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"Translation played a crucial role in the emergence of vernacular literary culture in the Middle Ages. This is the first book to consider the rise of translation as part of a broader history of critical discourses from classical Rome to the late Middle Ages, and as such adds significantly to our understanding of the development of European culture"

"Translation played a crucial role in the emergence of vernacular literary culture in the Middle Ages. This is the first book to consider the rise of translation as part of a broader history of critical discourses. Rita Copeland shows how ideas about translation from antiquity to the Middle Ages were generated within the theoretical systems of rhetoric and hermeneutics, textual production and textual interpretation. She discusses the importance of these systems in ancient and medieval education, showing how they shaped the practice of translation in the medieval schools and in literary culture at large. Translation became a site of opposition between learned Latin and vernacular cultures, and as a form of cultural appropriation exploited the models of textual invention supplied by rhetorical theory and exegetical practice. The book illuminates this critical history through close readings of German, French, and English translations of Latin texts, including works by Jean de Meun, Chaucer, and Gower. Rita Copeland's innovative study has important implications for the understanding of medieval literary theory and throws light on wider developments in European learning in the Middle Ages."

"Edmund Burke ranks among the most accomplished orators ever to debate in the British Parliament. But often his eloquence has been seen to compromise his achievements as a political thinker. In the first full-length account of Burke’s rhetoric, Paddy Bullard argues that Burke’s ideas about civil society – and, particularly, about the process of political deliberation – are, for better or worse, shaped by the expressiveness of his language. Above all, Burke’s eloquence is designed to express ethos or character. This rhetorical imperative is itself informed by Burke’s argument that the competency of every political system can be judged by the ethical knowledge that the governors have both of the people that they govern, and of them- selves. Bullard finds the intellectual roots of Burke’s ‘rhetoric of character’ in early modern moral and aesthetic philosophy. He traces its development through Burke’s parliamentary career to its culmin- ation in his masterpiece, Reflections on the Revolution in France."