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"Latar Belakang: Pada luka bakar terjadi peningkatan respon inflamasi. Peningkatan c-reactive protein (CRP) pada luka bakar merupakan penanda inflamasi sistemik. Kadar vitamin D yang rendah banyak ditemukan pada pasien luka bakar dan berhubungan dengan luaran klinis yang buruk. Vitamin D memiliki efek memodulasi imun dan antiinflamasi. Metode: Serial kasus ini terdiri dari 4 pasien luka bakar berat karena ledakan gas dan api yang dirawat di ULB pada periode Januari hingga Mei 2022. Terapi medik gizi yang diberikan berupa nutrisi enteral dini, kemudian ditingkatkan secara bertahap sesuai toleransi dan klinis pasien, hingga kebutuhan energi total (berdasarkan formula Xie), target protein 1,5-2 g/kg BB/hari, lemak 25-30%, dan karbohidrat 55-60%. Keempat pasien serial kasus diberikan suplementasi vitamin D dan dilakukan pemeriksaan kadar vitamin D sebelum dan sesudah suplementasi, serta pemeriksaan kadar CRP. Hasil: Keempat pasien serial kasus selama perawatan telah mencapai kebutuhan makronutrien sesuai target, meskipun terdapat fluktuasi asupan karena adanya perburukan kondisi klinis atau tindakan operasi/perawatan luka. Keempat pasien serial kasus memiliki kadar vitamin D yang rendah, namun mengalami peningkatan dengan suplementasi. Kadar CRP juga diperoleh meningkat dan mengalami penurunan dengan meningkatnya kadar vitamin D, yang menyebabkan hambatan produksi sitokin proinflamasi dan jalur NF-kB, selain adanya terapi pembedahan dan antibiotik. Keempat pasien serial kasus diperbolehkan rawat jalan pada akhir perawatan. Kesimpulan: Pada serial kasus ini, semua pasien luka bakar dengan kadar vitamin D yang rendah memiliki kondisi inflamasi yang tinggi ditandai dengan peningkatan CRP. Pemberian suplementasi vitamin D menyebabkan peningkatan kadar vitamin D dan turut berperan dalam penurunan CRP, selain adanya terapi pembedahan dan antibiotik

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Background: Burns induce an increased inflammatory response. Elevated c-reactive protein (CRP) is a marker of systemic inflammation in burns. Low vitamin D levels are common in burn patients and are associated with poor clinical outcomes. Vitamin D has immune-modulating and anti-inflammatory effects. Method: The case series was held in the burn unit Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital from January to May 2022, involving 4 severe burn patients due to gas explosions and fire. Nutritional medical therapy was given in the form of early enteral nutrition, then gradually increased according to patient tolerance and clinical, up to total energy requirements (based on Xie's formula), the target protein is 1.5-2 g/kg BW/day, 25-30% fat and 55-60% carbohydrates. Vitamin D supplementation was given and vitamin D levels were measured before and after supplementation, CRP levels were also measured. Result: All case series patients during treatment had achieved the target macronutrient requirements, despite fluctuations of intake due to clinical deterioration or surgical procedure or wound care. All patients had low vitamin D levels but increased with supplementation. CRP levels also increased and decreased with increasing vitamin D levels, leading to inhibition of inflammatory cytokines production and the NF-kB pathway, besides surgical and antibiotics therapy. All patients were allowed outpatient treatment at the end of treatment. Conclusion: This case series exhibited low level of vitamin D in burn patients accompanied with elevated CRP level indicating high inflammatory condition. Vitamin D supplementation causes an increase in vitamin D levels and may contribute to decreasing CRP levels, in addition to surgical and antibiotic therapy."

"Luka bakar adalah bentuk trauma yang paling berat yang menyebabkan hipermetabolisme berkepanjangan. Jika asupan nutrisi tidak adekuat, penurunan berat badan dapat terjadi, yang kemudian akan memengaruhi pertumbuhan, penyembuhan luka, dan imunitas. Pedoman nutrisi pada anak dengan luka bakar dibuat di negara maju, sehingga mungkin akan sulit diterapkan di negara berkembang. Pada serial kasus ini, terapi nutrisi diberikan kepada empat pasien anak pasca luka bakar dengan usia 2 ndash;8 tahun dan luas luka bakar antara 5 dan 35 total body surface area. Dari keempat pasien tersebut terdapat satu pasien dengan luka bakar mayor. Target kebutuhan energi ditentukan dengan menggunakan rumus Schofield ditambah faktor stres 1,5 ndash;2 menurut luas luka bakar pasien. Target protein ditetapkan sebesar 1,5 ndash;3 g/kg/hari menurut luas luka bakar pasien. Semua pasien mendapatkan nutrisi melalui jalur oral, dengan jumlah yang ditingkatkan secara bertahap hingga mencapai target. Suplementasi mikronutrien diberikan kepada semua pasien mendekati rekomendasi, namun suplementasi tembaga tidak diberikan karena keterbatasan sediaan. Terdapat penurunan berat badan pada dua pasien, namun status gizi yang baik berhasil dipertahankan pada semua pasien. Semua pasien juga mengalami penyembuhan luka yang progresif. Terapi medik gizi klinik pada pasien anak dengan luka bakar dapat mempertahankan status gizi yang baik dan membantu penyembuhan luka.

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Burn injury is the most severe trauma that causes prolonged hypermetabolism. Inadequate nutritional intake may cause weight loss, which in turn may influence growth, wound healing, and immunity. Nutritional guidelines for pediatric burn were made in developed countries, meanwhile their application in a developing country may be limitted. In this case series, nutritional therapy was instituted on four pediatric burn patients aged 2 ndash 8 years old with burn surface areas between 5 and 35 total body surface area. Among these patients, there was one patient with major burn. Energy requirements were determined using Schofield formula and stress factors of 1,5 ndash 2 depending on the patient rsquo s burn surface area. Protein requirements were set at 1,5 ndash 3 g kg day depending on the patient rsquo s burn surface area. All patients were given oral nutrition, with stepwise increases until the goals were achieved. Micronutrient supplementation was given to all patients according to previous recommendations, however copper supplementation was not be given due to unavailability. Two patients experienced weight loss, but normal nutritional status was maintained in all patients. In addition, progressive wound healing was observed in all patients. In conclusion, nutritional therapy in pediatric burn patients may preserve normal nutritional status and promote wound healing."

"Defisiensi vitamin D sering terjadi pada penyakit autoimun, termasuk pemfigus vulgaris (PV) dan systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Sementara itu, terapi nutrisi dan suplementasi vitamin D masih belum rutin dilakukan dalam tata laksana PV dan SLE. Serial kasus ini melaporkan terapi nutrisi dan suplementasi vitamin D pada empat kasus penyakit autoimun yang mengalami kekambuhan. Serial kasus terdiri atas dua pasien laki-laki PV dan dua pasien perempuan SLE dengan defisiensi vitamin D yang putus obat akibat pandemi corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Keempat pasien mengalami malnutrisi berat secara klinis, karena penurunan asupan makanan dan berat badan dengan berbagai komplikasi obat imunosupresan jangka panjang, yaitu meningkatnya risiko infeksi, sepsis, sarkopenia, deposisi lemak, diabetes mellitus diinduksi steroid, dislipidemia, hipertensi, dan depresi. Asupan energi secara bertahap ditingkatkan secara enteral melalui nasogatric tube (NGT) dan/atau rute oral untuk memenuhi kebutuhan energi dan protein total. Kebutuhan energi total menggunakan Formula Harris-Benedict dengan faktor stres yang disesuaikan dengan profil klinis dan metabolik masing-masing pasien. Kebutuhan protein ditetapkan 1,5–2,0 g/kg BB/hari untuk pasien PV dan 0,8–1,2 g/kg BB/hari untuk pasien SLE dengan keterlibatan ginjal. Lemak dan karbohidrat (KH) disesuaikan dengan komposisi seimbang, yaitu 45–60% KH, 25 g serat, dan <5% added sugar serta 25–30% lemak dengan <7% asam lemak jenuh, ~20% asam lemak tak jenuh tunggal, dan ~ 10% asam lemak tak jenuh jamak. Dua pasien PV mengalami insufisiensi (16,4 ng/mL dan 22,1 ng/mL) dan dua pasien SLE mengalami defisiensi (6,6 ng/mL dan 9,1 ng/mL). Keempat pasien mendapatkan kolekalsiferol 6000 IU/hari selama 8 minggu berturut-turut. Setelah 1 bulan suplementasi vitamin D dan terapi nutrisi adekuat, serum vitamin D serta status nutrisi dan skor Karnofsky meningkat. Kualitas hidup yang dinilai dengan Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) untuk pasien PV dan Lupus quality of life (LupusQoL) untuk pasien SLE juga meningkat. Serial kasus ini menyimpulkan bahwa tata laksana komprehensif yang menyertakan terapi nutrisi adekuat dan evaluasi serum vitamin D dapat meningkatkan kondisi klinis dan metabolik, status gizi, kapasitas fungsional, dan kualitas hidup pasien autoimun kambuh.

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Vitamin D deficiency is common in autoimmune disease, including pemphigus vulgaris (PV) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Meanwhile, nutrition therapy and vitamin D supplementation are still not routines in comprehensive management of PV and SLE. In this case series, we report nutrition therapy and vitamin D supplementation of four cases of relapse autoimmune disease. This series consist of two males of PV and two females of SLE with vitamin D deficiency that dropped out of treatment due to corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Patients became clinically severe malnutrition because of reduced food intake and body weight with various long-term immunosuppressant drug complications, ie increased risk of infections, sepsis, sarcopenia, fat deposition, steroid induced diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and depression. Energy intake was gradually increased enterally via nasogatric tube (NGT) and/or oral route to meet total energy and protein requirement. Total energy requirement was calculated by Harris-Benedict Formula with stress factor adjusted by clinical and metabolic profile of each patient. Protein requirement set by 1.5–2.0 g/kg BW/day for PV and 0,8–1,2 g/kg BW/day for SLE with renal involvement. Fat and carbohydrate (CHO) were tailored by balance composition, ie 45–60% CHO, 25 g fiber, and <5% added sugar and 25–30% fat with <7% saturated fatty acid, ~20% monounsaturated fatty acid, and ~10% polyunsaturated fatty acid. Two PV patients were insufficiency (16,4 ng/mL and 22,1 ng/mL) and two SLE patients were deficiency (6,6 ng/mL and 9,1 ng/mL). Cholecalciferol 6000 IU/day was prescribed for 8 weeks. After 1 month vitamin D supplementation and an adequate nutrition therapy, serum vitamin D was increased as well as nutritional state and Karnofsky’s score. Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) for PV and LupusQoL for SLE were also enhanced. Finally, comprehensive management along with an adequate nutrition therapy and vitamin D evaluation improved clinical and metabolic condition, nutritional status, functional capacity, and quality of life of relapse autoimmune patient."

"Luka bakar berat berhubungan dengan tingginya angka morbiditas dan mortalitas. Tatalaksana nutrisi pada luka bakar berat diutamakan pada pemberian nutrisi enteral dini (NED). Nutrisi enteral dini diberikan sedini mungkin setelah resusitasi tercapai, bermanfaat sebagai trophic feeding yang terbukti mencegah terjadinya atrofi vili-vili mukosa sebagai upaya mengatasi dampak hipoperfusi splangnikus. Pemberian nutrisi ditingkatkan bertahap sesuai asupan, toleransi, dan keadaan klinis pasien. Serial kasus ini terdiri dari tiga kasus dengan penyebab api dan satu yang disebabkan oleh listrik. Dua kasus dengan trauma inhalasi dan dua kasus dengan kegagalan ginjal akut (AKI). Dua kasus masuk pada hari pertama pasca trauma, dan dua kasus pada hari ke enam dan delapan pasca trauma. Keempat kasus masih dalam keadaan resusitasi cairan, sehingga pemberian nutrisi ditujukan untuk pemberian NED. Monitoring dilakukan pada klinis, asupan dan toleransi, dan laboratorium terutama darah perifer lengkap, elektrolit, analisis gas darah, laktat, albumin, dan fungsi ginjal. Asupan keempat kasus tidak pernah mencapai total karena berulang kali dipuasakan untuk pembedahan. Aliran balik yang tinggi menunjukkan intoleransi saluran cerna sehingga perlu diberikan prokinetik. Pemberian antibiotik sebagai suatu kebutuhan mutlak perlu memperhatikan interaksinya dengan nutrien. Pemberian analgetika dan sedatif perlu memperhatikan interaksi dan efek terhadap kebutuhan nutrisi. Trombositopenia yang terjadi pada tiga kasus berhubungan dengan sepsis dan mortalitas. Koagulopati bersama dengan hipotermia dan asidosis menjadi komponen Triad of Death. Hiperlaktatemia harus dinilai bersamaan dengan parameter lain untuk menilai adanya hipoksia jaringan. Dua kasus berkomplikasi menjadi AKI, tatalaksana nutrisi memperhatikan terapi yang didapat pasien. Pemberian medikamentosa untuk perbaikan sirkulasi juga memperhatikan interaksi obat.

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Severe burns associated with high morbidity and mortality. Nutritional management of severe burns priority on early enteral nutrition (EEN). Early enteral nutrition is given as early as possible after resuscitation achieved, useful as trophic feeding are proven to prevent the occurrence of mucosal villous atrophy as the effort to overcome the effects of splanchnic hypoperfusion. Providing appropriate nutrition intake gradually increased, due to tolerance, and clinical condition of patients. This case series consisted of three cases the cause of the fire and one caused by electricity. Two cases with inhalation injury and two cases with acute renal failure (ARF). Two cases admitted on the first day after trauma, and two cases in the sixth and eighth days after trauma. The four cases are still in a state of fluid resuscitation, thus giving nutrition aimed at giving EEN. Monitoring conducted in clinical condition, caloric intake and tolerance, and laboratories especially equipped peripheral blood, electrolytes, blood gases analysis, lactate, albumin, and kidney function.

Intake of four cases never reach the total due to repeated fasting for surgery. High-flow indicates that gastrointestinal intolerance should be given prokinetic agent. Giving antibiotics as an absolute necessity need to consider interactions with nutrients. Giving analgesics and sedatives need to consider interactions and effects on nutritional requirements. Thrombocytopenia occurred in three cases and mortality associated with sepsis. Coagulopathy with hypothermia and acidosis become components Triad of Death. Hyperlactatemia should be assessed in conjunction with other parameters to assess the presence of tissue hypoxia. Two cases complicated to AKI, nutritional management of patients gained attention therapy. Giving drug therapy for improved circulation also consider drug interactions."

"Abstract

The Effect of Vitamin C and E Suplementations on Serum CReaetive Protein Level in Moderate-Severe Bum Patients.

To study the effect of vitamin C 1000 mg i.v and E 400 mg oral supplementation on serum c-reactive protein level as parameter of inflammation in bum patients.

This study was a one group pre post test that gave i. v 1000 mg vitamin C and ond 400 mg vitamin E supplementations to thirteen moderate-severe bum patients, with percentage of bum less than 60%, in bum unit Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital. Data were collected using questionnaire, medical record, anthropometric measurement, dietary assessment using fol.lf consecutive days food record. Laboratory test for serum vitamin C, E and serum c-reactivc protein levels were evaluated before and after supplementations. Differences in mean values were assessed by Wilcoxon for the not normal distribution.

Results Among thirteen subjects, seven (53.80%) subjects were female, median of age 35 (18-55) years. Body mass index in most subjects (69.2%) were categorized as normal. The median percentages of bum injury 22 (5-57}%, and the frequency of severe bum was 61.50%, while the most cause of bum was flame (76.9%). Level of vitamin C after treatment was increased, but not significant. Level of vitamin E after treatment was significantly increased (!Pi),OI6). Level of CRP after supplementation significantly increased (!Pi).04).

Conclusion There was significantly reduced of level serum CRP after four days vitamin CI 000 mg i. v dan E 400 mg ond supplementations."

"Malnutrisi merupakan masalah yang sering ditemukan pada pasien luka bakar berat. Malnutrisi meningkatkan risiko infeksi, lama rawat, terhambatnya penyembuhan luka sehingga mortalitas meningkat. Glutamin merupakan nutrien spesifik yang berperan dalam penyembuhan luka. Tujuan penulisan serial kasus adalah dilaporkannya peran terapi medik gizi pada pasien luka bakar berat dengan malnutrisi yang mendapat glutamin. Empat pasien serial kasus dengan luka bakar berat, derajat II-III, 18,5-41% luas permukaan tubuh (LPT) disebabkan api dan bahan kimia dengan rentang usia 18−64 tahun. Berdasarkan rekomendasi ESPEN pada pasien dengan luka bakar >20% LPT, dosis glutamin enteral yang diberikan adalah 0,3-0,5 g/kg BB/hari. Asupan energi pasien selama perawatan 11-54 kkal/kg BB/hari, protein 0,2-2,4 g/kg BB/hari, lemak 6-28%, karbohidrat 52-70%, glutamin 0,02-0,2 g/kg BB/hari. Selama perawatan, hitung total limfosit (TLC) meningkat pada 2 dari 4 pasien dan terdapat perbaikan kapasitas fungsional pada 3 pasien. Peran glutamin pada pasien luka bakar yang mengalami malnutrisi belum dapat dinilai karena dosis yang diberikan kurang dari rekomendasi, namun tampak peningkatan TLC dan perbaikan kapasitas fungsional setelah pemberian nutrisi.

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Malnutrition is the most common problem in severe burns patients. Malnutrition increases the risk of infection, length of stay, inhibits the healing process so increasing mortality. Glutamine is a specific nutrient that plays a role in wound healing. This case series was aimed to report the role of nutritional medical therapy in patients with severe burns with malnutrition who received glutamine. These case series analyzed four of 18-64 years old patients with severe fire and chemical burns, II-III degree, 18,5-41% of body surface area (BSA). According to ESPEN, the dose of enteral glutamine in burns patients >20% BSA is 0,3-0,5 g /kg BW/day. Energy intake of patients during treatment was 11-54 kcal /kg BW/day, protein 0,2-2,4 g /kg BW/day, fat 6-28%, carbohydrates 52-70%, glutamine 0,02-0,2 g /kg BW/day. During treatment, the total lymphocyte count (TLC) increased in 2 of 4 patients and there was an improvement in functional capacity in 3 patients. The role of glutamine in burn patients who have suffered malnutrition cannot yet be assessed because the dose given is less than the recommendation, but glutamine supplementation may be associated with an increase of TLC and improvement functional capacity."

"Latar belakang : Pemakaian obat anti epilepsi jangka panjang dikaitkan dengan kekerapan terjadinya defisiensi vitamin D,Suplementasi vitamin D dapat meningkatkan kadar 25 OH D sehingga menurunkan angka morbiditasnya. Tujuan : Mengetahui profil vitamin D pada anak epilepsi dan mengetahui efektivitas terapi suplementasi vitamin D. Metode : Analisa before and after pada subjek epilepsi politerapi > 1 tahun dan menggunakan>2 obat, evaluasi pre- dan paska suplementasi vitamin D selama 3 bulan. Hasil penelitian : Dari 51 subjek yang diteliti ditemukan 25 49 subjek sufisien, 19 37,3 pasien insufisien, dan 7 13,7 subjek defisien. Faktor risiko yang memiliki kemaknaan statistik adalah usua pubertas dan prapubertas p=0,004 , busana tertutup p=0,002 ,jenis epilepsi fokal p=0,032 dan frekuensi kejang p=0,047 . Evaluasi pemberian suplementasi vitamin D selama 3 bulan memberikan peningkatan kadar 25 OH D yang bermakna secara statistic p=0,001. Kesimpulan : Diperlukan pemantauan periodic kadar vitamin D pada anak epilepsi dan peranan terapi suplementasi dalam menurunkan angka morbiditasnya.

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Background : in epileptic children, a number of medications are used. Antiepileptic drugs are known to exert deleterious effect on vitamin D metabolism. Reports of vitamin D deficiency associated with anticonvulsant drugs in pediatric patients are conflicting.

Objective : To determine vitamin D status and risk factors in epileptic children and evaluate the effect of vitamin D supplementation.

Methods : A prospective pre and post intervention study was done in 51 epileptic children aged 5 18 years on polytherapy for at least one year in Ciptomangunkusumo Hospital and Bekasi Hospital, over a vitamin D supplementation period of 3 months from January 2017 to May 2017.

Results : Of the 51 patients studied, 25( 49,0%) subjects had sufficient vitamin D levels (>20 ng/mL), 19 ( 37,3%) subjects had insufficient vitamin D levels (12-20 ng/mL), and 7 (13,7 %) subjects had vitamin D deficiency( <12 ng/mL). It was seen that the risk of vitamin D deficiency increased, in the dress used ( full-covered dress) (p=0,002) , pre-pubertal and pubertal age ( p=0,004), focal epilepsy (p=0,032) and in seizure frequency (p=0,047), which was statistically significant. The role of vitamin D supplementation showed beneficial effect in increasing vitamin D level, which was statistically significant( p=0,001).

Conclusion : vitamin D supplementation in epileptic children effectively increases serum 25(OH)D."

"ABSTRACT

Objective : To study the eH`ect of vitamin C 1000 mg i.v and E 400 mg oral supplementation on serum c-reactive protein level as parameter of inflammation in burn patients.

Methods: This study was a one group pre post test that gave i.v 1000 mg vitamin C and oral 400 mg vitamin E supplementations to thirteen moderate-severe burn patients, with percentage of burn less than 60%, in burn unit Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital. Data were collected using questionnaire, medical record, anthropometric measurement, dietary assessment using four consecutive days food record. Laboratory test for serum vitamin C, E and serum c-reactive protein levels- were evaluated before and after supplementations. Differences in mean values were assessed by Wilcoxon for the not normal distribution.

Results: Among thirteen subjects, Seven (53.80%) Subjects were female, median of age 35 (18-55) years. Body mass index in most subjects (69.2%) were categorized as normal. The median percentages of burn injury 22 (5~57)%, and the frequency of severe burn was 6l.50%, while the most cause of burn was flame (76.9%). Level of vitamin C after treatment was increased, but not significant. Level of vitamin E after treatment was significantly increased (p=0,016). Level of CRP after supplementation significantly increased (p=0.04).

Conclussion: There was significantly reduced of level serum CRP after four days vitamin C1000 mg i.v dan E 400 mg oral supplementations."

"Insidens kasus tuberkulosis (TBC) anak di Indonesia diperkirakan mencapai 11,7% dari total kasus. Tidak semua individu terpapar TBC akan menjadi sakit, namun kemungkinan reaktivasi lebih tinggi pada anak , terutama pada anak di bawah lima tahun. Kontak serumah lebih berisiko. Studi menyatakan Vitamin D dan Seng berperan dalam peningkatan imunitas. Namun penelitian tentang pemberian suplementasi vitamin D dan Seng serta upaya perbaikan nutrisi dalam pencegahan infeksi TBC pada balita belum dilakukan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kejadian infeksi TBC dengan pemberian suplementasi dan konseling diet pada balita kontakserumah TBC paru terkonfirmasi bakteriologis di DKI Jakarta. Kami melakukan penelitian quasi eksperimen pada balita kontak serumah TBC paru bakteriologis di 25 kecamatan di DKI Jakarta. Kelompok intervensi diberikan vitamin D 400-600 IU/hari dan Seng 10-20mg/hari tergantung usia selama 3 bulan serta konseling diet pada orang tua. Balita yang masuk dalam sampel adalah balita yang tidak terinfeksi dan atau sakit TBC, tidak gizi buruk, HIV negative dan tidak menderita penyakit kronis lain. Setiap bulan dilakukan recall diet 24 jam untuk mengukur nutrisi dan status gizi. Setelah 3 bulan akan dihitung balita yang terinfeksi dan tidak dengan menggunakan tes tuberculin. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, insidens kumulatif infeksi TBC pada kelompok intervensi 5% sedangkan pada kelompok kontrol 23%. Pemberian intervensi meningkatkan konsumsi vitamin D pada balita yakni dari 3 mcg menjadi 14,9 mcg dan Seng 3.8 mg menjadi 18.2 mg. Pada balita terinfeksi, konsumsi vitamin D dan Seng lebih rendah.

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The incidence of childhood tuberculosis (TB) in Indonesia is estimated to be 11.7% of total TB cases. Not all individuals exposed to TB will become ill, but the likelihood of reactivation is higher in children, especially children under five years old. Household contacts are more at risk. Studies suggest that vitamin D and zinc play a role in boosting immunity. However, research on vitamin D and zinc supplementation and nutritional improvement efforts in preventing tuberculosis infection in children under five years of age has not been conducted. This study aims to determine the effect of supplementation and dietary counseling in preventing TB infection in young children with bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary TB in DKI Jakarta. We conducted a quasi-experimental study among infants with bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary TB home contacts in 25 subdistricts in DKI Jakarta. The intervention group received vitamin D 400-600 IU/day and Zinc 10-20mg/day depending on age for 3 months, as well as nutritional counseling for parents. Included in the sample were infants who were not infected and/or sick with TB, not malnourished, HIV negative, and not suffering from any other chronic diseases. A 24-hour dietary recall to measure diet and nutritional status was conducted every month. After 3 months, infected and uninfected children were counted using the tuberculin test. Based on the results of the study, the cumulative incidence of TB infection was 5% in the intervention group and 23% in the control group. The intervention increased vitamin D consumption in toddlers from 3 mcg to 14.9 mcg and zinc from 3.8 mg to 18.2 mg. Vitamin D and zinc intake was lower among infected infants."

"Luka bakar berat dapat menyebabkan respons hipermetabolisme dan hiperkatabolisme persisten dan berkepanjangan. Pasien luka bakar yang dirawat di rumah sakit (RS) sering memiliki komorbid, seperti obesitas, diabetes melitus tipe 2 (DMT2), dan hipertensi. Inflamasi kronik akibat obesitas dan komorbid pada luka bakar berat berperan di dalam terjadinya fenomena second hit yang dapat memperberat respons hipermetabolisme. Terapi medik gizi pada pasien luka bakar berat dengan obesitas dan penyulit metabolik bertujuan untuk mencegah penurunan berat badan, mempertahankan massa otot, mengurangi respons hipermetabolisme, menjaga kontrol glikemik dan tekanan darah, meningkatkan sistem imun, membantu penyembuhan luka, memerbaiki kapasitas fungsional, sehingga meningkatkan luaran klinis serta menurunkan risiko morbiditas dan mortalitas. Empat pasien serial kasus dengan luka bakar berat, derajat II-III, 29-38% luas permukaan tubuh (LPT), disebabkan oleh api dan listrik, memiliki status obes I serta komorbid DMT2 dan hipertensi. Terapi medik gizi pada pasien diawali dengan nutrisi enteral dini dalam waktu 24 jam pertama pasca luka bakar, sesuai dengan rekomendasi The European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN) serta Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM) dan American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (ASPEN). Terapi medik gizi berdasarkan rekomendasi tersebut disesuaikan kondisi klinis, toleransi asupan, dan hasil laboratorium pasien. Target pemberian nutrisi menggunakan formula Xie, dengan komposisi seimbang, terdiri atas protein 1,5-2 g/kg BB ideal/hari, lemak 25-30%, dan karbohidrat 45-65%. Mikronutrien yang diberikan berupa vitamin B kompleks 3x1, asam folat 1x1 mg, vitamin C 2x250 mg, dan seng 1x20 mg. Keempat pasien serial kasus mengalami perbaikan kondisi klinis, penyembuhan luka baik, tidak ada infeksi dan komplikasi selama perawatan, tekanan darah dan kontrol glikemik baik, penurunan BB<10%, perbaikan kapasitas fungsional, dan lama rawat pasien lebih singkat. Keempat pasien dipulangkan untuk rawat jalan.Terapi medik gizi yang optimal dapat memerbaiki luaran klinis serta menurunkan angka morbiditas dan mortalitas pasien luka bakar berat dengan obesitas dan penyulit metabolik.

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Severe burn injury can cause a persistent and prolonged hypermetabolism and hypercabolism response. Severe burn injury patients treated in hospitals generally have comorbidities, such as obesity, DMT2, and hypertension. Chronic inflammation due to obesity and comorbidities in severe burn injury contributes to a second hit phenomenon in terms of augmenting the hypermetabolic response. Medical nutrition therapy in severe burn injury patient with obesity and metabolic disease is required in order to prevent weight loss, maintain muscle mass, reduce hypermetabolism response, maintain glycemic control and blood pressure, improve the immune system, help wound healing, improve functional capacity, therefore increasing clinical outcome and reduce the risk of morbidity and mortality. The case series consists of four patients with severe burn injury, degree II−III, 29−38% total body surface area, caused by fire and electricity, nutritional status obese I with DMT2 and hypertension. Medical nutrition therapy was initiated with early enteral nutrition within the first 24 hours after burn injury, according to ESPEN, SCCM and ASPEN recommendations and also adjusted based on clinical conditions, nutritional tolerance, and laboratory results. The nutrition target was calculated using Xie formula, with a balanced composition, consists of protein 1.5−2 g/kg ideal body weight/day, fat 25−30%, and carbohydrate 45−65%. Micronutrients supplementation given to these patients includes vitamin B complex 3x1 tablets, folic acid 1x1 mg, vitamin C 2x250 mg, and zinc 1x20 mg. Four patients had improvement in clinical condition and wound healing, no infections and complications during treatment, controlled blood pressure and glycemic, decreased body weight <10%, improvement in functional capacity, and shortened length of hospital stay. All four patients were discharged for outpatient care. Optimal medical nutrition therapy can improve clinical outcomes and reduce the morbidity and mortality rates in severe burn injury patients with obesity and metabolic disease."