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"Prevalensi kematian akibat diare pada bayi dan balita yang tinggi dapat disebabkan oleh Serratia marcescens. Prevalensi kematian akibat pneumonia pada bayi dan balita dapat disebabkan oleh Klebsiella pneumoniae. Prevalensi penyakit endokarditis infektif dapat disebabkan oleh Staphylococcus epidermidis. Namun, resistensi antibiotik menjadi masalah yang serius sehingga dilakukan eksplorasi pada tanaman masoyi yang merupakan tanaman endemik dari Papua. Minyak atsiri dari kulit kayu masoyi yang diperoleh dengan metode distilasi uap dilaporkan berpotensi menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri Streptococcus mutans, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus dan Bacillus cereus. Pada penelitian ini, dilakukan determinasi tanaman, pengumpulan dan penyerbukan simplisia kulit kayu masoyi, uji mikroskopik, ekstraksi minyak atsiri dengan metode distilasi air, uji fitokimia golongan terpenoid dan uji aktivitas antibakteri terhadap Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia marcescens dan Staphylococcus epidermidis. Minyak atsiri dibuat ke beberapa konsentrasi dengan melarutkan minyak atsiri dengan DMSO dan PEG 400. Uji aktivitas antibakteri menggunakan metode zona hambat (metode difusi cakram) dan metode konsentrasi hambat minimal (makrodilusi) terhadap Klebsiela pneumoniae, Serratia marcescens dan Staphylococcus epidermidis. Hasil metode zona hambat menunjukkan minyak atsiri dengan pelarut DMSO terhadap K.pneumoniae berpotensi lemah (1-1,25 mm) sedangkan, terhadap S.marcescens (10,625-13,25 mm) dan S.epidermidis (11,75- 14,5 mm) berpotensi kuat. Minyak atsiri dengan pelarut PEG 400 terhadap K.pneumoniae (5-9,75 mm), S.marcescens (5,5-8,25 mm) dan S.epidermidis (4,625-7,5 mm) berpotensi sedang. Hasil metode makrodilusi menunjukkan nilai KHM minyak atsiri Cryptocarya massoy (Oken) Kosterm terhadap K.pneumoniae = 125 µg/mL, S.marcescens = 62,5 µg/mL dan S.epidermidis = 31,25 - 15,625 µg/mL.

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The high prevalence of death from diarrhea in infants and toddlers can be caused by Serratia marcescens. The prevalence of death from pneumonia in infants and toddlers can be caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae. The prevalence of infective endocarditis can be caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis. However, antibiotic resistance is a serious problem, so an exploration of the masoyi plant, which is an endemic plant from Papua, was carried out. Essential oil from masoyi bark obtained by steam distillation method has the potential to inhibit the growth of Streptococcus mutans, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus as reported. In this study, plant determination, collection and pollination of masoyi bark simplicia, microscopic test, extraction of essential oils by water distillation method, phytochemical test of terpenoids and antibacterial activity tests against Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia marcescens and Staphylococcus epidermidis were carried out. The essential oil was made into several concentrations by dissolving the essential oil with DMSO and PEG 400. The antibacterial activity was tested using the zone of inhibition method (disk diffusion method) and the minimal inhibitory concentration method (macrodilution) against Klebsiela pneumoniae, Serratia marcescens and Staphylococcus epidermidis. The results of the inhibition zone method showed that essential oils with DMSO as solvent were potentially weak against K.pneumoniae (1-1.25 mm) while against S.marcescens (10.625-13.25 mm) and S.epidermidis (11.75-14.5 mm). mm) potentially strong. Essential oil with solvent PEG 400 against K. pneumoniae (5-9.75 mm), S. marcescens (5.5-8.25 mm) and S. epidermidis (4.625-7.5 mm) has moderate potential. The results of the macrodilution method showed the MIC value of Cryptocarya massoy (Oken) Kosterm essential oil against K.pneumoniae = 125 g/mL, S.marcescens = 62.5 g/mL and S.epidermidis = 31.25 - 15,625 g/mL.

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"Resistensi antibiotik terus mengalami peningkatan dan menjadi permasalahan kesehatan. Hal ini memicu perkembangan dan penemuan antibakteri baru, salah satunya berasal dari tanaman. Secara tradisional, kulit kayu masoyi digunakan untuk mengobati penyakit seperti diare, tuberkulosis, pneumonia, dan bronkitis. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengidentifikasi golongan senyawa antibakteri dari ekstrak n-heksana dan minyak atsiri kulit kayu masoyi terhadap bakteri patogen S. aureus, S. epidermidis, K. pneumoniae, S. marcescens, dan P. aeruginosa serta melakukan karakterisasi minyak atsiri berdasarkan indeks bias dan berat jenis. Penelitian ini mengacu pada penelitian sebelumnya bahwa ekstrak n-heksana kulit kayu masoyi menunjukkan potensi lemah hingga kuat (1,05-10,33 mm) berdasarkan uji difusi cakram kertas terhadap bakteri S. aureus, S. epidermidis, dan P. aeruginosa. Sedangkan minyak atsiri kulit kayu masoyi menunjukkan potensi lemah terhadap K. pneumoniae serta kuat terhadap S. marcescens dan S. epidermidis. Perolehan nilai indeks bias dan bobot jenis minyak atsiri kulit kayu masoyi masing-masing sebesar 1,467 dan 0,975 g/mL. Pada penelitian ini, dilakukan konfirmasi aktivitas antibakteri terlebih dahulu dengan metode difusi cakram kertas dan terkonfirmasi ekstrak serta minyak atsiri memiliki aktivitas antibakteri. Identifikasi golongan senyawa antibakteri dilakukan menggunakan uji KLT bioautografi kontak. Pada uji KLT bioautografi diperoleh spot-spot yang menghasilkan zona bening dan diduga dari golongan senyawa terpenoid. Hal ini membuktikan bahwa golongan terpenoid memiliki aktivitas penghambatan terhadap bakteri S. aureus, S. epidermidis, K. pneumoniae, S. marcescens, dan P. aeruginosa.

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Antibiotic resistance continues to increase and become a health problem. This triggers the development and discovery of new antibacterial, one of which is derived from plants. Traditionally, masoyi bark is used to treat ailments such as tuberculosis, diarrhea, pneumoniae, and bronchitis. This research aims to identify a class of antibacterial compounds from n-hexane extract and essential oil from masoyi bark against pathogenic bacteria such as S. aureus, S. epidermidis, K. pneumoniae, S. marcescens, and P. aeruginosa while also characterizing essential oil through refractive index and density. Base on the previous research, n-hexane extract showed weak to strong potency (1,05- 10,33 mm) based on paper disc dissfusion method against S. aureus, S. epidermidis, dan P. aeruginosa. Meanwhile, the essential oil of masoyi bark showed weak potency against K. pneumoniae and strong potency against S. marcescens and S. epidermidis. The measured refractive index of essential oil was 1,467 and the density was 0,975 g/mL. In this research, confirmation of antibacterial activity was carried out using paper disc diffusion method, and it was confirmed that extract and essential oil of masoyi bark had antibacterial activity. Identification of a class of antibacterial compounds was carried out using contact TLC bioautography assay. Spots were obtained that produced clear zones and were suspected to be the terpenoid compound group. Spots identified as terpenoid compounds showed the presence of an inhibitory zone against S. aureus, S. epidermidis, K. pneumoniae, S. marcescens, and P. aeruginosa bacteria."

"Potensi Indonesia sebagai salah satu penghasil minyak cengkeh terbesar di dunia didukung dengan pengembangan perkebunan cengkeh di Indonesia. Sulawesi Utara merupakan provinsi penghasil minyak cengkeh di Indonesia. Desa Liandok yang berada pada kabupaten Minahasa Selatan, provinsi Sulawesi Utara memiliki area perkebunan cengkeh yang luas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkarakterisasi gen ech dan gen fcs pada bakteri tanah dari perkebunan cengkeh Desa Liandok, Minahasa Selatan. Bakteri tanah dari perkebunan cengkeh di Desa Liandok, Minahasa Selatan diisolasi dengan beberapa medium selektif. Ektraksi DNA dilakukan dengan menggunakan Geneaid PrestoTM Mini gDNA Bacteria Kit. Isolasi genom dari ekstraksi DNA dilakukan dengan elektroforesis gel agarosa. Primer forward dan primer reverse didesain dengan multiple alignment sekuens yang menyandi gen ech dan gen fcs dari bakteri Pseudomonas sp. pada data NCBI GenBank. Analisis PCR dilakukan melalui primer forward dan primer reverse untuk mendeteksi gen ech dan gen fcs pada isolat. Selanjutnya, amplikon dianalisis dengan elektroforesis gel agarosa untuk menunjukan pita pada daerah gen ech dan gen fcs. Analisis secara molekuler dilakukan dengan mengamplifikasi gen 16S rRNA dengan metode PCR menggunakan primer universal 27F dan 534R dan dilanjutkan dengan sekuensing terhadap gen 16S rRNA. Langkah terakhir, yaitu dilakukan analisis hasil sekuensing menggunakan metode BLAST di NCBI. Keberadaan gen ech dan gen fcs pada isolat bervariasi. Sembilan isolat dari total 22 isolat memiliki gen ech dan gen fcs. Hasil BLAST terhadap urutan nukleotida gen 16S rRNA dari tiga isolat yang disekuensing mempunyai kesamaan 99% dengan bakteri Pseudomonas nitroreducens dan satu isolat mempunyai kesamaan 96% dengan Pseudomonas denitrificans. Sebagai kesimpulan, bakteri tanah pada perkebunan cengkeh di Desa Liandok, Minahasa Selatan memiliki gen ech dan gen fcs yang berpotensi untuk melakukan konversi eugenol menjadi vanillin.

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Indonesias potential as worlds largest clove oil producer is supported by the development of clove plantations in Indonesia. North Sulawesi is a province that playing the biggest role in producing clove oil in Indonesia. Desa Liandok is located in Minahasa Selatan, North Sulawesi which has a large areal of clove oil plantation. This study was aimed to characterize ech and fcs genes in soil bacteria from clove plantation in Desa Liandok, South Minahasa which has the potential to bioconvert eugenol to vanillin. The soil bacteria from clove plantations in Desa Liandok, South Minahasa was isolated using selective mediums. DNA extraction was carried out using Geneaid PrestoTM Mini gDNA Bacteria Kit. The isolated genomes from DNA extraction were analyzed and carried out by agarose gel electrophoresis. Both primers for PCR were designed by aligning multiple ech and fcs genes sequences of Pseudomonas sp. in NCBI GenBank data. PCR analysis was performed within forward and reverse primers to detect ech and fcs genes in the isolate. Furthermore, the amplicons was analyzed using agarose gel electrophoresis to show ech and fcs genes bands. Molecular analysis was carried out by amplifying the 16S rRNA gene with the PCR method using universal primers 27F and 534R and continued with sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. The last step was to analyze the result of DNA sequencing using BLAST method in NCBI. The existence of ech and fcs genes in each isolate were varied. BLAST analysis against nucleotide sequence of the 16S rRNA gene from three isolates that were sequenced possess 99% similarities with Pseudomonas nitroreducens and one isolate possesses 96% similarities with Pseudomonas denitrificans. Nine out of 22 isolates contained both fcs and ech genes. To conclude, soil bacterias in clove plantation in Desa Liandok, South Minahasa have ech and fcs genes which have the potential to bioconvert eugenol to vanillin."

"Resistensi antibiotik menjadi salah satu permasalahan kesehatan yang telah mengancam kesehatan dunia. Perkembangan resistensi antibiotik juga mengakibatkan meningkatnya permintaan agen antimikroba baru. Beberapa tahun terakhir, tanaman obat telah banyak dieksplorasi oleh para peneliti sebagai langkah awal dalam penemuan obat antimikroba baru. Bahkan, sebanyak 50% agen antibakteri yang disetujui oleh FDA berasal dari produk alami. Tujuan penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menguji potensi daya antibakteri dari ekstrak kulit kayu masoyi yang diperoleh dengan metode Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction menggunakan pelarut n-heksana, etil asetat, dan etanol 96% terhadap bakteri patogen yaitu Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, serta Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Berdasarkan penelitian sebelumnya, ekstrak etanol, etil asetat, dan n-heksana kulit kayu masoyi menunjukkan adanya aktivitas antibakteri terhadap bakteri patogen seperti E. coli, S. typhimurium, B. cereus, dan S. aureus. Uji aktivitas antibakteri dilakukan dengan menggunakan dua metode yaitu metode difusi cakram kertas dan metode makrodilusi. Hasil dari uji difusi cakram kertas menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak n-heksana memiliki aktivitas antibakteri lebih baik dengan potensi lemah hingga kuat (1,05-10,33 mm) dibandingkan dengan ekstrak etil asetat (0,82-4,63 mm) dan etanol 96% (0,5-3,81 mm) yang hanya berpotensi lemah terhadap bakteri S. aureus, S. epidermidis, dan P. aeruginosa. Konsentrasi hambat minimal ditentukan dengan metode makrodilusi. Hasil uji makrodilusi menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak n-heksana, etil asetat, dan etanol 96% semuanya menunjukkan aktivitas antibakteri yang lemah dengan nilai KHM > 1.000 µg/mL terhadap bakteri S. aureus, S. epidermidis, dan P. aeruginosa.

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Antibiotic resistance is one of the health problems that has threatened global health. The development of antibiotic resistance has also led to an increased demand for new antimicrobial agents. In recent years, medicinal plants have been extensively explored by researchers as a first step in the discovery of new antimicrobial drugs. As many as 50% of FDA-approved antibacterial agents are derived from natural products. This study aimed to test the antibacterial potential of masoyi bark extract obtained by ultrasound-assisted extraction using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol 96% as solvents against pathogenic bacteria, i.e., Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Previously, extracts of ethanol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane from masoyi bark were reported for antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacteria such as E. coli, S. typhimurium, B. cereus, and S. aureus. The antibacterial activity test was carried out using two methods, which were the disc diffusion method and the macro dilution method. The results of the paper disk diffusion test showed that the n-hexane extract had a better antibacterial activity with weak to strong potency (1.05-10.33 mm) than the ethyl acetate extract (0.82-4.63 mm) and ethanol 96% extract (0.5-3.81 mm) which had only a weak potential against S. aureus, S. epidermidis, and P. aeruginosa. Minimum inhibition concentration was determined by a macro dilution method. The results showed that the extracts of n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol 96% all exhibited weak antibacterial activity with MIC values > 1,000 µg/mL against S. aureus, S. epidermidis, and P. aeruginosa bacteria."

"[Latar Belakang: Xanthorrhizol dalam minyak atsiri temulawak memiliki efekantibakteri dan minyak atsiri tersebut berpotensi sebagai bahan dasar antibakteridalam sediaan obat kumur. Tujuan: menguji efek antibakteri minyak astiritemulawak terhadap Streptococcus mutans. Metode: S. mutans ATCC 25175dibiakkan dalam medium cair TYS20B selama 3 x 24 jam dipaparkan dengandelapan konsentrasi minyak atsiri yang berbeda selama 24 dan 48 jam danmenguji efek antibakteri dengan metode dilusi. Hasil: kadar hambat minimumminyak atsiri temulawak terlihat pada konsentrasi 35% sedangkan kadar bunuhminimum pada konsentrasi 50%. Kesimpulan: minyak atsiri temulawak memilikiefek antibakteri terhadap S. mutans., Background: Xanthorrhizol contained in Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb essentialoil.has an antibacterial effect and its essential oil is potentially to be anantibacterial basic ingredients in mouthwash. Objective: to analyze theantibacterial effect in Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb. essential oils is tested toStreptococcus mutans. Method: S.mutans ATCC 25175 are cultured in TYS20Bbroth medium for 3 x 24 hours. An antibacterial activity tested by dilutionmethod. Results: the MIC of essential oil was seen in 35% where the MBC was50%. Conclusion: essential oils Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb. has antibacterialeffect against S. mutan.]"

"Antibiotika golongan penisilin adalah antibiotika yang paling luas serta paling banyak digunakan untuk terapi pasien infeksi. Dari berbagai studi diperoleh fakta bahwa telah banyak mikroba resisten terhadap penisilin. Pemberian penisilin yang telah resisten berbahaya bagi pasien dengan penyakit infeksi, selain itu lebih lambatnya penemuan obat baru serta lebih mahalnya harga obat baru merupakan hal penting yang berhubungan dengan kejadian resistensi. Resistensi sendiri dapat berubah menurut waktu dan berbeda di setiap tempat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pola resistensi bakteri yang diisolasi dari darah di Laboratorium Mikrobiologi Klinik Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia (LMK FKUI) terhadap beberapa antibiotik penisilin, yaitu amoksilin, sulbenisilin, amoksilin/asam klavulanat , tikarsilin dan oksasilin selama periode 2001-2006. Pada penelitian ini digunakan data isolat darah dengan bakteri positif yang diisolasi di LMK FKUI selama periode 2001-2006. Data diolah dengan menggunakan piranti lunak WHONET 5.4. Dari 791 isolat darah, didapatkan enam bakteri tersering penyebab bakteremia yaitu Staphylococcus epidermidis (25%), Acinetobacter anitratus (16%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (13%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (8%), Staphylococcus aureus (6%), dan Salmonella Typhi (5%). Hasil uji resitensi menunjukkan kejadian resistensi bakteri terhadap amoksilin sudah tinggi pada Klebsiella pneumoniae , masih cukup rendah pada Salmonella Typhi, sedangkan keampuhannya terhadap Staphylococcus epidermidis, dan Staphylococcus aureus mulai menurun. Kejadian resistensi bakteri terhadap sulbenisilin rendah pada Staphylococcus epidermidis,Staphylococcus aureus dan Salmonella Typhi , dan sudah cukup tinggi pada Klebsiella pneumoniae. Kejadian amoksilin/asam klavulanat sudah tinggi pada Acinetobacter anitratus dan Pseudomonas aeruginosa dan masih cukup rendah pada Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella Typhi, Staphylococcus epidermidis, dan Staphylococcus aureus. Kejadian resistensi bakteri terhadap tikarsilin sudah tinggi pada Acinetobacter anitratus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa dan Klebsiella pneumoniae dan masih cukup rendah pada, Salmonella Typhi,dan Staphylococcus epidermidis. Kejadian resistensi Staphylococcus aureus terhadap oksasilin masih cukup rendah, sedangkan keampuhan oksasilin terhadap Staphylococcus epidermidis mulai menurun.

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The group of penicillins antibiotics is the widest and the most used antibiotics for infection patient therapy. From several studies, there is a fact that many microbes have resistence to penicillins. The giving of penicillin that has resisted to a patient who gets an infection may be perilous. Besides that, the slower invention of new medicines and the more expensive their prices are important factors related to the resistance. The resistance itself may change in every second of time and would be different in some places. The research which was conducted in Clinical Microbiology Laboratory FMUI aims to know the pattern of the resistance of bacteria which is isolated from blood toward several kinds of penicillin; they are amoxicillin, sulbenicillin, amoxicillin/ clauvalanic acid, ticarcillin, and oxacillin between 2001-2006. The data was processed using WHONET 5.4 software. From 174 isolat bloods, there are six kinds of bacteria that often cause bacterimia; they are Staphylococcus epidermidis (25%), Acinetobacter anitratus (16%), Pseudomonas aeroginosa (13%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (8%), Staphylococcus aureus (6%), and Salmonella typhi (5%). The result of resistance test shows that the frequency of bacteria’s resistance toward amoxillin has been high in Klebsiella pneumoniae and still low in Salmonella Typhi, on the other hand, the effectiveness of amoxicillin toward Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aerus is getting decreased. The frequency of bacteria’s resistance toward sulbenicillin still low in Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aerus and Salmonella Typhi and has been high in Klebsiella pneumoniae. The frequency of bacteria’s resistance toward amoxicillin/ clavulaic acid has been high in Acinetobacter anitratus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and still low in Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella Typhi, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Staphylococcus aureus. The frequency of bacteria’s resistance toward ticarcillin has been high in Acinetobacter anitratus, Pseudomonas aeuginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae and still low in Salmonella Typhi and Staphylococcus epidermidis. The frequency of Staphylococcus aerus is still low. On the other hand, the effectiveness of oxacillin toward Staphylococcus epidermidis is getting decreased."

"Keseimbangan berbagai jenis bakteri pada kulit sangat penting dalam menjaga kesehatan kulit. Permasalahan pada kulit wajah yang muncul salah satunya disebabkan oleh disbiosis mikroba. Penelitian dilakukan untuk menganalisis keberagaman mikrobiom bakteri yang terdapat pada kulit wajah dengan kondisi pH dan kelembaban beragam. Metode analisis diversitas dengan Next Generation Sequencing 16s rRNA. Jumlah responden yang digunakan pada penelitian ini sebanyak 144 sampel. Hasil analisis pada penelitian ini ditemukan bahwa kelas filum bakteri tertinggi Actinobacterium (49,72%), Proteobacterium (29,86%) dan Firmicutes (18,64%). Pada genus Cutibacterium (41,48%), Neisseriaceae (20,29), Staphylococcus (10,16%) ditemukan terbanyak pada kulit wajah dengan nilai kondisi pH dan kelembaban berbeda. Analisis diversitas alfa dengan indeks Chao1 (p=0,05) dan Faith PD(p=0.004) menunjukan kelimpahan mikrobiom signifikan lebih tinggi ditemukan pada pH tinggi dibandingkan pH normal. Analisis diversitas Alfa pada kelembaban tidak ditemukan signifikan terhadap kelimpahan bakteri mikrobiom wajah. Hasil diversitas beta ditemukan perbedaan kelimpahan mikrobiom bakteri pada sepuluh genus tertinggi yang ditemukan pada pH normal dan pH tinggi serta kelompok kelembaban dengan sangat lembab, lembab dan kering. Kesimpulan penelitian profil genus Cutibacterium, Neisseriaceae, Staphylococcus bakteri paling banyak ditemukan pada pH tinggi dan pH normal seta kelembaban sangat lembab, lembab dan kering. Cutibacterium, Neisseriaceae dan Staphylococcus menunjukan adanya peningkatan pH kulit maka kelimpahan bakteri tersebut semakin meningkat. Pada kelembaban kulit, kelimpahan Cutibacterium dan Staphylococcus menurun seiring penurunan nilai kelembaban kulit.

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Balancing various types of bacteria on the skin is crucial for maintaining skin health. One of the issues that arise with facial skin is caused by microbial dysbiosis. Research was conducted to analyze the diversity of bacterial microbiomes on the facial skin with varying pH and moisture conditions. The diversity analysis method used Next Generation Sequencing 16s rRNA, and the study included 144 samples. The results of this research revealed that the highest bacterial phylum classes were Actinobacterium (49.72%), Proteobacterium (29.86%), and Firmicutes (18.64%). The genera Cutibacterium (41.48%), Neisseriaceae (20.29%), and Staphylococcus (10.16%) were the most abundant on the facial skin with different pH and moisture conditions. Alpha diversity analysis using Chao1 index (p=0.05) and Faith PD (p=0.004) indicated significantly higher microbial abundance found in high pH compared to normal pH. However, there was no significant difference in alpha diversity concerning the moisture level and facial bacterial microbiome abundance. Beta diversity analysis showed differences in bacterial microbiome abundance in the top ten genera found between normal pH and high pH, as well as between moisture groups categorized as very moist, moist, and dry. In conclusion, the research profiled the genera Cutibacterium, Neisseriaceae, and Staphylococcus as the most found bacteria in high pH and normal pH conditions, as well as very moist, moist, and dry moisture levels. Cutibacterium, Neisseriaceae, and Staphylococcus showed an increase in skin pH resulting in an increase in the abundance of these bacteria. On the other hand, the abundance of Cutibacterium and Staphylococcus decreased with decreasing skin moisture levels."

"Minuman kefir merupakan suatu produk fermentasi yang dapat dibuat secara mudah dan murah. Minuman kefir dikenal luas sebagai suatu minuman probiotik. Pembuatan kefir dapat dilakukan dengan menggunakan baik susu sapi maupun susu kambing. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji aktivitas antibakteri dari kefir susu sapi dan susu kambing, serta mengisolasi bakteri lactobacilli yang berperan. Aktivitas antibakteri dari kefir diuji berdasarkan perbedaan pada jenis susu yang digunakan dan lama waktu fermentasi. Isolasi dan karakterisasi isolat dilakukan berdasarkan Cowan and Steel’s Manual for the Identification of Medical Bacteria. Kefir dibuat dengan menginokulasikan 5% (w/v) granula kefir lokal ke dalam 50 mL susu sapi atau kambing yang telah dipasteurisasi. Fermentasi dilakukan selama 3, 4, dan 5 hari untuk kedua jenis susu. Uji antibakteri dari kefir dilakukan dengan metode difusi menggunakan silinder (cylinder diffusion method) terhadap 5 bakteri uji, yaitu Staphylococcus aureus NBRC 100910, Pseudomonas aeruginosa DRK 9.1, Eschericia coli NBRC 3301, Bacillus subtilis NBRC 13719 dan Kocuria rhizophila NBRC 12708. Pengukuran nilai pH kefir dilakukan dengan pH meter dan nilai total asam kefir dengan metode titrasi. Hasil uji aktivitas antibakteri dari kefir susu sapi maupun susu kambing menunjukkan adanya aktivitas antibakteri terhadap kelima bakteri uji. Secara umum kefir susu sapi menunjukkan aktivitas antibakteri yang lebih kecil dari kefir susu kambing, baik dari hasil fermentasi dengan lama waktu 3, 4, maupun 5 hari. Selanjutnya, aktivitas antibakteri yang paling optimal secara umum diperoleh pada kefir dengan lama fermentasi 4 hari baik untuk kefir susu sapi maupun susu kambing. Sebanyak 9 isolat bakteri berhasil diisolasi. Seluruhnya menunjukkan karakteristik bakteri yang berasal dari kelompok lactobacilli.

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Kefir is a fermented beverage that can be made easily and cheaply. Kefir is widely known as a probiotic beverage. The production of kefir can be done using either cow milk or goat milk. This study aims to examine the antibacterial activity of cow milk and goat milk kefir, as well as to isolate responsible lactobacilli bacteria. The antibacterial activity of kefir is examined based on differences in type of milk used and fermentation time. The isolation and characterization of isolates is done according to Cowan and Steel’s Manual for the Identification of Medical Bacteria. The kefirs are made by inoculating 5% (w/v) local kefir grains into 50 mL pasteurized cow milk or goat milk. Fermentation was carried out for 3, 4, and 5 days for both types of milk. The antibacterial test of kefirs was carried out using diffusion method utilizing cylinders (cylinder diffusion method) against 5 test bacteria, namely Staphylococcus aureus NBRC 100910, Pseudomonas aeruginosa DRK 9.1, Eschericia coli NBRC 3301, Bacillus subtilis NBRC 13719 and Kocuria rhizophila NBRC 12708. The measurement of kefir pH values was performed using pH meter and kefir total acidities by using titration method. Antibacterial activity test results from either cow milk or goat milk kefir showed the presence of antibacterial activity against five test bacteria. In general, cow milk kefir showed lower antibacterial activity than goat milk kefir in fermentation times of either 3, 4, or 5 days. Furthermore, the most optimal antibacterial activity was generally obtained in kefirs with a fermentation time of 4 days for both cow milk and goat milk kefir. A total of 9 bacterial isolates were successfully isolated. All of which shows the characteristics of bacteria from the lactobacilli group."

"Penyakit akibat infeksi bakteri masih menjadi masalah di masyarakat. Salah satu cara untuk mengatasi infeksi tersebut dengan menggunakan antibiotika. Namun, beberapa penelitian melaporkan banyak bakteri telah resisten terhadap antibiotika tertentu. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk memodifikasi asam risinoleat dan mereaksikannya dengan asam galat untuk menghasilkan produk yang memiliki aktivitas antibakteri. Esterifikasi dilakukan dengan mereaksikan asam risinoleat dan oleat dengan metanol serta adanya penambahan katalis asam sulfat. Metil ester yang terbentuk selanjutnya dioksidasi menggunakan H2O2 30%. Tahap berikutnya adalah reaksi esterifikasi Steglich dengan asam galat. Tahapan reaksi dipantau menggunakan KLT. Produk hasil reaksi dikarakterisasi menggunakan FTIR, NMR dan UV, setelah dilakukan pemurnian dengan kromatografi kolom. Dari tahapan sintesis fenolipid didapatkan produk berupa fenolipid metil risinoleat, fenolipid oksida risinoleat, dan fenolipid oksida metil oleat. Hasil karakterisasi FTIR produk fenolipid didapatkan peningkatan intensitas pita serapan gugus -OH pada rentang bilangan gelombang 3500 cm-1 sampai 3200 cm-1 yang menunjukkan adanya pertambahan gugus -OH. Ciri khas serapan lainnya terdapat serapan -C-O ester aromatik pada bilangan gelombang 1300 cm-1 sampai 1000 cm-1. Selain itu, terdeteksi serapan infra merah gugus C=C aromatik pada bilangan gelombang 1625 cm-1 samapai 1500 cm-1. Produk fenolipid yang diperoleh diuji tosisitasnya terhadap Daphnia magna. Hasil uji menunjukkan bahwa senyawa fenolipid memiliki toksisitas yang sangat tinggi dengan nilai LC50 <100 ppm. Produk hasil sintesis jugdiuji aktivitas antibakterinya terhadap Escherichia coli dan Staphylococcus aureus. Hasil uji tersebut menunjukkan bahwa produk fenolipid mengalami sedikit peningkatan aktivitas dibandingkan senyawa prekursor yang ditunjukkan pada nilai zona inhibisin namun masih tergolong memiliki aktivitas lemah

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Diseases caused by bacterial infections are still a problem in society. One way to treat the infection is to use antibiotics. However, some studies report that many bacteria have become resistant to certain antibiotics. This research was conducted to modify ricinoleic acid and react with gallic acid to produce a product that has antibacterial activity. Esterification was carried out by reacting ricinoleic and oleic acids with methanol with the addition of sulfuric acid as a catalyst. The methyl ester formed was then oxidized using 30% H2O2. The Steglich esterification reaction with gallic acid. The reaction steps were monitored using TLC. The reaction products were characterized using FTIR, NMR, and UV after purification by column chromatography. From the phenolipid synthesis stage, the products obtained were phenolipid methyl ricinoleate, phenolipid ricinoleic oxide, and phenolipid oxide methyl oleate. The results of FTIR characterization of phenolipid products showed an increase in the intensity of the absorption band of the-OH group in the range of wave numbers from 3500 cm-1 to 3200 cm-1, which indicated an increase in the-OH group. Another characteristic of absorption is the absorption of-C-O aromatic esters at wave numbers of 1300 cm-1 to 1000 cm-1. In addition, infrared absorption of the aromatic C=C group was detected at wave numbers from 1625 cm1 to 1500 cm-1. The phenolipid products obtained weres examined for their toxicity against Daphnia magna. The results showed that all phenolipid compounds were categorized as very strong toxicity with an LC50 value of <100 ppm. The synthesized products were also tested for their antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The test results showed that the phenolipid product experienced a slight increase in activity compared to the precursor compound, indicated by the inhibitory zone value, but was still classified as having weak activity."