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"Exploring the nature and role of environmental management, covering key principles, practices, tools, strategies and policies, this work focuses on sustainable development. It covers topics such as key resources under stress, environmental management tools, climate change and urban environmental management."

"[ABSTRAKTesis ini membahas mengenai hubungan bisnis dan politik dalam kebijakanpengelolaan sumber daya air. Dengan kasus pemanfaatansumber air SigedangKabupaten Klaten oleh PT. Tirta Investama-Danone. Tujuan penelitian ini adalahuntuk menjelaskan relasi bisnis dan politik penguasa dengan pengusaha di tingkatKabupaten Klaten yang mempengaruhi pengelolaan sumber air Sigedang. Penelitianini akan menjelaskan sebab akibat bekerjanya hubungan bisnis dan politik penguasadengan pengusaha sebagai dasar dari keputusan penyerahan aset Sigedang kepadaPT. Tirta Investama-Danone. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pengaruh terbesar dariproses pengalihan aset sumber air Sigedang kepada PT.Tirta Investama-Danoneadalah hubungan bisnis dan politik antara perusahaan dengan elit politik diKabupaten Klaten pada tingkat eksekutif, legislatif, dan pemerintahan desa. Gerakanpenolakan dilakukan oleh petani melalui Koalisi Rakyat Klaten Untuk Keadilan yangmendapat dukungan kelompok birokrat reformis, namun gerakan tersebut tetapmasih belum mampu mencapai tujuannya yaitu kajian ulang terhadap keputusanpengalihan aset sumber air Sigedang.Berdasarkan hasil penelitian maka implikasi teori memperlihatkan bekerjanyahubungan bisnis dan politik antara perusahaan dengan penguasa didasarkan padapencapaian kepentingan pribadi dari kedua belah pihak. Hubungan bisnis dan politikyang berpusat pada Bupati dan perusahaan akhirnya ?menyandera? pemerintah yangtidak dapat bersikap tegas atas masalah ini. Hal ini sesuai dengan tujuan kelompokbisnis yang berupaya ?menyandera? birokrasi dalam bekerjanya pihak swasta padasebuah kebijakan pemerintah.

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ABSTRACTThis thesis discusses the relations of business and politics in water resourcesmanagement policy in the case of Water Source Utilization in Klaten by PT. TirtaInvestama-Danone. The purpose of this study is to explain political relations of rulerswith business people in Klaten which influenced the management of Sigedang watersource in Klaten. This study describes the causes and effects of the relations betweenrulers and businesspeople in making decision to hand the assets of Sigedang to PT.Tirta Investama-Danone. The result of the study shows that the process oftransferring the assets of Sigedang water source to PT.Tirta Investama-Danone wasstrongly affected by the relations between business people and political elites inKlaten at executive, legislative, and village government levels. The protest byfarmers through Coalition of People of Klaten for Justice (KRAKED) received a lotof support from reformist bureaucracy group, but it was still unsuccesful to reviewthe decision to transfer the assets of Sigedang water source.Based on theanalysis, this study also theoretically implied that business andpolitical relations between the company and rulers worked based on fulfillment ofpersonal interests of both parties. Business and political relations which centered onthe Regent and the company eventuallykeeps the government unable to makedecision on this issue. This is consistent with business goal tokeeps the bureaucracyin the work of private parties in a government policy;This thesis discusses the relations of business and politics in water resourcesmanagement policy in the case of Water Source Utilization in Klaten by PT. TirtaInvestama-Danone. The purpose of this study is to explain political relations of rulerswith business people in Klaten which influenced the management of Sigedang watersource in Klaten. This study describes the causes and effects of the relations betweenrulers and businesspeople in making decision to hand the assets of Sigedang to PT.Tirta Investama-Danone. The result of the study shows that the process oftransferring the assets of Sigedang water source to PT.Tirta Investama-Danone wasstrongly affected by the relations between business people and political elites inKlaten at executive, legislative, and village government levels. The protest byfarmers through Coalition of People of Klaten for Justice (KRAKED) received a lotof support from reformist bureaucracy group, but it was still unsuccesful to reviewthe decision to transfer the assets of Sigedang water source.Based on theanalysis, this study also theoretically implied that business andpolitical relations between the company and rulers worked based on fulfillment ofpersonal interests of both parties. Business and political relations which centered onthe Regent and the company eventuallykeeps the government unable to makedecision on this issue. This is consistent with business goal tokeeps the bureaucracyin the work of private parties in a government policy, This thesis discusses the relations of business and politics in water resourcesmanagement policy in the case of Water Source Utilization in Klaten by PT. TirtaInvestama-Danone. The purpose of this study is to explain political relations of rulerswith business people in Klaten which influenced the management of Sigedang watersource in Klaten. This study describes the causes and effects of the relations betweenrulers and businesspeople in making decision to hand the assets of Sigedang to PT.Tirta Investama-Danone. The result of the study shows that the process oftransferring the assets of Sigedang water source to PT.Tirta Investama-Danone wasstrongly affected by the relations between business people and political elites inKlaten at executive, legislative, and village government levels. The protest byfarmers through Coalition of People of Klaten for Justice (KRAKED) received a lotof support from reformist bureaucracy group, but it was still unsuccesful to reviewthe decision to transfer the assets of Sigedang water source.Based on theanalysis, this study also theoretically implied that business andpolitical relations between the company and rulers worked based on fulfillment ofpersonal interests of both parties. Business and political relations which centered onthe Regent and the company eventuallykeeps the government unable to makedecision on this issue. This is consistent with business goal tokeeps the bureaucracyin the work of private parties in a government policy]"

"Bridging academic discussion and real-world case studies, this book considers the challenge, posed by SDG6, of balancing the provision of the basic human right of access to water whilst not eroding our capacity to live sustainably in a rapidly changing world."

"Pada kegiatan Pabrik Kelapa Sawit (PKS), air merupakan bahan penolong yang sangat penting, yaitu sebagai air umpan boiler untuk pembangkit tenaga dan untuk air pengolahan (Naibaho, 1996:24). Keperluan PKS akan air sesuai dengan angka kerja pengolahan pada Standarisasi Ditjen Perkebunan (1997:4), adalah sebesar 1,2 - 1,5 m3 per ton tandan buah segar (TBS) yang diolah. Dari jumlah penggunaan air untuk kegiatan PKS sesuai angka kerja pengolahan pada Standarisasi Ditjen Perkebunan dan memperhatikan penggunaan air sesuai dengan angka pengolahan yang dikeluarkan Naibaho (1996:154) dan H-Kittikun (2000:7), yaitu; 1,1 - 1,2 m3/ton TBS diolah, serta data realisasi penggunaan air dari 11 PKS di Sumatera Utara, pada kisaran 1,20 - 2.16 m3/ton TBS diolah, maka keadaan ini memperlihatkan adanya indikasi penggunaan air yang tidak terkendali dan inefisien. Selain itu yang tak kalah pentingnya, mengingat bahwa air buangan PKS menjadi tercemar (BOD berkisar 20.000 - 30.000 ppm), dengan debit 0,44 - 1,18 m3 / ton TBS diolah (H-Kittikun, 2000:5), maka bila air yang digunakan tidak efisien, potensi air buangan mencemari air tanah dan air permukaan akan menjadi lebih besar. Keadaan tersebuttentu bukan masalah yang penting, bila suplai air di muka bumi ini dalam keadaan melimpah dan seimbang.Dengan memperhatikan hal di atas, serta untuk: 1) menyikapi kecenderungan global (dengan komponen globalisasi produksi, keuangan, perdagangan, dan teknologi) yang mengakibatkan lahirnya global consumers dengan salah satu cirinya perlu adanya kepedulian terhadap lingkungan, sehingga berimplikasi bahwa pertimbangan produk yang perduli terhadap lingkungan (menjadi global) (Salim, 1995:15-17); 2) memenuhi program pengembangan agrobisnis dalam UU No. 25 Th. 2000 (PROPENAS) yaitu, berupa terpeliharanya sistem sumberdaya alam dan lingkungan, serta keberlanjutan pembangunan ekonomi untuk mengantisipasi trade barrier dalam sistem perdagangan global; 3) mempermudah pencapaian persyaratan debit beban pencemaran untuk PKS (dari 6 m3/ton produksi menjadi 2,5 m3/ton produksi) pada tahun 2000, sesuai lampiran A. IV dan lampiran B. IV, tentang Baku Mutu Limbah Cair Untuk Industri Minyak Sawit, Surat Keputusan Menteri Negara Lingkungan Hidup Nomor: KEP-51/MENLH/10/1995, tentang Baku Mutu Limbah Cair Bagi Kegiatan Industri, maka pengelolaan sumberdaya air di PKS harus dilakukan dengan prinsip yang bersifat global dalam suatu tindakan lokal (think globally, act locally), yaitu secara proaktif untuk memenuhi sasaran agar pembangunan ekonomi tetap berlanjut.Dalam ringkasan Agenda 21 Indonesia (1997:54), salah satu alternatif pengelolaan lingkungan yang disarankan untuk mencapai sasaran tersebut adalah menerapkan prinsip Pencegahan Pencemaran (Pollution Prevention). Dari pengamatan lapangan, penerapan prinsip pencegahan pencemaran (P2) seperti pengurangan dari sumber (source reduction) limbah cair pada PKS antara lain dapat dilakukan dengan menekan penggunaan air berlebih, melalui pengaturan kondisi proses produksi sesuai dengan prosedur standar operasi (SOP). Alternatif daur ulang sebagaimana yang direkomendasikan dalam buku panduan Teknologi Pengendalian Dampak Lingkungan Industri Minyak Kelapa Sawit (BAPEDAL, 1988:65), yang pertama adalah pemanfaatan kembali atau recycle air dari fat-pit (kolam pengutip minyak) untuk kebutuhan pengepresan, atau pemanfaatan kembali air kondensat rebusan sebagai air pengencer unit press (Tobing, 2000:4-5), sedangkan yang kedua adalah pemanfaatan kembali air pendingin turbin. Selain itu dari hasil pengamatan di PKS, memanfaatkan kembali air kondensasi sisa uap pemanas adalah sesuatu yang perlu dilakukan.Secara umum penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh informasi yang menggambarkan penerapan prisip P2 dalam penggunaan sumberdaya air di PKS dan mengetahui manfaat ekonomis dan lingkungan dari penerapannya. Secara khusus penelitian ini bertujuan: 1) Mengetahui rancang penerapan prinsip P2 yang meliputi source reduction dan pemanfaatan kembali (recovery dan recycle) pada kegiatan PKS SMK; 2) Mengetahui besar penurunan penggunaan air, dan penurunan debit limbah cair di PKS SMK dari masing rancang penerapan prinsip P2; 3) Mengetahui kelayakan ekonomis dan prediksi dampak terhadap lingkungan dan sosial, dari rancang penerapan prinsip P2 dalam penggunaan sumberdaya air di PKS SMK.Penelitian yang dilakukan merupakan penelitian deskriptif yang didukung oleh penelitian terapan dengan metode eksperimen. Jenis data untuk penelitian ini adalah data sekunder dan primer, meliputi operasional PKS, penggunaan air, produksi, biaya, peraturan-peraturan pemerintah dan standarisasi yang terkait dengan ketentuan pelaksanaan kegiatan PKS, serta data lain yang erat hubungannya dengan materi penelitian. Penelitian dilakukan di PKS Sei Mangkei, Kecamatan Bosar Malinggas, Kabupataen Simalungun, Propinsi Sumatera Utara, dilaksanakan dari bulan januari sampai dengan Juni 2002.Kerangka analisis penelitian dilaksanakan menurut tahapan: Langkah pertama, mengidentifikasi kuantitas dan kualitas penggunaan air dan debit limbah cair PKS. Langkah kedua, mencermati potensi penerapan prinsip P2 dengan mengetahui jumlah penurunan penggunaan air pengolahan dan debit limbah cair PKS. Langkah ketiga, mengetahui dampak ekonomis dan prediksi dampak lingkungan dan sosial dengan penerapan prinsip P2 tersebut. Analisis dilkukan dengan cara analisis matematis, tabel, statistik SPSS, dan analisis kelayakan finansial Microsoft Excel 2000.Dari hasil analisis dan pembahasan dalam tesis ini, penulis dapat menarik beberapa kesimpulan: 1) Rancangan penerapan prinsip P2 yang diusulkan untuk diterima adalah source reduction dengan pengaturan kondisi proses produksi, yaitu dengan mengatur tekanan boiler pada tekanan optimal; penggunaan kembali (recovery) air kondensat rebusan untuk air pengencer press dan waste vibro, dan penggunaan kembali (recycle) air pendingin turbin, air pendingin LSS (LSS Cooler); 2) Terjadi penurunan penggunaan air 10 -39 % dan penurunan debit limbah cair high pollutant berkisar antara 26 - 39%, debit limbah cair low pollutant 100%, bila PKS SMK menerapkan masing-masing rancang penerapan prinsip P2 yang diusulkan. 3) Hasil analisis kelayakan ekonomis dan prediksi dampak terhadap lingkungan dan sosial, dari rancang penerapan prinsip P2 dalam penggunaan sumberdaya air di PKS SMK, menunjukkan; a) diperoleh keuntungan berkisar antara enam puluh lima juta seratus lima puluh dua ribu empat ratus dua puluh dua rupiah sampai dua ratus empat puluh satu juta dua puluh lima ribu sembilan ratus lima puluh rupiah per tahun (menurut nilai tahun 2001 - 2002), bila PKS SMK menerapkan masing-masing rancang penerapan prinsip P2 yang diusulkan, serta manfaat marjinal (marginal benefit); b) Aspek pengurangan penggunaan air atau peningkatan efisiensi penggunaan air (EPA), dan penurunan debit limbah cair hingga di bawah ambang batas yang diijinkan, akan berdampak pada konservasi sumberdaya air dan menurunkan tingkat pencemaran. Penghematan biaya air dan biaya instalasi pengolahan air limbah (IPAL) yang diperoleh dari penerapan prinsip P2 akan dapat meningkatkan keuntungan perusahaan dan sosial pendapatan karyawan PKS.Saran dari hasil penelitian ini adalah: 1) Mengingat penerapan prinsip P2 bukan suatu keharusan, tetapi hanya bersifat sukarela, maka pihak pengusaha (top management), dituntut memiliki komitmen dan peran yang tinggi untuk mengubah budaya dan etika bisnis perusahaan, serta menggalang dukungan penuh dari karyawan agar penerapan prinsip ini dapat mencapai sasaran. Dukungan tersebut akan menjadi nyata bila pihak pengusaha mau memasukkan biaya lingkungan menjadi bagian langsung dari komponen biaya produksi; 2) Pemerintah dan badan yang terkait diharapkan dapat meningkatkan penegakkan peraturan dan perundang-undangan lingkungan dengan; a) meningkatkan peran pengawasan dan pengendalian emisi, b) menetapkan kriteria standarisasi penggunaan sumberdaya alam yang lebih mengikat dan diterapkan, c) memasukkan nilai insentif, menaikkan pajak pengambilan dan pemanfaatan air, serta memberlakukan retribusi bagi setiap pembuangan limbah cair agar sifat sukarela seperti penerapan prinsip P2 lebih menarik dan memiliki arti; 3) Untuk lebih bisa mendapalkan hasil yang lebih nyata, diharapkan hasil rancang bangun (disain) penerapan prinsip P2 yang diusulkan dapat diuji coba, serta perlu ada suatu penelitian lebih lanjut dari beberapa hal yang membutuhkan jawaban yang lebih teknis dan spesifik dari penelitian ini.

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In Palm Oil Mill (POM), water is essential supporting material, such as feed water for the power generator boiler and the water processing (Naibaho, 1996:24). The requirement of water in POM, according to the number of processing in the Standardization of Dirjen Perkebunan (1997:4 of 26), is approximately 1.2-1.5 m3 per ton of processed Fresh Fruit Bunch (FFB). Based on the data: (1) the total amount of water utilization in POP corresponding to number of processing in the Standardization of Dirjen Perkebunan; (2) the water utilization based on number of processing by Naibaho (1996:154) and H-Kittikun (2000:7), that is 1.1-1.2 m3/ton of processed FFB; (3) the data of actual water utilization of 11 POP in North Sumatera, is about 1.20-2.16 m3/ton of processed FEB; It is clear that these situations show the indication of uncontrollable and inefficient water utilization. Moreover, considering that POM is waste water could be pollution source (BOD is about 20,000-30,000 ppm) with water debit of 0.44-1.18 m3/ton processed FFB (H-Kittikun, 2000:5), the potential of waste water polluting the underground and the surface water becomes greater if the water is used inefficiently. Such condition will not be so crucial, if the water resources are unlimited and at equilibrium.

Based on the case mentioned before, and to: (1) pay heed to global trend ( with components of globalization production, finance, commerce and technology) which leads to the emerging of global consumers with one of its character is the environmental awareness. It's implication is the consideration of environment friendly products (has become global) (Salim, 1995:15-17); (2) implement the agro business development program in UU No. 25 Th. 2000 (PROPENAS) which protects the natural resources and environmental system, and the continuity of the economic development to anticipate the trade barrier in global trading/commerce system; (3) to facilitate the achievement of the required pollution load in POM (from 6 m3lton production to 2.5 m3/ton production) in the year 2000, according to appendix A. IV and appendix B. IV, concerning The Liquid Waste Standard for Palm Oil Industry, Letter of Decision from The Minister of The Environment No. Kep-51/MENLH/10/1995 concerning The Liquid Waste Standard for Industry Activities, therefore the management of POM water resources should be done with the global principles of spirit applied in local measures (Think Globally, Act Locally). This kind of management is a proactive way to meet the purposes sustainable economic development

In The Agenda 21 summary (1997:54), one of the alternatives in environmental management suggested to achieve the purposes mentioned before is to use the Pollution Prevention Principle (P2). Based on the field study, the application of the Principle (P2), such as source reduction of liquid waste in POP could be done by reducing the over usage of water, through controlling the conditions of production process according to Standard Operating Procedure (SOP). The recycling alternative recommended in A Guide Book of Controlling Technology of Environment Impact in Palm Oil Industries (BAPEDAL, 1988:65) is, firstly, to reuse to recycle the water from 'fat-pit' (the oil collecting pool) for pressing process, or to reuse the condensed water as dilution water for pressing process (Tobing, 2000:4-5), and, secondly, to reuse the turbine cooling water. In addition, from the observation in POM, the reuse of condensate water from heating steam is advisable.

Generally, this study aims to obtain the information describing the implementation of P2 principle in the use the water resources in POM and to know the economic and environmental advantages of the implementation. Particularly, this study aims to:

1. Know the implementation design of P2 principle including source reduction, recovery and recycle in POM SMK activities.

2. Know the reduction of water consumption, and the amount of the liquid waste reduction in POM SMK from each implementation design of P2 principle.

3. Know the economical feasibility and prediction of environment and social impact of P2 principle implementation design impact in the use of water resources in POM SMK.

The research is a descriptive one supported by applied research using experimental method. The data of this research are secondary and primary data, including POM operation, water consumption, production, cost, government laws and standardization related to POM activities implementation procedures, and also other related data. This study was performed in Sei Mangkei POM, Kec. Bosar Malinggas, Kabupaten Simalungun, North Sumatera. The duration of this study was in January - June 2002.

The research analysis framework was performed in several steps: first, identifying the quality and the quantity of water consumption and the amount of POM liquid waste; second, observing the possibility of P2 Principle implementation and identifying the decrease of water consumption and POM liquid waste; third, identifying the economic impact and prediction of environmental and social impact by implementing The P2 Principle. The analysis was carried out by math analysis, tables, SPSS software, and financial feasibility analysis by Microsoft Excel 2000.

The conclusions of this research are: (1) The P2 Principle Implementation design suggested to be adopted is source reduction by controlling production process conditions, that is controlling the boiler pressure at its optimum condition, recovery of condensate water for dilution water of pressing process and waste vibro, and also reuse the turbine cooling water, LSS cooling water (LSS cooler); (2) The reduction of water consumption is approximately 10-39%, of high polluted liquid waste debit is approximately 26-39%, and of low polluted liquid waste debit is 100%, if SMK POM adopts all the suggested P2 Principles Implementation design; (3) The economic feasibility analysis and the prediction of the environmental and social impact of the P2 Principle implemented design in water resources utilization at SMK POM indicate: (a) profit around Rp.65,152.422-Rp.241,025,9501year (2001- 2002 value), if SMK POM adopts all the suggested P2 Principle Implementation and the marginal benefit; (b) the aspect of decreasing the water consumption or increasing the efficiency of water consumption, and decreasing the amount of liquid waste under the permitted limit, would have impact on the water resources conservation and lower the pollution level. The efficiency of water and Waste Water Treatment Plant (WVVTP) cost resulted from implementing The P2 Principle would increase the company profit and the PKS employees' income.

The suggestion of this study are; (1) Realizing that the implementation of The P2 Principle is not a must, but voluntary, the top management of the company, therefore, should have strong commitment and take part in changing the culture and ethics of the company business, and together with full support of employees so that the implementation of this principle could reach its goals. Such support would become real if the company have the willingness to put the environmental cost as direct component of the production cost; (2) The government as well as other related institutions are expected to increase the role of the environmental regulations by: (a) improving the role and implementation of emission supervision and control; (b) setting standard criteria of natural resources utilization which is more restricted and must be applied; (c) providing incentives, raising the water consumption taxes and applying the waste water retribution, so that the voluntary nature of implementing The P2 Principle is more attractive and worthy; (3) To gain more significant benefit, the design of The P2 Principle implementation should be tested and other follow-up research is required to produce more technical and specific aspects."

"Taking a comprehensive global approach, this book identifies the trends, drivers and impact of gender equality. Providing best practice recommendations and posing key challenges for achieving SDG5, this is the only book which comprehensively deals with all the key aspects of the goal based on the latest credible research."

"Chapters review analysis and remediation of pollutants such as greenhouse gases, chiral pharmaceuticals, dyes, chlorinated organics, arsenic, toxic metals and pathogen in air, water, plant and soil. Several highlights include the overlooked impact of air pollutants from buildings for health risk, innovative remediation techniques such as bioreactors for gas treatment, electrochemical cleaning of pharmaceuticals, sequestration on Fe-Mn nodules, phytoremediation and photocatalytical inactivation of microbial pathogens."