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"Kita membandingkan dua bentuk propagator yang berbeda yaitu bentuk propagator yang disederhanakan dan bentuk propagator yang lengkap dari resonans nukleon spin-3/2 dan spin-5/2 dengan menggunakan model isobar dan pendekatan Lagranggian efektif pada fotoproduksi eta-meson pada proton γ + N -> η + N. Kita menghitung amplitude transisi dengan memasukkan suku Born, suku vektor-meson, dan resonans nukleon ( N1(1520)D13, N2(1535)S11, N3(1650)S11, N4(1675)D15, N5(1680)F15, N6(1700)D13, N7(1710)P11, dan N8(1720)P13 ). Parameter konstanta kopling diperoleh berdasarkan hasil perhitungan dari formula yang telah ditetapkan dengan data input berdasarkan data partikel.

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We compare two different propagator forms that are simple and complete propagators of spin-3/2 and spin-5/2 nucleon resonances by using isobar models and effective Lagrangian approach for eta-meson photoproduction on the proton γ + N -> η + N. We calculate the transition amplitudes by including Born term, vector-meson term, and nucleon resonances ( N1(1520)D13, N2(1535)S11, N3(1650)S11, N4(1675)D15, N5(1680)F15, N6(1700)D13, N7(1710)P11, and N8(1720)P13 ). The coupling constant parameters are obtained based on the calculation results based on the particle data group."

"ABSTRACTThe combination of the coupled mode and normal mode theories has been used to formulaic the theoretical performance represented by the coupling length and crosstalk parameters of the X-cut APE-LN SDC fabricated using the benzoic acid as the proton source, where in this case the matrix effective refractive index (MERI) method is applied for solving the symmetric and antisymmetric propagation constants of the normal modes propagating in this device. The corresponding near field method has been used to experimentally determine its crosstalk. The actual performance of this device is characterized by comparing the theoretically calculated with the experimentally determined crosstalk parameters. A software computer program has been developed in order to numerically characterize the entire characteristic and performance of the SDC under study. For the SDC under study, the best crosstalk obtained at the operating wavelength lamda =1.3 micrometer is ~0.21 dB for the interaction length L = 6 mm and the gap separation g = 5 mm. Its coupling length is ~ 1.33 mm. The propagation constant of the corresponding individual single-mode X-cut APE-LN channel waveguide making up this SDC is beta = 10.37901 micrometer, and thereby its effective refractive index is N cπ= 2.14743330. It has been shown that the fabricated SDC is very lossy. It has been deduced that its bad performance predominantly caused by the side diffusion effect, corresponding to the fabrication problem, where in this case the substrate sample has been not coated first with the buffer layer when the deposition of substrate sample with the aluminum mask was to be performed in the fabrication stages. Moreover, in this case only the simple annealing has been performed. The successive annealing process in order to reduce the coupling loss has been not applied yet. Under the assumption that the fabrication tolerances are such that the practical devices with coupling loss below 0.25 dB are feasible, the fabricated SDC under study is a 3 dB coupler. "

"Radioterapi adalah suatu modalitas penanganan kanker dengan memanfaatkan radiasi pengion. Teknik radiasi yang saat ini menjadi perhatian adalah radiasi partikel, salah satunya adalah proton. Proton memiliki karakteristik puncak bragg (Bragg peak) yang mendepositkan energinya pada jangkauan kedalaman tertentu. Salah satu teknik penyinaran radioterapi adalah Intensity Modulated Proton Therapy (IMPT). IMPT memiliki beam spot yang berukuran sangat kecil, sehingga memungkinkan distribusi dosis lebih konformal terhadap target. Organ paru-paru memiliki pergerakan yang membuat tantangan dalam pengerjaanya. Untuk mengurangi pengaruh pergerakan digunakan teknik 4D Computed Tomography (4DCT). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat efektivitas pengobatan kanker di paru-paru pada teknik radioterapi proton yang dibandingkan dengan radiasi foton sebagai acuan dasarnya. Selain itu, studi ini juga bertujuan untuk mengetahui besar perbedaan tingkat efektivitas perencanaan antara 3D CT dan 4D CT. Tingkat efektivitas perencanaan berdasarkan tiga parameter. Parameter tersebut yaitu Conformity Index (CI), Homogeneity Index (HI), dan Gradient Index (GI). Terdapat perbedaan yang cukup signifikan dari hasil perencanaan di kedua fantom tersebut. Untuk nilai CI dan HI nilai terbaik dapat dicapai pada fase ekspirasi. Namun untuk GI nilai terbaik dapat dicapai pada fase 0%. Dosis pada spinal cord setiap perencanaan, tidak memiliki perbedaan yang cukup signifikan. Kami menemukan pada paru-paru dengan teknik IMRT di fantom diam memiliki dosis melebihi ambang batas yang ditetapkan.

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The Intensity Modulated Proton Therapy (IMPT) technique is the most advanced technique in proton beam therapy. This is because IMPT can produce a dose distribution that is more appropriate to the target with a minimum dose in healthy organs. The use of radiotherapy for lung cancer cases has considerable challenges. This is due to the uncertainty of the range and movement of organs, which allows errors in planning to occur. 4 Dimension Computed Tomography (4DCT) is a technique that can provide temporal information on changes in healthy tissues and organs. Each phase generated from 4DCT, can provide information about the location, density, and volume of the target tissue and surrounding healthy organs. The use of all 4DCT planning phases in clinical practice has a very large workload, so one solution is to use only two extreme phases. This research was conducted by comparing the 10 planning phases using the IMPT technique. It aims to find out at what phase the best level of effectiveness is produced, based on the research data obtained. Evaluation was carried out based on the parameters of Conformity Index (CI), Gradient Index (GI), and Conformity Index (CI). The results of this study indicate that in the three parameters the best values ​​are in the two extreme phases. In the SFO and MFO techniques, the best CI value is in the 0% phase, while the HI value in the SFO technique is in the 50% phase and the MFO is in the 90% phase. In addition, for the GI value in both techniques, it is best to be in the 0% phase. "

"Fotoproduksi meson-η′ pada nukleon telah dipelajari menggunakan model isobar dengan pendekatan Lagrangian efektif. Amplitudo invarian tree-level menyertakan kontribusi suku Born, suku pertukaran meson vektor kanal-t, dan suku kontribusi resonans nukleon spin-1/2, spin-3/2, dan spin-5/2. Resonans yang dipertimbangkan, yaitu N(1895)1 2 −, N(1900)3 2 +, N(2000)5 2 +, N(2060)5 2 −, N(2100)1 2 +, N(2120)3 2 −, N(2300)1 2 +, dan N(2570)5 2 −. Penampang lintang diferensial yang diperoleh dari perhitungan amplitudo invarian kemudian dibandingkan dengan data eksperimen kolaborasi A2 (2017) dan CLAS (2009). Tetapan sambat interaksi kuat diperoleh melalui fitting dengan meminimalkan χ2/N. Begitupun dengan amplitudo helisitas resonans yang tidak tercatat di Particle Data Group (PDG). Ditemukan bahwa resonans nukleon N(1895)1 2 − dan N(2100)1 2 + memiliki peran signifikan terhadap model.

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η′-meson photoproduction on the nucleon has been studied using an isobar model with an effective Lagrangian approach. The tree-level invariant amplitudes consist of the nucleon Born terms, the t-channel vector meson exchanges, and the contribution of spin-1/2, spin- 3/2, and spin-5/2 nucleon resonances. Considered nucleon resonances are N(1895)1 2 −, N(1900)3 2 +, N(2000)5 2 +, N(2060)5 2 −, N(2100)1 2 +, N(2120)3 2 −, N(2300)1 2 +, and N(2570)5 2 −. The calculated differential cross section based on the invariant amplitudes was compared with the A2 (2017) and CLAS (2009) collaboration experimental data. The strong coupling constant was obtained through data fitting by minimizing the χ2/N. Using the same method, also obtained the resonance helicity amplitudes not recorded in the Particle Data Group (PDG). It was found that the N(1895)1 2 − and N(2100)1 2 + nucleon resonances play a significant role in the model."

"Telah diturunkan formulasi propagator spin-5/2 murni menggunakan formalisme tensor spinor dan teori orde dua yang diusulkan oleh Acosta dkk. Dengan formulasi ini diharapkan dapat mengatasi masalah-masalah yang muncul pada penggunaan propagator Rarita-Schwinger, seperti hadirnya kontribusi partikel latar berspin lebih rendah, pelanggaran unitaritas Compton, pelanggaran simetri Lorentz serta pelanggaran kausalitas Einstein pada penjalaran partikel propagator di lingkungan medan elektromagnetik. Ruang pembawa partikel berspin-5/2 direpresentasikan dengan keadaan Weinberg-Joos (5/2,0)\oplus(0,5/2) dari grup SO(1,3) yang terbenam pada ruang representasi yang merupakan hasil produk antara ruang tensor antisimetrik; tensor antisimetrik dan spinor Dirac. Sektor spin-5/2 murni didapatkan dengan operator proyeksi yang dibentuk dari operator Casimir dalam suku-suku generator grup Lorentz. Propagator didapatkan dari invers persamaan gerak yang didalamnya termuat operator proyeksi tersebut. Kami menggunakan perangkat lunak FeynCalc untuk membantu kontraksi index dan penyederhanaan perhitungan.

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We have derived the formulation of pure spin-5/2 propagator by using the tensor spinor formalism and second-order theory formalism proposed by Acosta et. al. This prescription provides as one of the alternatives to avoid the background problem in the Rarita-Schwinger formulation, such as the emergent of the lower spin background, the violation of Compton unitarity, the violation of Lorentz local symmetry, as well as the violation of Einstein causality in the electromagnetic field. The carrier space of the spin-5/2 particle is represented by the Weinberg-Joose state (5/2,0)\oplus(0,5/2) of SO(1,3) that is embedded into a reducible space constructed by using the tensor product of antisymmetric tensor; the antisymmetric tensor and the Dirac spinor. The pure spin-5/2 sector is extracted by the projection operator in the basis constructed by the Casimir operator in terms of Lorentz-group generator. The propagator is obtained by calculating the inverse of the equation of motion in term of the projection operator. We used Feyncalc to simplify the calculation."

"Data total penampang lintang terbaru SAPHIR p(γ, K +)A menunjukkan struktur resonan pada energi total pusat massa sekitar 1900 MeV. Kami menyelidiki keadaan ini dengan menggunakan model isobarik, dan mencoba membandingkan 3 jenis formalisme propagator spin 3/2, yaitu formalisme propagator Adelseck, Behrends-Pronsdal dan Pascalutsa. Kami menemukan bahwa struktur ini dapat dijelaskan dengan memasukkan resonan baru D13 pada 1895 MeV. Selain itu ternyata formalisme propagator spin 3/2 Pascalutsa memberikan hasil yang terbaik dibandingkan dengan formalisme yang lain.

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New SAPHIR p(γ, K+)A total cross section data show a resonance structure at a total c.m. energy around 1900 MeV. We investigate this feature with an isobar model, and try to compare 3 models of spin 3/2 propagator of Adelseck, Behrends-Fronsdal, and Pascalutsa. We find that the structure can be well explained by including a new D13 resonance at 1895 MeV. We also find that the spin 3/2 propagator of Pascalutsa shows the best result."

"Proses fotoproduksi η-meson pada nukleon γ+N → η+N telah dipelajari menggunakan Pendekatan Lagrangian Efektif pada tree-level. Kami mempertimbangkan kontribusi utama pada Amplitudo Transisi, yaitu Born-term, pertukaran vektor-meson, dan resonans. Daftar nukleon resonans hingga spin-5/2 yang kami gunakan dalam penelitian ini berasal dari Particle Data Group (PDG) yang telah diperbaharui pada 19 Januari 2019. Nilai parameter model yang tidak diketahui kami ekstrak dari fitting dengan kurang lebih 1082 data eksperimen. Kami juga menghitung penampang lintang untuk membandingkan perhitungan model dengan data eksperimen. Dari perbandingan hasil perhitungan teori data ekspeimen, kami menganalisis kontribusi resonans pada proses yang diteliti.

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η-meson photoproduction on the nucleon γ + N → η + N was investigated by using effective Lagrangian approach (ELA) at the tree level. We considered the leading contributions to the amplitude, the Born Term, vector-meson term, and Resonance. The resonances listings up to spin-5/2 taken from Particle Data Group which updated at January 19, 2019. The unknown values of model parameter are extracted from fitting to around 1082 experimental data. We also calculate the cross section to compare model calculation with experimental data. From comparison of the theory calculation and eksperimental data, we analyse the role of resonances on the model."

"Fotoproduksi meson-η pada proton telah dipelajari dengan menggunakan pendekatan Lagrangian efektiv pada energi ambang sampai dengan 2.8 Gev. Perhitungan analitik dilakukan untuk daerah Born Term dan pertukaran vektor-meson, dengan menggunakan resonan S11 1535 , S11 1650 untuk spin-1/2 dan D13 1520 untuk spin-3/2. Untuk resonan spin-3/2 menggunakan bentuk propagator yang telah disederhanakan dan bentuk lengkap, nilai parameter ditentukan dengan fitting terhadap data eksperimen, penampang lintang differensial dan penampang lintang total.

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η-Meson photoproduction on the proton is studied by using the effective Lagrangian approach at the tree level in threshold energy range up to 2.8 GeV. Beside the Born and the vector meson terms, the resonance terms of S11 1535 , S11 1650 and D13 1520 , are included in the calculation of the transition amplitudes. The role of D13 resonance is investigated according to the simple and complete form of the spin 3/2 propagator. The values of model parameters are determined through fitting to the experimental data for the differential cross sections "

"ABSTRAKTelah dipelajari fotoproduksi pion netral pada proton dengan model Lagrangian effektif dan memperhitungkan faktor bentuk hadronik monopol, dipol, dan gaussian, pada setiap vertex resonan. Amplitudo transisi dihitung untuk setiap kanal mulai dari suku Born, suku vektor messon, dan suku resonan untuk mencari nilai penampang lintang total pada setiap kanalnya. Selanjutnya untuk melihat adanya pengaruh dari faktor bentuk dilakukan dengan cara membandingkannya dengan data eksperimen dengan perhitungan teoritis. Perhitungan faktor bentuk hanya akan diperhitungkan pada suku resonan. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa didapatkan hasil yang lebih baik dengan memperhitungkan faktor bentuk dalam perhitungan total penampang lintang.

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ABSTRACTThere has been investigated about neutral pion photoproduction on protons using effective Lagrangian approach by consider the hadronic form factors monopole, dipole, and gaussian, in each of vertex nucleon resonances. Transition amplitudes are calculated for each channel starting from Born term, vector messon, and resonances term to find the total cross sectional value in each channel. Furthermore, to see the influence of form factors is done by comparing experimental data with theoretical calculation. The calculation will only be taken into nucleon resonances term. This study shows that better results are obtained by counting the form factor in total cross sectional calculations."