urine concentration. It‟s recommended for workers to consume at least two liters of fluid perday., Background: According to 2013 Riskesdas data, the prevalence of urinary tract calculus in Indonesia is 0.6%. Several factors like temperature of working environment and urine specific gravity contribute to the formation of urinary tract calculus. Some of kitchen workers in the hospital X Tangerang complain about their hot working environment which caused them to sweat excessively and medical check-ups data in 2014, there was no urine examination so that an overview of health status of workers due to hot environment can‟t be obtained.This study aims to determine the relationship between hot working environment and urine crystallization on the kitchen workers of hospital X TangerangMethods: The research used a cross-sectional design. Data collection was done in Hospital X Tangerang from January to March 2015 using questionnaire, interview, and vital signs examination of the respondents before and after work, urine examination before and after work. Environment temperature was measured using area heat stress monitor Quest Stemp 36 and the calculation was done based on WBGT (Wet Bulb Globe Temperature Index). Using total population methods after considering the inclusion and exclusion factors, we acquired 105 people as samples.Result: The prevalence of urinary crystals was 6. 7% on urine samples before work and 10.5% after work. The relationship between hot working environment and the formation of crystals in the urine was not significant in the kitchen workers (p>0.316). Urine specific gravity has a significant relationship to the formation of crystals in the urine (p<0.05) in which the risk of the crystals formation increase 1,8 time after work. The other risk factors such as age, sex, hospital sheet, body mass index, eating and drinking habits, tenure, long working, and type of work showed no significant relationship (p>0.05).Conclusion: Hot working environment and the other risk factors are not related to urine crystallization in the kitchen workers of Hospital X Tangerang. Urine specific gravity is related to the formation of crystals in the urine before and after work. This means, before working respondents already dehydrated, probably due to lack of drinking or heat exposure before. Hot working environment increases urine concentration. It‟s recommended for workers to consume at least two liters of fluid perday.]"

"Epidemi tuberkulosis masih menjadi beban Indonesia saat ini dimana tercatat sebanyak 845 ribu jiwa di Indonesia mengidap penyakit tuberkulosis dengan persentase terbanyak terdapat pada kelompok usia produktif, yaitu umur 15 – 64 tahun sebanyak 89,6%. Tuberkulosis adalah penyakit menular yang diakibatkan oleh infeksi Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Kemunculan Multi-drug Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR-TB) mendorong adanya pemanfaatan flavonoid sebagai sediaan Obat Anti Tuberkulosis (OAT). Flavonoid memiliki kemampuan untuk mengembalikan resistensi antibiotik dan meningkatkan performa OAT saat ini. Perkembangan dalam penemuan obat saat ini dilakukan dengan melakukan studi in silico melalui penambatan molekuler antara beberapa senyawa golongan flavonoid dengan protein pada Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kuersetin menghasilkan nilai penambatan dan konstanta inhibisi terbaik dengan nilai penambatan pada protein β-ketoacyl-ACP reductase (PDB ID:1UZN), Enoyl-Acyl Carrier Protein Reductase (PDB ID:2X23), dan Protein Kinase G (PDB ID:2PZI) masing-masing sebesar -8,0 kkal/mol; -9,2 kkal/mol; dan -8,0 kkal/mol serta konstanta inhibisi masing-masing sebesar 1,345 µM; 0,177 µM; dan 1,345 µM. Kuersetin dari daun keji beling (Strobilanthes crispus L.) selanjutnya diperoleh menggunakan metode Ultrasound Enzymatic-Assisted Aqueous Two-Phase Extraction (UEAATPE) dengan sistem etanol/amonium sulfat. Adapun rancangan sistem Aqueous Two-Phase terbaik yaitu etanol 33% (w/w) dan amonium sulfat 14% (w/w) dengan konsentrasi kuersetin yang dihasilkan sebesar 44,717±0,295 mg/L. Selain kuersetin, senyawa 1,14-tetradecanediol yang teridentifikasi oleh Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectophotometer (GC-MS) juga memiliki aktivitas anti tuberkulosis

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Tuberculosis epidemic is still a burden for Indonesia. There are 845 thousand of Indonesian people suffer from tuberculosis with the highest percentage in the productive age which 15 - 64 years by 89.6%. Tuberculosis is an infectious disease that caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. The emergence of Multi-Drug Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR-TB) encourages the utilization of flavonoids as anti-tuberculosis drugs. Flavonoids have the ability to recover antibiotic resistance and improve current anti-tuberculosis drugs performance. Development of drug discovery is currently being carried out by in silico study through molecular docking between flavonoid compounds to protein targets in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This study shows that quercetin produces the best docking score and inhibition constant with the docking score of β-ketoacyl-ACP reductase (PDB ID: 1UZN), Enoyl-Acyl Carrier Protein Reductase (PDB ID : 2X23), and Protein Kinase G (PDB ID: 2PZI) respectively are -8.0 kcal/mol; -9.2 kcal/mol; and -8.0 kcal/mol and the inhibition constants respectively are 1,345 µM; 0,177 µM; and 1,345 µM. Quercetin from Strobilanthes crispus L. is obtained using Ultrasound Enzymatic – Assisted Aqueous Two-Phase Extraction (UEAATPE) method with ethanol/ammonium sulfate system. The best proportion of the system is ethanol 33 wt% and ammonium sulfate 14 wt% with concentration of quercetin is 44.717±0,295 mg/L. Besides quercetin, 1,14-tetradecanediol compound identified by Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectophotometer (GC-MS) is also has an anti-tuberculosis."

"Background: optimal hydration represents adequate total daily fluid intake to compensate for daily water losses, ensure adequate urine output to reduce the risk of urolithiasis and renal function decline, and also avoid the production of arginine vasopressin (AVP). Twenty four hour urine osmolality has been used to assess hydration status, but it is challenging because of the possibility of spilling urine and limitation of daily activities. This study is aimed to determine the performance of the afternoon urine osmolality to assess the optimal hydration status compared with 24 hour urine osmolality.Methods: a cross sectional study was conducted on healthy employees aged 18-59 years at Universitas Indonesia Medical Faculty/Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, with consecutive sampling method. The ROC curve was analyzed to obtain the optimal cut off point and the accuracy of the afternoon urine osmolality in assessing the optimal hydration status.Results: between August-September 2016 there were 120 subjects (73.8% female, median age 32 years) who met the study criteria with a median 24 hour urine osmolality 463.5 (95% CI, 136-1427) mOsm/kg H2O and median afternoon urine osmolality 513 (95% CI, 73-1267). We found moderate correlation (r=0.59; p<0.001) between afternoon urine osmolality and a 24 hour urine osmolality. Using ROC curve, the AUC value was 0.792 (95% CI, 0.708-0.875) with the cut off 528 mOsm/kg H2O. To assess the optimal hydration status, the afternoon urine osmolality had the sensitivity of 0.7 (95% CI, 0.585-0.795) and the specificity of 0.76 (95% CI, 0.626-0.857), Likelihood Ratio (LR) (+) 2.917 (95% CI, 1.74-4.889) and LR (-) 0.395 (95% CI, 0.267-0.583).Conclusion: afternoon urine osmolality can be used as a diagnostic tool to assess the optimal hydration status in healthy population with cut off 528 mOsm/kg H2O, sensitivity of 0.7, and specificity of 0.76.

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Latar belakang: hidrasi optimal merupakan hidrasi yang dianggap cukup untuk menggantikan kehilangan cairan, menjamin produksi urin adekuat untuk mengurangi risiko urolitiasis dan penurunan fungsi ginjal, serta mencegah keluarnya arginin vasopresin (AVP). Osmolalitas urin 24 jam diketahui dapat mengukur status hidrasi seseorang, namun dirasakan memberatkan karena kemungkinan urin tercecer dan membatasi aktivitas kerja. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui peranan pemeriksaan osmolalitas urin sewaktu sore hari untuk menilai status hidrasi optimal.

Metode: studi potong lintang dilakukan pada karyawan sehat berusia 18-59 tahun di lingkungan FKUI/RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo, memakai metode consecutive sampling. Dilakukan analisis kurva ROC untuk mendapatkan titik potong dan akurasi osmolalitas urin sore hari dalam menilai status hidrasi optimal.

Hasil:antara bulan Agustus-September 2016 terkumpul 120 subjek (73,8% perempuan, median usia 32 tahun) yang memenuhi kriteria penelitian dengan median osmolalitas urin 24 jam 463,5 (95% IK, 136-1427) mOsm/kg H2O dan median osmolalitas urin sore hari 513 (95% IK, 73-1267) mOsm/kg H2O. Pada analisis didapatkan korelasi sedang (r=0,59; p<0,001) antara osmolalitas urin sore hari dengan osmolalitas urin 24 jam. Dengan kurva ROC didapatkan nilai AUC 0,792 (95% IK, 0,708-0,875) dengan titik potong 528 mOsm/kg H2O. Dalam menentukan hidrasi optimal, osmolalitas urin sore hari memiliki sensitivitas sebesar 0,7 (95% IK, 0,585-0,795) dan spesifisitas 0,76 (95% IK, 0,626-0,857) serta Likelihood Ratio (LR) (+) 2,917 (95% IK, 1,74-4,889) dan LR (-) 0,395 (95% IK, 0,267-0,583).

Kesimpulan: osmolalitas urin sore hari dapat menjadi indikator dalam menilai status hidrasi optimal pada populasi sehat dengan titik potong 528 mOsm/kg H2O serta sensitivitas 0,7 dan spesifisitas 0,76."

"Benzene merupakan bahan yang bersifat karsinogenik bagi manusia. Crude Oil dan produk-produknya merupakan sumber pajanan benzene yang cukup besar sehingga pekerja di kilang pengolahan minyak dan instalasi BBM memiliki risiko tinggi terpajan benzene. Pajanan benzene dapat diketahui melalui pengukuran metabolit benzene. S-phenylmercapturic acid (S-PMA) merupakan metabolit benzene yang spesifik sebagai biomarker monitoring pekerja yang terpajan benzene. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan kadar S-PMA dalam urin antara pekerja Kilang dan Instalasi BBM serta faktor lain yang berhubungan.Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian cross sectional comparative yang membandingkan kadar S-PMA urin endshift antara responden kilang dan instalasi BBM. S-PMA diekstraksi dari urin dan dianalisis menggunakan Liquid Chromatography (LC). Sampel dipilih secara stratified proportional random sampling.Hasil: Jumlah sampel sebanyak 50 orang untuk masing-masing lokasi. Kadar SPMA urin pekerja Kilang berada pada rentang 2,82-489,12 ug/g kreatinin dengan nilai tengah 29,41 ug/g kreatinin, sedangkan di Instalasi BBM berada pada rentang 0,45-58,47 ug/g kreatinin dengan nilai tengah 3,10 ug/g kreatinin. Kadar S-PMA secara signifikan berhubungan dengan lama kerja per hari, jenis pekerjaan (ORc=2,72; CI95% 1,175-6,318), lokasi kerja (ORAd=10,59; CI95% 3,481-32,207), dan sumber pajanan benzene lain diluar pekerjaan (ORAd=3,02; CI95% 1,103-8,253) sedangkan status gizi, merokok dan penggunaan APD masker tidak ada hubungan dengan kadar S-PMA urin.Kesimpulan: Terdapat perbedaan kadar S-PMA antara pekerja Kilang dengan Instalasi BBM. Pekerja Kilang memiliki risiko sepuluh kali lebih tinggi mendapatkan kadar S-PMA urin diatas nilai BEI (Biological Exposure Index) dibanding pekerja di Instalasi BBM. 62% responden di kilang dan 12% responden di instalasi BBM memiliki kadar S-PMA urin diatas nilai BEI.

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Benzene is a substance that is carcinogenic to humans. Crude Oil and its products are a source of benzene exposure is large enough so that workers at oil refineries and fuel installations have a high risk of exposure to benzene. Exposure to benzene can be determined by measuring benzene metabolites. Sphenylmercapturic acid (S-PMA) is a specific metabolite of benzene as a biomarker monitoring of workers exposed to benzene. This study aims to determine the differences in the levels of S-PMA in urine refinery and fuel instalations respondents and factors associated with higher levels of S-PMA.Method : This study was a cross-sectional comparative study that compared the levels of S-PMA urine endshift between respondents refineries and fuel installations. Sphenylmercapturic acid (S-PMA) extracted from urine and analyzed using Liquid Chromatography (LC). Samples selected by stratified proportional random sampling.Result : The total sample of 50 for each location. Levels of S-PMA refinery respondents were in the range 2.82 to 489.12 ug / g creatinine with a median value 29.41 ug / g creatinine, whereas in the installation of the fuel is in the range from 0.45 to 58.47 ug / g creatinine with a median value of 3.10 ug / g creatinine. Levels of S-PMA was significantly related to length of exposure per day, type of work (ORc=2,72 ;CI95% 1,175-6,318), location of work (ORAd=10,59; CI95% 3,481-32,207) and other sources of exposure outside of work (ORAd=3,02; CI95% 1,103-8,253) while nutritional status, smoking and the use of PPE mask no association with levels of S-PMA urine.Conclusion : There are differences between the levels of S-PMA with the installation of fuel refinery workers. Refinery workers have ten times higher risk of getting urinary levels of S-PMA on the value of BEI (Biological Exposure Index) compared to workers in the fuel installation. 62% of respondents in the refinery and 12% of respondents in the installation of the fuel had higher levels of urinary S-PMA above the BEI value."