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"Latar Belakang : Semen hidroulik dikalsium silikat campuran kalsium cangkang telur dan silika sekam padi saat ini sedang dikembangkan untuk material perawatan di bidang kedokteran gigi, diantaranya sebagai material kaping pulpa. Tujuan utama dari perawatan ini adalah untuk menjaga vitalitas jaringan pulpa. Material kaping pulpa diharapkan bersifat biokompatibel dan memiliki sitositotoksisitas rendah sehingga beberapa pengujian perlu dilakukan untuk menentukan layak atau tidaknya bahan tersebut agar tidak menimbulkan respon biologis merugikan, karena maerial ini akan ditempatkan dekat dengan pulpa. Dasar dari uji sitositotoksisitas adalah kemampuan sel untuk bertahan hidup karena adanya senyawa toksik yang diberikan.  Tujuan : Mengetahui efek sitotoksisitas Semen hidroulik dikalsium silikat campuran kalsium cangkang telur dan silika sekam padi terhadap sel fibroblas.Metode : Sel fibroblas NIH3T3 yang telah mengalami serum starvation selama 24 jam, diberikan media kultur semen hidraulik dikalsium silika campuran cangkang telur dan silika sekam padi dengan konsentrasi 1:1, 1:2, 1:4 dan DMEM sebagai kontrol negatif. Efek sitotoksisitas diuji pada 24 jam dan 48 jam menggunakan MTT Assay, hasil yang didapatkan dianalisis dengan uji statistik uji non parametrik Kruskal Wallis dilanjutkan dengan Post Hoc menggunakan Mann-Whitney untuk kelompok observasi 24 jam. Sedangkan pada observasi 48 jam didapatkan dianalisis dengan uji statistik uji parametrik One Way Annova dilanjutkan dengan Post Hoc menggunakan T-Test. Hasil : Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna nilai viabilitas sel pada pemberian semen hidroulik dikalsium silikat campuran kalsium cangkang telur dan silika sekam padi berbagai konsentrasi (1:1, 1:2, 1:4) terhadap sel fibroblas NIH3T3 pada observasi waktu 24 jam, dengan rerata nilai viabilitas tertinggi pada konsentrasi 1:4. Pada observasi 48 jam, terdapat perbedaan bermakna nilai viabilitas sel pada pemberian Semen hidroulik dikalsium silikat campuran kalsium cangkang telur dan silika sekam padi berbagai konsentrasi (1:1, 1:2, 1:4) terhadap sel fibroblas NIH3T3, dengan rerata nilai viabilitas tertinggi kelompok perlakuan pada konsentrasi 1:4.Kesimpulan : Semen hidroulik dikalsium silikat campuran kalsium cangkang telur dan silika sekam padi berbagai konsentrasi (1:1, 1:2, 1:4) tidak memiliki efek  sitotoksisitas terhadap sel fibroblas NIH3T3 pada observasi waktu 24 jam dan 48 jam. Nilai viabilitas sel fibroblas NIH3T3 tertinggi pada observasi waktu 24 jam dan 48 jam terdapat pada konsentrasi 1:4.

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Background : Dicalcium silicate hydraulic cement, a mixture of eggshell calcium and rice husk silica, is currently being developed for treatment materials in dentistry, including pulp capping material. The main goal of this treatment is to maintain the vitality of the pulp tissue. The pulp capping material is expected to be biocompatible and have low cytotoxicity so that several tests need to be carried out to determine whether or not the material is feasible so as not to cause an adverse biological response, because this material will be placed close to the pulp. The basis of the cytotoxicity test is the ability of cells to survive in the presence of a given toxic compound.

Objective : To determine the cytotoxicity effect of hydraulic cement dicalcium silicate mixture of eggshell calcium and rice husk silica on fibroblast cells.

Methods : NIH3T3 fibroblast cells that had undergone serum starvation for 24 hours were given hydraulic cement culture media of dicalcium silica mixture of eggshell and rice husk silica with concentrations of 1:1, 1:2, 1:4 and DMEM as a negative control. The cytotoxicity effect was tested at 24 hours and 48 hours using MTT Assay, the results obtained were analyzed by statistical non-parametric Kruskal Wallis test followed by Post Hoc using Mann-Whitney for the 24-hour observation group. Meanw hile the 48-hour observation obtained was analyzed by statistical test One Way Annova parametric test followed by Post Hoc using T-Test.

Results: There was no significant difference in the value of cell viability in the administration of hydraulic cement dicalcium silicate mixture of eggshell calcium and rice husk silica at various concentrations (1:1, 1:2, 1:4) against NIH3T3 fibroblast cells at 24 hours of observation, with a mean the highest viability value at a concentration of 1:4. At 48 hours of observation, there was a significant difference in the value of cell viability in the administration of dicalcium silicate hydraulic cement, a mixture of eggshell calcium and rice husk silica at various concentrations (1:1, 1:2, 1:4) to NIH3T3 fibroblast cells, with the highest mean viability value. treatment group at a concentration of 1:4.

Conclusion : Dicalcium silicate hydraulic cement mixed with eggshell calcium and rice husk silica in various concentrations (1:1,1:2,1:4) did not have a cytotoxic effect on NIH3T3 fibroblast cells at 24 hours and 48 hours. The highest NIH3T3 fibroblast cell viability value at 24 hours and 48 hours was observed at a concentration of 1:4."

"Latar Belakang: Pemanfaatan material limbah hayati cangkang telur sebagai sumber kalsium dan abu sekam padi sebagai sumber silika dapat digunakan sebagai substitusi komponen utama pada proses pembentukan semen Dikalsium Silikat. Tujuan: Mengetahui efek proses dan rasio cangkang telur dan silika sekam padi terhadap jumlah prosentase kandungan dikalsium silikat. Metode: Sebanyak 1 g bubuk cangkang telur hasil milling kering menggunakan alat High Energy Milling dan 1 g silika sekam padi dilakukan uji karakterisasi XRD Sintesis dikalsium silikat dilakukan dengan metode solid state menggunakan empat rasio mol campuran cangkang telur dan silika sekam padi (9,01:3,00) ; (2:1) ; (1,9:1) dan (1,8:1) yang di dapat dari hasil percobaan pendahuluan. Campuran homogen dari masing-masing sampel dilakukan dengan milling basah menggunakan alat High Energy Milling selama 1 jam (700 rpm) dan larutan pencampur HexanTM. Sintesis Dikalsium silikat menggunakan kalsinasi suhu 12000C selama 3 jam pada Muffle Furnace dan proses pendinginan dibiarkan hingga mencapai suhu ruangan tanpa perlakuan khusus tertentu. Semen dikalsium silikat yang terbentuk selanjut dilakukan uji karakterisasi dengan XRD. Data hasil penelitian di sajikan dalam bentuk deskriptif. Hasil: Proses milling basah dengan rasio cangkang telur dan silika sekam padi 1,8 : 1 menghasilkan prosentase konten C2S ( 100% ) dengan 2 struktur kristalite (monoclinic dan orthorombic). Rasio 1,9:1 menghasilkan 96,22% C2S rasio 2:1 menghasilkan 94,54% C2S dan rasio 9,01: 3,00 menghasikan 71,6% C2S. Kesimpulan: Proses milling basah dengan rasio cangkang telur dan silika sekam padi 1,8 : 1 pada suhu kalsinasi 12000C selama 3 jam,menghasilkan prosentase kandungan tertinggi ( 100% ) C2S pada semen hidraulik campuran cangkang telur dan silika sekam padi.

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Background: Silica rice husk and eggshell waste are one of the calcium source that can be used as main component substitute in formation process of Dicalcium Silicate.

Objective: To Determine the effect of silica rice husk and eggshell mixture process and ratio to the percentage formation of dicalcium silicate hydraulic cement.

Methods: 1 gram of eggshell powder produced by dry milling using the High Energy Milling machine and 1 gram of silica rice husk were characterized tested with XRD (X-Ray Diffraction) Dicalcium silicate synthesis was made with solid state method using four mol ratio of the eggshell and silica rice husk mixture, which were (9,01:3,00) ; (2:1) ; (1,9:1) and (1,8:1) from the previous research. Homogenous mixture from each sample were proceed from the wet milling using High Energy Milling for 1 hour (700rpm) and HexanTM solution mixture. Dicalcium silicate synthesis using calcination temperature 12000C for 3 hours on Muffle Furnace and the cooling process were letting to the room temperature without any further treatment. Dicalcium silicate cement were formed using the characteristic test with XRD. The result was perform in descriptive.

Result: Wet milling process with ratio of eggshell and silica rise husk was 1,8 : 1 content percentage of C2S ( 100% ) with 2 crystallite structure (monoclinic and orthorhombic). Ratio 1,9 : 1 produce 96,22% of C2S, ratio 2:1 produce 94,54% of C2S dan ratio 9,01: 3,00 produce 71,6% of C2S.

Conclusion: Wet milling with ratio of eggshell and silica rise husk was (1,8:1), calcination temperature 12000C for 3 hours produce the highest percentage (100%) of C2S on hydraulic cement from eggshell and silica rise husk mixture."

"lingkungan kondusif untuk proses penyembuhan. Biological sealing dapat diperoleh melalui sifat bioaktivitas suatu material, salah satunya kemampuan biomineralisasi material, yaitu kemampuan material dalam membentuk apatite like layer pada permukaan ketika berkontak dengan cairan fisiologis. Karakteristik tersebut dapat diperoleh dari material bioaktif, seperti kalsium silikat. Siler berbasis kalsium silikat pre- mixed saat ini telah banyak berkembang, di antaranya adalah Ceraseal® (Metabiomed, Korea) dan AH Plus® Bioceramic (Dentsply, USA). Komposisi masing-masing siler yang bervariasi menghasilkan perbedaan karakteristik, salah satunya kemampuan biomineralisasi. Tujuan: Menganalisis potensi biomineralisasi antara siler berbasis kalsium silikat pada dentin saluran akar dengan perendaman phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Metode: Siler berbasis kalsium silikat Ceraseal® dan AH Plus® Bioceramic diaplikasikan ke dalam dentin saluran akar gigi premolar yang telah dilakukan prosedur preparasi saluran akar, dan dilanjutkan dengan perendaman dalam PBS selama 14 hari. Analisis biomineralisasi dilakukan dengan menganalisis pembentukan lapisan apatit setelah 14 hari perendaman melalui penghitungan ketebalan deposit lapisan apatit menggunaan Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), serta peningkatan pH larutan yang dihitung pada waktu observasi hari-ke 0, 7 dan 14 menggunakan pH-meter. Hasil: Terdapat perbedaan deposisi apatit pada interfacial layer antara Ceraseal® dan AH Plus® Bioceramic dalam waktu observasi 14 hari. Terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara nilai pH Ceraseal® dan AH Plus® Bioceramic pada waktu observasi 7 dan 14 hari.

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Background: Endodontic treatment currently refers to the concept of biological sealing to form an environment conducive to the healing process. Biological sealing can be obtained through the bioactivity properties of a material, one of which is its biomineralization ability to form an apatite-like layer on the surface when in contact with physiological fluids. This characteristic is present in bioactive materials like calcium silicate. There are currently many developed pre-mixed calcium silicate based sealers, including Ceraseal® (Metabiomed, Korea) and AH Plus® Bioceramic (Dentsply, USA). The variation in their composition results in different characteristics, including biomineralization ability. Objective: To analyze the biomineralization potential of calcium silicate-based sealers on root canal dentine by phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) immersion. Methods Calcium silicate based sealer Ceraseal® and AH Plus® Bioceramic were applied to the root canal dentin of premolar teeth that had undergone root canal preparation procedures. The samples were then immersed in PBS for 14 days. Biomineralization analysis was performed by measuring the apatite layer thickness formed after 14 days of immersion using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Additionally, the pH of the solution was measured at observation times of 0,7 and 14 days using a digital pH-meter. Results: There was a significant differences in in apatite deposition at the interfacial layer between Ceraseal® and AH Plus® Bioceramic during 14 days of observation. Furthermore, there was a significant difference in pH values between Ceraseal® and AH Plus® Bioceramic at 7 and 14 days of observation."

"The synthesis of silica from rice husk ash has been studied. The purification has been done by adding acid solution and by heating. The sample heated in the temperature range of 700 - 1000°C. The characterization was done by means of the X- Ray diffraction, Electron microscope and X-ray Fluorescence. The results show the RHA after burning contain 59.72 % wt, after heating the weight fraction of silica increase, 700°C around 84.59%, 850°C around 85.75 % and 1000°C around 87.55 %. Electron microscope shows the evolution of microstructure on heating. From the evolution of impurity elemens in the RHA, it is concluded that the increased of silica contained is due to decrease of potassium contain in the RHA."

"Latar Belakang: Perawatan pulpa vital telah mengalami perubahan paradigma menuju perawatan regeneratif endodontik. Beberapa tahun terakhir material bioaktif terus berkembang dengan perubahan komposisi kimia untuk meningkatkan sifat fisik, kimia, dan biologisnya. Perkembangan material tersebut, seperti semen berbasis kalsium silikat, terus dikembangkan untuk merangsang regenerasi kompleks pulpa dentin sebagai tujuan akhir dari perawatan pulpa vital. Perubahan komposisi kimia berdampak pada perubahan semen ini dari sediaan powder/liquid menjadi pre-mixed putty. Salah satu penanda regenerasi kompleks pulpa dentin adalah analisis diferensiasi odontoblast human dental pulp stem cell (hDPSC) yang dapat diidentifikasi dengan peningkatan ekspresi Dentin Sialophospoprotein (DSPP) dan deposisi mineral hDSPC. Tujuan: Membandingkan efek perubahan komposisi kimia semen berbasis kalsium silikat pre-mixed putty terhadap diferensiasi odontogenik hDSPC. Metode: Semen berbasis kalsium silikat premixed putty dihaluskan dan disterilisasi (ISO 10993-5:2009). Sel punca pulpa (hDPSC) merupakan hasil kultur primer yang telah 80% confluent (telah melalui uji stem cell marker CD90 98%, CD105 99,7% , CD73 94% dan LinNeg 0,5%) dan mencapai P2-3 dilakukan serum starvation 24 jam. Kelompok penelitian ini terdiri dari 7 kelompok, hDSPC dikultur pada media osteogenik dengan penambahan; Biodentin® konsentrasi 1:1, 1:2, 1:5, BIO-C® Repair konsentrasi 1:1, 1:2, 1:5 dan kontrol negatif (DMEM + media osteogenik). Kemudian dilakukan uji ELISA diferensiasi hDSPC melalui ekspresi DSPP pada hari ke-7 dan 14 dan uji kualitatif pewarnaan Alizarin Red pada hari ke-21. Hasil: Semen berbasis kalsium silikat pre-mixed putty konsentrasi 1:5 pada waktu observasi 7 hari, dan konsentrasi 1:2 dan 1:5 pada waktu observasi 14 hari meningkatkan ekspresi DSPP dan deposisi mineral hDSPC. Kesimpulan: Perubahan komposisi kimia semen berbasis kalsium silikat pre-mixed putty meningkatkan ekspresi DSPP dan deposisi mineral hDPSC sehingga terbukti dapat menginduksi diferensiasi odontoblas.

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Background: Vital pulp treatment has undergone a paradigm shift towards endodontic regenerative treatment. In recent years, bioactive materials have continued to evolve with changes in chemical composition to improve their physical, chemical and biological properties. The development of these materials, such as cement-based calcium silicate, continues to be developed to stimulate the regeneration of the dentin pulp complex as the ultimate goal of vital pulp treatment. Changes in chemical composition have an impact on changing this cement from powder/liquid preparation to pre-mixed putty. One of the markers of regeneration of the dentin pulp complex is the analysis of odontoblast differentiation of human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSC) which can be identified by increased expression of Dentin Sialophospoprotein (DSPP) and mineral deposition of hDPSC. Objective: To compare the effect of changes in the chemical composition of cement based on calcium silicate pre-mixed putty on hDSPC’s odontogenic differentiation. Method: Cement based on premixed putty calcium silicate is pulverized and sterilized (ISO 10993-5:2009). Pulp stem cells (hDPSC) are the result of primary cultures that are 80% confluent (have gone through the stem cell marker test CD90 98%, CD105 99.7%, CD73 94% and LinNeg 0.5%) and reach P2-3 by serum starvation 24 hours. This research group consisted of 7 groups, hDSPC was cultured on osteogenic media with the addition of; Biodentin® concentrations of 1:1, 1:2, 1:5, BIO-C® Repair concentrations of 1:1, 1:2, 1:5 and negative control (DMEM + osteogenic media). Then an hDSPC differentiation ELISA test through DSPP expression was performed on days 7 and 14 and a qualitative test of Alizarin Red staining on day 21. Results: Cement based on pre-mixed putty calcium silicate with a concentration of 1:5 at 7 days of observation, and concentrations of 1:2 and 1:5 at 14 days of observation increased DSPP expression and mineral deposition of hDPSC. Conclusion: Changes in the chemical composition of pre-mixed putty calcium silicate-based cement increased the expression of DSPP and mineral deposition in hDPSC so that it was proven to be able to induce odontoblast differentiation."

"Penelitian ini sendiri dilakukan dengan membakar sekam padi pada temperatur 700oC sampai berubah menjadi abu sekam padi. Selanjutnya, abu sekam padi diberikan perlakuan mekanokimia ayng bertujuan untuk mengurangi ukuran partikel. Proses mekanokimia menggabungkan proses mekanik dengan menggunakan planetary ball mill dan proses kimia dengan menambahkan asam klorida 1M. Pada penelitian ini proses mekanokimia dilakukan selama 15 menit dan 30 menit sebagai variasi. Langkah selanjutnya yaitu menambahkan abu sekam padi hasil proses mekanokimia tersebut ke dalam beton sebagai material pengganti semen. Beton dibuat menggunakan cetakan 10 cm x 10 cm dan uji tekan beton akan dilakukan setalah curing selama 28 hari. Beton dengan abu sekam padi hasil proses mekanokimia 30 menit mempunyai kekuatan tekan sebesar 15,15 MPa dan beton dengan abu sekam padi hasil proses mekanokimia 15 menit mempunyai kekuatan tekan sebesar 14,8 MPa.

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This research was carried out by burning the rice husk at 700oC until it turned into grayish white ash. After that, rice husk ash was given a mechano-chemical treatment to reduce the partikel size. Mechano-chemical process combines the mechanical process using planetary ball mill and chemical process by adding the hydrochloric acid 1M. In this research, mechano-chemical process was conducted for 15 minutes and 30 minutes as variation. Next step was used the rice husk ash from mechano-chemical process as cement replacement. Concrete was made on 10 cm x 10 cm mold and compressive test will was carried out after 28 days of curing process. The compressive strength of concrete with the addition of rice husk ash from mechano-chemical process is 15,15 MPa and the compressive strength of concrete with the addition of rice husk ash from mechano-chemical process is 14,8 MPa.

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"Pada penelitian ini, mullite yang disintesis dari aluminum nitrat hidrat [(Al(NO3)3.9H2O] dan sol silika sekam padi dikenakan pada perlakuan sintering dengan suhu 900, 1000, 1100, 1200, dan 1300°C, kemudian dikarakterisasi dengan difraksi sinar-x (XRD) dilanjutkan dengan penghalusan menggunakan metode Rietveld, dan analisis termal diferensial (DTA). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dalam sampel yang disintering pada suhu 900°C, tidak ditemukan fasa mullite, tetapi fasa kristobalit dan alumina terdeteksi dengan jelas. Pembentukan mullite baru terjadi pada suhu 1000°C dan bertumbuh dengan peningkatan suhu ditandai dengan kenaikan persen berat (wt%) dari 62,62 menjadi 92,29%, disertai penurunan persen berat kristobalit dari 22,42 menjadi 1,25% dan penurunan persen berat alumina dari 77,58 menjadi 6,46%. Hasil penghalusan menunjukkan korelasi yang baik antara unit sel hasil perhitungan dan hasil pengamatan, dengan dimensi unit sel adalah a = 7,545 nm, b = 7,689 nm dan c = 2,884 nm untuk mullite, a = b = 0,5531 nm, dan c = 0,6923 nm untuk kristobalit, dan a = b = 0,5026 nm, dan c = 1,2808 nm untuk alumina. Hasil analisis dengan DTA menunjukkan bahwa dalam sampel yang tidak disintering, hanya terdapat alumina dan silika, sementara dalam sampel yang disintering terdapat mullite, alumina, dan kristobalit.

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In this study, mullite synthesized from aluminum nitrate hydrate [(Al(NO3)3.9H2O] and silica sol from rice husk was subjected to sintering treatment at temperatures of 900, 1000, 1100, 1200, and 1300°C, and characterized using x-ray diffraction (XRD), followed by Rietveld refinement, and differential thermal analysis (DTA). The results indicated that in the sample sintered at 900°C, no mullite phase was identified, but crystoballite and alumina were well detected. The formation of mullite started at temperature of 1000°C and continued to grow at higher temperatures, resulted in increased weight percentage (wt%) from 62.62 to 92.29%, while crystoballite and alumina decreased from 22.42 to 1.25% and from 77.58 to 6.46 % respectively. A good correlation was found between the calculated and observed unit cells. For mullite phase, the unit cell dimensions are a = 7.545 nm, b =.689 nm and c = 2.884 nm, for crystoballite a =b = 0.5531 nm and c = 0.6923 nm, and for alumina a = b = 0.5026 nm, and c = 1.2808 nm. The DTA analyses revealed that in the untreated sample, only alumina and silica were detected, while in the sintered samples we found the existence of mullite, alumina, and crystoballite."

"Latar Belakang: Kemampuan adhesi siler terhadap dentin merupakan faktor penting dalam kesuksesan perawatan endodontik. Siler resin epoksi sebagai gold standart memiliki kemampuan adhesi yang superior, tetapi tidak memiliki sifat bioaktif sehingga berkembang siler kalsium silikat. Tujuan: Membandingkan kekuatan push-out bond strength dan failure mode siler AH Plus® Bioceramic dan Ceraseal dengan siler AH Plus®. Metode: Tiga puluh gigi premolar dibagi menjadi tiga kelompok untuk preparasi dan pengisian saluran akar menggunakan siler AH Plus® Bioceramic (kelompok 1), Ceraseal (kelompok 2) dan siler AH Plus® (kelompok 3). Sampel diinkubasi selama tujuh hari pada suhu 37oC, kemudian dipotong pada area sepertiga apikal dan medial. Nilai push-out bond strength dan failure mode dianalisis. Hasil: AH Plus® Bioceramic memiliki perbedaan nilai push-out bond strength dan failure mode yang signifikan dibanding AH Plus® dan Ceraseal. Ceraseal dan AH Plus® tidak memiliki perbedaan nilai secara signifikan. Analisis gambaran failure mode oleh dua orang observer menunjukkan reliabilitas data yang tinggi. AH Plus® Bioceramic memiliki dominasi kegagalan campuran, sedangkan Ceraseal dan AH Plus® memiliki persentasi kegagalan campuran dan kohesif yang seimbang. Kesimpulan: Seluruh kelompok siler menunjukkan kemampuan adhesi yang baik terhadap permukaan dentin, meskipun nilai push-out bond strength siler AH Plus® Bioceramic paling rendah diantara seluruh kelompok.

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Background: The adhesion of sealers to dentin is important for successful endodontic treatment. As the gold standard, epoxy resin sealers have superior adhesion, but lack bioactive properties, hence the development of calcium silicate sealers. Objective: To compare the push-out bond strength and failure mode of AH Plus® Bioceramic and Ceraseal sealers with AH Plus® Sealer. Methods: Thirty premolars were divided into three groups for root canal preparation and obturation with AH Plus® Bioceramic (group 1), Ceraseal (group 2), and AH Plus® (group 3). The samples were incubated at 37°C for seven days, then cut at the apical and medial third. Push-out bond strength and failure mode were analyzed. Results: AH Plus® Bioceramic demonstrated significant differences in push-out bond strength and failure mode values compared to AH Plus® and Ceraseal. Ceraseal and AH Plus® were not significantly different. Analysis of failure mode descriptions by two observers showed high data reliability. AH Plus® Bioceramic had a predominance of mixed failures, whereas Ceraseal and AH Plus® had equal percentages of mixed and cohesive failures. Conclusion: All sealer groups showed good adhesion to the dentin surface, although the push-out bond strength value of AH Plus® Bioceramic sealer was the lowest among the groups."