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"Sea cucumber is an important raw material for food and remedy in the Eastern region. However, a study focusing on identifying the health benefit of sea cucumbers from tropical waters is still limited. A study on the free radical scavenging activity of five selected sea cucumbers collected from Lampung waters, Indonesia has been done. The objective of this study was to evaluate the free radical scavenging activity of five selected sea cucumbers, namely Stichopus vastus, Stichopus quadrifasciatus, Holothuria (Metriatyla) lessoni, Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) leucospilota, and Bohadschia marmorata. The extraction method which used in this study was the maceration method using methanol solvent while the free radical scavenging activity test is carried out using 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6- sulfonic acid) (ABTS) method. Compared to other species at a concentration of 250 µg/mL, S. vastus, S. quadrifasciatus, H. lessoni and H. leucospilota showed the strongest scavenging activity. While B. marmorata was classified as a very weak scavenging activity. It can be concluded that S. vastus, S. quadrifasciatus, H. lessoni H. leucospilota, and H. lessoni are important sea cucumbers from tropical waters as a source of natural antioxidant agents in the future."

"Teripang merupakan salah satu biota laut yang banyak ditemukan di perairan Indonesia. Meskipun demikian, penelitian tentang zat bioaktif teripang dari perairan Indonesia masih terbatas. Tujuan dari penelitian adalah untuk menganalisis jenis-jenis teripang yang memiliki aktivitas antibakteri terhadap bakteri penyebab jerawat dan menangkal radikal bebas (antioksidan), serta komponen senyawa kimia yang terkandung dalam ekstrak dan fraksi teripang yang berperan sebagai antibakteri dan antioksidan. Semua jenis teripang yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini dikumpulkan dari perairan Lampung, Indonesia. Metode ekstraksi yang digunakan adalah metode maserasi menggunakan pelarut metanol. Uji aktivitas antibakteri menggunakan metode difusi agar dan uji aktivitas antioksidan menggunakan metode ABTS. Identifikasi senyawa dalam ekstrak dan fraksi teripang menggunakan GC-MS. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa hanya fraksi n-heksan Stichopus quadrifasciatus dan ekstrak metanol Holothuria lessoni yang menunjukkan aktivitas antibakteri terhadap Propionibacterium acnes. Ekstrak metanol H. lessoni dan fraksi etil asetat H. leucospilota terhadap Staphylococcus aureus; Sedangkan fraksi n-heksan S. quadrifasciatus, ekstrak metanol H. lessoni dan Bohadschia marmorata terhadap S. epidermidis. Tingkat aktivitas antioksidan tertinggi ditunjukkan oleh fraksi butanol H. lessoni dengan nilai IC50 109,7408 μg/mL, diikuti oleh ekstrak metanol H. leucospilota (155,0729 μg/mL), faksi n-heksan S. quadrifasciatus (157,9000 μg/mL), ekstrak metanol H. lessoni (163,8317 μg/mL) dan fraksi etil asetat H. leucospilota (181,8804 μg/mL). Analisis GC-MS menunjukkan bahwa senyawa utama yang diidentifikasi dalam sampel uji terdiri dari siklononasiloksan, oktadekametil-, sikloheksasiloksan, dodekametil-, dan siklooktasiloksan, heksadekametil-. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa teripang H. lessoni merupakan salah satu jenis teripang yang memiliki potensi sebagai sumber antibakteri dan antioksidan alami di masa depan.

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Sea cucumbers are one of the many marine biotas found in Indonesian waters. Nevertheless, research on the bioactive substances of sea cucumbers from Indonesian waters is still limited. The purpose of this study was to analyze the types of sea cucumbers that have antibacterial activity against acne-causing bacteria and free radicals scavengers (antioxidants), as well as the components of chemical compounds contained in the extracts and fractions of sea cucumbers that have antibacterial and antioxidant activity. All types of sea cucumbers used in this study were collected from Lampung waters, Indonesia. The maceration method was used for extraction with methanol as the solvent. The agar diffusion method was used to test antibacterial activity, and the ABTS method was used to test antioxidant activity. GC-MS was used for identification of compounds in the extract and fractions of sea cucumbers. The results showed that only the n-hexane fraction of Stichopus quadrifasciatus and the methanol extract of Holothuria lessoni showed antibacterial activity against Propionibacterium acnes. The methanol extract of H. lessoni and the ethyl acetate fraction of H. leucospilota were effective against Staphylococcus aureus, while the n-hexane fraction of S. quadrifasciatus, methanol extract of H. lessoni, and Bohadschia marmorata was effective against S. epidermidis. The highest level of antioxidant activity was shown by the butanol fraction of H. lessoni with an IC50 value of 109.7408 μg/mL, followed by the methanol extract of H. leucospilota (155.0729 μg/mL), the n-hexane faction of S. quadrifasciatus (157.9000 μg/mL), the methanol extract of H. lessoni (163.8317 μg/mL) and the ethyl acetate fraction of H. leucospilota (181.8804 μg/mL). GC-MS analysis showed that the main compounds identified in the test samples consisted of cyclononacyloxane, octadecamethyl-, cyclohexasiloxane, dodecamethyl-, and cyclooctasiloxane, hexadecamethyl-. It can be concluded that the sea cucumber H. lessoni is one type of sea cucumber that has potential as a source of natural antibacterials and antioxidants in the future."

"Desalination is a way to process sea water with a high salinity level, which makes water non-consumable. Various desalination technologies, such as distillation, vapor compression, and reverse osmosis, have been developed but require energy and large financial investments. Microbial desalination cell (MDC) is a modified desalination technology of a microbial fuel cell that can remove salt content in water with the help of microorganisms through organic matter degradation. This research used Debaryomyces hansenii to degrade organic material in the anode chamber. The ratio of the volume chamber, the volume ratio of culture:substrate, and the volume progression of the culture and substrate were evaluated in terms of salt removal and electricity generation. This research shows that MDC using a 9:1:9 ratio of the volume chamber, a culture:substrate ratio of 2:3 (v/v), and a volume progression of the culture and substrate of 1.5 times gave the best desalination performance: a salt removal level of 55.03%"

"Penyediaan air melalui Sea Water Reverse Osmosis (SWRO) di Kelurahan Pulau Panggang oleh Pemerintah Provinsi DKI Jakarta dimulai pembangunannya pada tahun 2018. Pada tahun 2019 diserahkan pengelolaannya kepada PAM Jaya. Penyediaan air seringkali harus di ikuti dengan subsidi karena kemampuan dan/atau kesediaan membayar masyarakat yang rendah. Hal inipun terjadi dengan penyediaan air dengan sistem SWRO. Saat ini masih diberlakukan tarif subsidi sebagaimana tertuang dalam Peraturan Gubernur DKI  Jakarta Nomor 57 Tahun 2021 tentang Tarif Air PAM Jaya. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis kesediaan untuk membayar (WTP) masyarakat di Kelurahan Pulau Panggang terhadap penyediaan air SWRO. Metode pelaksanaan kegiatan dimulai dengan observasi dan wawancara kepada instansi terkait. Juga dilakukan penyebaran kuesioner kepada 110 masyarakat yang yang dalam 3 (tiga) bulan terakhir secara rutin menggunakan SWRO. Hal ini bertujuan agar dapat memberikan gambaran dari sebuah populasi. Saat ini masyarakat masih belum optimal dalam menggunakan SWRO. Kebutuhan harian masih dipenuhi oleh penyediaan dari sumur, penmapungan air hujan dan BWRO. Nilai rata-rata WTP SWRO sebesar Rp.1.368,349. Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi adalah pendapatan rumah tangga, jenis pekerjaan dan tingkat pendidikan. Faktor pendapatan rumah tangga dan tingkat pendidikan berpengaruh positif secara signifikan terhadap nilai WTP. Faktor jenis pekerjaan berpengaruh negatif secara signifikan terhadap nilai WTP.

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Water supply through Sea Water Reverse Osmosis (SWRO) in Panggang Island Subdistrict by the DKI Jakarta Provincial Government began construction in 2018. In 2019, management was handed over to PAM Jaya. Water supply often has to be accompanied by subsidies because the community's ability and/or willingness to pay is low. This also happens with water supply using the SWRO system. Currently, subsidy rates are still being applied as stated in DKI Jakarta Governor Regulation Number 57 of 2021 concerning PAM Jaya Water Tariffs. This research aims to analyze the willingness to pay (WTP) of the community in Panggang Island Subdistrict for the provision of SWRO water. The method of implementing activities begins with observation and interviews with related agencies. Questionnaires were also distributed to 110 people who had regularly used SWRO in the last 3 (three) months. This aims to provide an overview of a population. Currently, people are still not optimal in using SWRO. Daily needs are still met by provision from wells, rainwater storage and BWRO. The average SWRO WTP value is IDR 1,368,349. The influencing factors are household income, type of work and level of education. Household income and education level factors have a significant positive effect on the WTP value. The type of job factor has a significant negative effect on the WTP value."

"Kerusakan ekosistem laut akibat kejadian tumpahan minyak mematikan bagi sebagian biota laut dan mengubah struktur komunitas mikroorganisme. Kelompok bakteri laut pendegradasi hidrokarbon terdeteksi meningkat jumlahnya ketika terjadi pencemaran. Penelitian dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk mempelajari konsorsium mikroorganisme yang memiliki kemampuan mendegradasi senyawa hidrokarbon dari air laut dan sedimen pasir berasal dari pesisir Teluk Jakarta, Cilincing, Jakarta Utara. Penapisan konsorsium dilakukan menggunakan medium ONR7 dengan kandungan minyak bumi 0,5% untuk memperoleh konsorsium mikroorganisme dengan kemampuan degradasi terbaik. Uji degradasi dilakukan selama 10 hari menggunakan fenantrena 100 ppm pada medium dengan yeast extract 0,1% sebagai faktor pembatas. Parameter diukur adalah OD540, TPC, aktivitas total mikroba (ATM), analisis GC-MS dan pH. Hasil menunjukkan kemampuan biodegradasi senyawa hidrokarbon tertinggi dimiliki oleh konsorsium mikroorganisme AL3 dengan persentase degradasi minyak bumi sebesar 90,37% dan terhadap fenantrena sebesar 100%, nilai OD540 dan penurunan pH paling tinggi ditemukan pada medium tanpa suplementasi yeast extract. Aktivitas total mikroba konsorsium paling besar ditemukan pada medium suplementasi. Pengujian kemampuan pada isolat tunggal penyusun konsorsium AL3 menghasilkan persentase degradasi tertinggi sebesar 56,74% oleh isolat AL3-8. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa penambahan yeast extract tidak meningkatkan persentase degradasi dan bahwa konsorsium mikroorganisme memiliki kemampuan degradasi lebih tinggi daripada isolat tunggal.

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Damage of marine ecosystem due to oil spill is deadly to some of marine creatures and changed the microbial community structure. Population of hydrocarbon-degrading microorganisms detected increasing in number slowly after the accident. This research aim to study microbial consortia that has the ability to degrade hydrocarbon compound from oil spill-contaminated coastal area in Teluk Jakarta, Cilincing, Jakarta Utara. The ability of degrading hydrocarbon by microbial consortia was screened by using ONR7 medium containing 0,5% crude oil. Biodegradation ability was tested using 100 ppm phenanthrene to the selected consortia by using 0,1% yeast extract as limiting factor, incubation was held in 10 days. Parameter of the study was OD540, TPC, total microbial activity (TMA), GC-MS analysis and pH. Results shows microbial consortia AL3 has the highest degradation rate which is 90,37% in crude oil and 100,00% in phenanthrene, highest absorbance of OD540 and most acidic pH was found in non-supplemented medium. Highest total microbial activity of the microbial consortia detected in the supplemented medium. Biodegradation ability confirmation test of single strains from the AL3 microbial consortia shows the maximum degradation rate of 56,74% by strain AL3-8. This research reported yeast extract does not increase biodegradation rate of phenanthrene and degradation rate by microbial consortia was higher than a single strain."

"Teripang merupakan salah satu biota laut yang banyak ditemukan di perairan Indonesia. Meskipun demikian, penelitian tentang zat bioaktif teripang dari perairan Indonesia masih terbatas. Tujuan dari penelitian adalah untuk menganalisis jenis-jenis teripang yang memiliki aktivitas antibakteri terhadap bakteri penyebab jerawat dan menangkal radikal bebas (antioksidan), serta komponen senyawa kimia yang terkandung dalam ekstrak dan fraksi teripang yang berperan sebagai antibakteri dan antioksidan. Semua jenis teripang yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini dikumpulkan dari perairan Lampung, Indonesia. Metode ekstraksi yang digunakan adalah metode maserasi menggunakan pelarut metanol. Uji aktivitas antibakteri menggunakan metode difusi agar dan uji aktivitas antioksidan menggunakan metode ABTS. Identifikasi senyawa dalam ekstrak dan fraksi teripang menggunakan GC-MS. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa hanya fraksi n-heksan Stichopus quadrifasciatus dan ekstrak metanol Holothuria lessoni yang menunjukkan aktivitas antibakteri terhadap Propionibacterium acnes. Ekstrak metanol H. lessoni dan fraksi etil asetat H. leucospilota terhadap Staphylococcus aureus; Sedangkan fraksi n-heksan S. quadrifasciatus, ekstrak metanol H. lessoni dan Bohadschia marmorata terhadap S. epidermidis. Tingkat aktivitas antioksidan tertinggi ditunjukkan oleh fraksi butanol H. lessoni dengan nilai IC50 109,7408 µg/mL, diikuti oleh ekstrak metanol H. leucospilota (155,0729 µg/mL), faksi n-heksan S. quadrifasciatus (157,9000 µg/mL), ekstrak metanol H. lessoni (163,8317 µg/mL) dan fraksi etil asetat H. leucospilota (181,8804 µg/mL). Analisis GC-MS menunjukkan bahwa senyawa utama yang diidentifikasi dalam sampel uji terdiri dari siklononasiloksan, oktadekametil-, sikloheksasiloksan, dodekametil-, dan siklooktasiloksan, heksadekametil-. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa teripang H. lessoni merupakan salah satu jenis teripang yang memiliki potensi sebagai sumber antibakteri dan antioksidan alami di masa depan.

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Sea cucumbers are one of the many marine biotas found in Indonesian waters. Nevertheless, research on the bioactive substances of sea cucumbers from Indonesian waters is still limited. The purpose of this study was to analyze the types of sea cucumbers that have antibacterial activity against acne-causing bacteria and free radicals scavengers (antioxidants), as well as the components of chemical compounds contained in the extracts and fractions of sea cucumbers that have antibacterial and antioxidant activity. All types of sea cucumbers used in this study were collected from Lampung waters, Indonesia. The maceration method was used for extraction with methanol as the solvent. The agar diffusion method was used to test antibacterial activity, and the ABTS method was used to test antioxidant activity. GC-MS was used for identification of compounds in the extract and fractions of sea cucumbers. The results showed that only the n-hexane fraction of Stichopus quadrifasciatus and the methanol extract of Holothuria lessoni showed antibacterial activity against Propionibacterium acnes. The methanol extract of H. lessoni and the ethyl acetate fraction of H. leucospilota were effective against Staphylococcus aureus, while the n-hexane fraction of S. quadrifasciatus, methanol extract of H. lessoni, and Bohadschia marmorata was effective against S. epidermidis. The highest level of antioxidant activity was shown by the butanol fraction of H. lessoni with an IC50 value of 109.7408 µg/mL, followed by the methanol extract of H. leucospilota (155.0729 µg/mL), the n-hexane faction of S. quadrifasciatus (157.9000 µg/mL), the methanol extract of H. lessoni (163.8317 µg/mL) and the ethyl acetate fraction of H. leucospilota (181.8804 µg/mL). GC-MS analysis showed that the main compounds identified in the test samples consisted of cyclononacyloxane, octadecamethyl-, cyclohexasiloxane, dodecamethyl-, and cyclooctasiloxane, hexadecamethyl-. It can be concluded that the sea cucumber H. lessoni is one type of sea cucumber that has potential as a source of natural antibacterials and antioxidants in the future."

"The book is an attempt to initiate a comprehensive environmental security assessment in the basin of the Azov Sea, shared by Russia and Ukraine. At the same time there is an alarming degradation rate of basin freshwater ecosystems that has occurred due to overutilization of certain prioritized services (e.g. transportation). In addition to the review of the current status of Azov ecosystem services, the authors analyze likely future availability and challenges. The relevant experience derived from basin management of the Black Sea and other similar basins is also discussed."

"Current cascade solar desalination systems can convert sea water into fresh water, but they can only produce small quantities. To produce more fresh water, there is a solution that can be applied, i.e. modification of the existing desalination system by adding thermosyphons. The objective of this research is to design a cascade solar desalination system with integrated thermosyphons and to establish its ability to produce fresh water. The experimental study was conducted by adding an aluminum absorber plate as a heat absorber in the upper tub, and nine copper thermosyphons with each length of 60 cm in the bottom of the tub. Thermosyphons with an inclination angle of 15° were used as a solar energy absorber and heat enhancer for sea water. The experiment was performed with varying sea water flow rates of 3600, 7200, and 10800 mL/h, and levels of sea water in the upper tub of 2, 3, and 4 cm. To compare the amount of fresh water obtained from the utilization of the thermosyphons, we also used the cascade solar desalination system without the thermosyphons. The results show that the cascade solar desalination system with integrated thermosyphons was able to produce an average amount of fresh water of 38.6 mL/h, with an average daily thermal efficiency of 18.78%. On the other hand, the same system without the thermosyphons produced on average 9.9 mL/h of fresh water, with an average daily thermal efficiency of 8%. The results indicate that the use of thermosyphons in the cascade solar desalination system can increase fresh water productivity by up to 3.89 times, and increase the thermal efficiency of the system by up to 2.35 times."

"Pada tanggal 17 September 2021, Australia, Inggris dan Amerika Serikat menandatangani perjanjian AUKUS yang meletigimasi kepemilikan dan pengembangan kapal selam bertenaga nuklir oleh Australia. Hal ini berimplikasi langsung pada Indonesia yang memiliki kedudukan strategis sebagai jalur perdagangan. Menanggapi hal tersebut, Indonesia telah melaksanakan beberapa langkah politik di tingkat regional maupun di forum multilateral. Penelitian ini dimaksudkan untuk menganalisa langkah hukum yang dapat ditempuh Indonesia untuk meregulasi navigasi dan keselamatan kapal selam bertenaga nuklir mengingat instrumen hukum laut internasional belum mengakomodasi hal tersebut. Melalui pendekatan hukum normatif, dengan menggunakan teori Critical Legal Studies dan Konsep Politik Hukum, penelitian ini menemukan bahwa Indonesia perlu meregulasi ketentuan navigasi dan keselamatan kapal selam bertenaga nuklir di tingkat nasional.

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On 17th of September 2021, Australia, the United Kingdom and the United States signed the AUKUS agreement which legitimises Australia's ownership and development of nuclear powered submarines. This has direct implications for Indonesia, which has a strategic position as a trade route. In response to this, Indonesia has carried out several political steps at the regional level as well as in multilateral forums This research is intended to analyse legal steps that can be taken by Indonesia to regulate the navigation and safety of nuclear-powered submarines considering that international maritime law instruments do not accommodate the concern. Through a normative legal approach, using the theory of Critical Legal Studies and the Concept of Legal Politics, this research finds that Indonesia needs to regulate provisions for the navigation and safety of nuclear-powered submarines at the national level."