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"Aluminium adalah sebuah logam ringan dan ulet yang memiliki kegunaan terbanyak kedua di dunia industri setelah besi dan baja. Salah satu aluminium yang memiliki aplikasi yang luas adalah paduan Al-Mg-Si yang tergolong ke dalam aluminium seri 6xxx. Walaupun memiliki banyak keunggulan, paduan Al-Mg-Si memiliki kekurangan yaitu nilai kekerasannya yang rendah jika dibandingkan dengan aluminium seri lainnya. Oleh karena itu, peningkatan nilai kekerasan pada paduan Al-Mg-Si dapat dilakukan melalui pengerjaan dingin dan perlakuan penuaan. Kedua proses tersebut dapat digabungkan sehingga menghasilkan perlakuan yang disebut dengan perlakuan panas T8. Penelitian ini menggabungkan metode canai dingin yang dilakukan setelah perlakuan pelarutan kemudian diikuti dengan penuaan buatan pada paduan Al-1Mg-0.54Si ( % berat) yang dihasilkan melalui proses squeeze casting. Canai dingin yang dilakukan menggunakan tiga variasi deformasi yaitu 5, 10, dan 20 %. Sementara itu, penuaan dilakukan pada temperatur 180 °C selama 200 jam. Pengujian yang dilakukan adalah pengujian komposisi kimia, pengujian kekerasan, pengujian metalografi, pengujian SEM–EDS (Scanning Electron Microscope – Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy), dan pengujian XRD (X-Ray Diffraction). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa semakin besar deformasi menyebabkan butir semakin memanjang dan setelah penuaan menghasilkan peningkatan kekerasan puncak yang dicapai pada waktu yang semakin singkat. Hal ini ditunjukkan dengan paduan Al-Mg-Si setelah dideformasi sebesar 20 % yang diikuti dengan penuaan pada temperature 180 °C selama 30 menit menghasilkan nilai kekeran yang paling tinggi. Hal ini mengindikasikan adanya kombinasi dua mekanisme penguatan, yaitu pengerasan regangan dan penguatan presipitasi.

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Aluminium is a light and ductile material that has the second most use in industry after iron and steel. One of the aluminium that has a wide application is the Al-Mg-Si alloy which classified as aluminium 6xxx series. Although it has many advantages, Al-Mg-Si alloy has a disadvantage, which is its low hardness value compared to other aluminium series. Therefore, increasing the hardness value of Al-Mg-Si alloys can be done through cold working and ageing treatment. The two processes can be combined to produce a treatment known as T8 heat treatment. This research combined the cold rolling method which was carried out after solution treatment followed by ageing of the Al-1Mg-0.54Si alloy (wt. %) which was produced through squeeze casting process. Cold rolling was varied to 5, 10, and 20 % deformation. Meanwhile, ageing was carried out at 180 °C for up to 200 h. Characterization included compositional testing, hardness testing, metallographic testing, SEM - EDS (Scanning Electron Microscope - Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy) testing, and XRD (X-Ray Diffraction) testing. The results demonstrated that the higher the deformation, the longer the grain elongated, and after ageing resulted in an increase in peak hardness which was achieved in a shorter time. This was demonstrated by the Al-Mg-Si alloy after 20 % deformation and ageing at 180 °C for 30 min, which produced the maximum hardness value. This suggests the presence of two strengthening mechanisms, which included strain hardening and precipitation strengthening."

"Aluminium adalah sebuah logam ringan dan ulet yang memiliki kegunaan terbanyak kedua di dunia industri setelah besi dan baja. Salah satu paduan aluminium yang memiliki aplikasi luas adalah Al-Mg-Si yang termasuk ke dalam seri aluminium 6xxx. Peningkatan kekuatan paduan AlMg-Si dapat dilakukan melalui perlakuan penuaan dan pengerjaan panas, dimana kedua proses tersebut dapat digabungkan sehingga menghasilkan perlakuan yang disebut perlakuan panas T5. Penelitian ini menggabungkan metode canai panas yang dilakukan saat perlakuan pelarutan kemudian diikuti dengan penuaan pada paduan Al-1,01Mg-0,58Si (% berat) yang dihasilkan lewat proses squeeze casting. Pencanaian panas dilakukan pada temperatur 400, 475, dan 550 °C dengan persen deformasi sebesar 10 %, sementara itu penuaan buatan dilakukan pada temperatur 180 °C selama 0-200 jam. Karakterisasi meliputi pengujian komposisi kimia, pengujian kekerasan, pengamatan metalografi dan SEM – EDS (Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy), serta pengujian XRD (X-Ray Diffraction). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kenaikan temperatur pemanasan atau laku pelarutan meningkatkan pelarutan fasa kedua, mempercepat peristiwa rekristalisasi dinamis, serta memicu respons penuaan yang lebih baik. Hal ini ditunjukkan dengan fenomena yang terjadi, pada kondisi setelah pencelupan cepat, paduan Al yang diberikan pencanaian panas pada temperatur 400 dan 475 °C mengalami peristiwa pemulihan, sementara pada 550 °C sudah terjadi rekristalisasi. Selanjutnya pada kondisi setelah penuaan, paduan Al hasil pencanaian panas pada temperatur 550 °C yang diikuti penuaan pada temperatur 180 °C selama 8 jam menghasilkan kekerasan yang paling tinggi diantara perlakuan lainnya.

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Aluminum is a light and ductile metal which has the second most uses in industrial world after iron and steel. One aluminum alloy that has wide application is Al-Mg-Si which belongs to the aluminum 6xxx series. Increasing the strength of Al-Mg-Si alloys can be done through ageing treatment and hot working, which can be combined to produce T5 heat treatment. This research combined hot rolling with solution treatment followed by ageing, which was applied on Al-1.01Mg-0.58Si (Wt. %) alloy produced through the squeeze casting process. The temperatures of hot rolling were varied to 400, 475, and 550 °C with a percent deformation of 10 %, meanwhile artificial ageing was carried out at 180 °C for 0-200 hours. The characterization included chemical composition testing, hardness testing, metallographic observation by optical microscope and SEM-EDS (Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy), as well as XRD (X-Ray Diffraction) testing. The results showed that an increased in heating or solution treatment temperature increased the dissolution of the second phase into the matrix, accelerate dynamic recrystallization event, and trigger a better ageing response. This is showed by phenomenon that occurred, on the as-quenched condition, only recovery occurred to alloy that was given hot rolling at temperature of 400 and 475 °C, while at 550 °C the recrystallization occurred. On the as-aged condition, the alloy that was given hot rolling at 550 °C followed by ageing at 180 °C for 8 hours exhibits a higher hardness than other treatments."

"Aluminium dan paduannya tengah dikembangkan sebagai badan pesawat terbang karena sifatnya yang lebih ringan daripada baja dan mudah dibentuk. Paduan aluminium 7XXX yang mengandung Zn dan Mg dapat ditingkatkan sifat mekanisnya melalui proses deformasi. Persentase deformasi yang diberikan akan meningkatkan kekerasan paduan melalui mekanisme penguatan regang. Proses anil yang dilakukan setelah deformasi akan mengembalikan keuletan paduan melalui mekanisme stress relieve, rekristalisasi dan pertumbuhan butir. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh persen deformasi dan temperatur anil terhadap rekristalisasi dan sifat mekanik paduan Al-4.7Zn-1.8Mg berat. Pembuatan paduan dilakukan dengan proses squeeze casting. Proses homogenisasi dilakukan pada temperatur 400 oC selama 4 jam. Paduan hasil homogenisasi kemudian diberikan canai dingin dengan persen deformasi 5, 10 dan 20 . Selanjutnya paduan dengan deformasi 20 diberi perlakuan panas anil dengan temperatur 300, 400 dan 500 oC selama 2 jam. Karakterisasi meliputi pengujian kekerasan untuk melihat pengaruh canai dingin dan temperatur anil terhadap sifat mekanik paduan, pengamatan struktur mikro dengan mikroskop optik dan Scanning Electron Microscope SEM yang dilengkapi dengan Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy EDS. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan persen deformasi sebesar menyebabkan terjadinya pemipihan butir. Deformasi 5, 10 dan 20 menghasilkan rasio deformasi butir sebesar 2.19, 3.19 and 4.59 dan meningkatkan kerasan paduan dari 69.5 HV menjadi sebesar 95.3, 100.1 dan 105.4 HV. Perlakuan panas anil pada temperatur 300 oC menyebabkan terjadinya recovery sedangkan rekristalisasi terjadi pada temperatur 400 oC dgrain 290 ?m. Grain growth terjadi pada temperatur 500 oC dgrain 434 ?m yang menyebabkan penurunan kekerasand dari 105.4 HV menjadi 71.5, 96.8 and 95.3 HV berturut turut. Rekristalisasi sempurna diprediksi pada temperature anil 375 ndash; 425 oC selama 2 jam.

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Aluminium alloys are developed as airplane body due to its lighter weight compared to steel and good formability. Aluminium 7XXX series with Zn and Mg alloying elements are commonly used because of its mechanical properties can be improved through deformation process. Deformation such as cold rolling may increase the hardness of an alloy through strain hardening. Annealing process after deformation process will recover ductility through stress relieve, recrystallization and grain growth mechanisms. This research aimed to find out the effect of cold rolling and annealing temperatur on the recrystallization and mechanical properties of Al 4.7Zn 1.8Mg wt. alloy.

The alloy was produced by squeeze casting process. Homogenization was conducted at 400 oC for 4 hours followed by cold rolling with degree of deformation of 5, 10 and 20 . The samples with 20 of deformation were then annealed at 300, 400 and 500 oC for 2 h. Vickers hardness test was performed on the cold rolled and annealed samples to reveal strain hardening effect and subsequent recrystallization process. Microstructure was observed by using optical microscope and Scanning Electron Microscope SEM with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy EDS.

The results showed that the higher the deformation, the more elongated the grains. Deformation of 5, 10 and 20 led to grain shape ratios of 2.19, 3.19 and 4.59, respectively and increase in the hardness of the alloy from 69.5 HV to 95.3, 100.1 and 105.4 HV, respectively. Annealing at 300 oC resulted in recovery, while at 400 oC, recrystallization occured dgrain 290 m. Grain growth was observed after annealing at 500 oC for 2 h dgrain 434 m. The annealing temperature of 300, 400 and 500 oC decrease the hardness of the alloy from 105.4 HV to 71.5, 96.8 and 95.3 HV, respectively. Full recrystallization was predicted to happen at 375 ndash 425 oC for 2 hours."

"Sebuah model tahanan deformasi hasil eksperimen diperoleh dari proses pengerolan dingin (cold rolling) paduan Kuningan Cartridge yang dilakukan di laboratorium. Berdasarkan model ini, model-model teoritis yang ada dimodifikasi sehingga model teoritis dapat diterapkan pada kondisi proses skala laboratorium tersebut. Model hasil regresi eksperimen dan modifikasi mampu memprediksi tahanan deformasi dan beban pengerolan paduan Kuningan Cartridge.

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A model of resistance to deformation as a result of cold rolling process of Cartridge Brass alloy conducted at laboratory was obtained. Based on this experimental model, to be able to apply the theoretical models to meet the scale level of laboratory, they were modified. The regression of experiment results and the modified theoretical models are reasonably able to predict the resistance to deformation and roll separating force of the alloy during cold rolling process."

"Proses canai panas terdiri dari rangkaian proses, mulai dari pemanasan ulang, pengerolan, sampai pada pendinginan. Pengontrolan perubahan struktur mikro dan sifat mekanik sangat penting untuk menghasilkan proses dan sifat-sifat yang optimum. Pengontrolan tersebut akan efektif bila menggunakan suatu model terpadu yang mencakup semua aspek-aspek pada canai panas yaitu temperatur, sifat-sifat mekanik dan aspek metalurgi. Pengembangan model matematika dilakukan untuk memprediksi tahanan deformasi dan beban pengerolan selama proses canai panas satu tingkat dari suatu plat baja karbon rendah dengan menggunakan model fisik dan data-data eksperimen di laboratorium. Dalam penelitian ini diperoleh sebuah model yang dapat memprediksi tahanan deformasi dan beban pengerolan plat baja dengan kandungan 0.071% C selama proses pengerolan panas.

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Hot rolling of steel consists of reheating furnace, rolling, scatting, and cooling. Micro structural changes and mechanical properties are very important to control during rolling to product an optimum process and properties condition. The controlling will be more effective if we used an overall model including temperature, mechanical properties and metallurgy aspect.

A mathematical model has been developed to predict the resistance to deformation and rolling load during a single pass hot rolling of rolling load by using physical model and data from laboratory experiments.

The modified models obtain in this present work hope that can be able to predict resistance to deformation and rolling load of wt-0.077 %C steel during hot rolling."

"Paduan Al-Zn-Mg (Seri 7xxx) telah banyak dikembangkan dalam berbagai aplikasi, terutama dalam industri penerbangan sebab memiliki kekerasan yang tinggi sementara densitasnya rendah. Paduan tersebut umumnya diperkuat melalui perlakuan penuaan, di mana terjadi difusi atom-atom Zn dan Mg dari larutan padat sangat jenuh sehingga terbentuk presipitat metastabil. Selain itu, paduan dapat diperkuat pula dengan penambahan Ti yang akan memperhalus butir. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh Ti dalam penguatan presipitasi paduan Al-5.1Zn-1.8Mg-0.4Ti (% berat) pada berbagai temperatur. Paduan ini dibuat dengan proses squeeze casting. Kemudian dilakukan homogenisasi pada temperatur 400 oC selama 4 jam dan laku pelarutan pada 440 oC selama 1 jam yang dilanjutkan dengan pencelupan air hingga temperatur ruang. Penuaan dilakukan pada temperatur 90, 130 dan 200 oC selama 200 jam. Untuk mengetahui respon penuaan, dilakukan pengujian kekerasan Rockwell, sementara itu perubahan struktur mikro diamati dengan menggunakan Mikroskop Optik dan Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) - Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kekerasan tertinggi dihasilkan setelah penuaan di temperatur 90 oC, bahkan pada temperatur ini, kekerasan terus meningkat setelah 200 jam. Semakin tinggi temperatur penuaan, semakin rendah kekerasan puncak yang dihasilkan, tapi waktu yang dibutuhkan untuk mencapai kekerasan puncak akan berkurang. Penambahan Ti diketahui dapat menahan penguatan dengan memperlambat kinetika presipitasi melalui penurunan jumlah kekosongan kompleks zat terlarut. Urutan presipitasi yang terbentuk adalah GP zone  ƞ?  ƞ (MgZn2).

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Al-Zn-Mg alloys (7xxx series Al alloys) have been widely used in many applications, especially in aerospace industry because of their high strength and low density. These alloys are commmonly hardened upon ageing treatment, in which diffusion of Zn and Mg atoms from super saturated solid solution results in formation of metastable precipitates. To further increase the strength of the alloys, Ti is added to decrease the grain size. The objective of this study is to investigate the role of Ti in the precipitation strengthening of Al-5Zn-1.8Mg-0.4Ti (wt.%) alloy.

The alloy was fabricated by squeeze casting process. Then, the alloy was homogenized at 400 oC for 4 hours. Subsequent solution treatment was employed at 440 oC for 1 hour and followed by water quenching to room temperature. The ageing was conducted at 90, 130 and 200 oC for 200 hours. The ageing response was followed by Rockwell hardness testing, while the microstructural evolution was observed by using Optical Microscope (OM) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) - Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS).

The results showed that the highest hardness was achieved after ageing at 90 oC, and even at this temperature, the hardness remained increase after 200 h of ageing. The higher the ageing temperature, the lower the achieved peak hardness but the time needed to peak hardness reduced. Addition of Ti retarded the strengthening by slowering kinetics of precipitation through decreasing number of solute-vacancy complexes. The suggested major precipitation sequence was GP zones  ƞ?  ƞ (MgZn2)."

"Paduan Al-Mg-Si memiliki sifat rasio kekuatan terhadap berat yang tinggi. Salah satu cara untuk meningkatkan kekuatan paduan Al-Mg-Si adalah dengan perlakuan pencanaian panas yang dilanjutkan dengan penuaan buatan atau dikenal sebagai proses perlakuan panas T5. Penelitian ini mempelajari pengaruh persen deformasi yang dilakukan setelah proses laku pelarutan terhadap respons penuaan paduan Al-1,86Mg-0,51Si (% berat). Paduan dibuat melalui pengecoran dengan metode squeeze casting. Selanjutkan dilakukan homogenisasi pada temperatur 400 °C selama 4 jam. Kemudian sampel diberi laku pelarutan pada temperatur 590 °C selama 1 jam dan dalam keadaan panas diberi deformasi sebesar 10, 17,5, dan 25 %. Tahap berikutnya sampel dicelup cepat dengan media air dan dilakukan penuaan buatan pada temperatur 180 °C selama 200 jam. Karakterisasi yang dilakukan pada sampel meliputi pengujian komposisi kimia, pengujian kekerasan, pengamatan struktur mikro dengan mikroskop optik, pengujian SEM-EDS, dan XRD. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan peningkatan persen deformasi menyebabkan pengecilan ukuran butir dan peningkatan kekerasan puncak setelah penuaan buatan. Hal ini disebabkan oleh adanya fenomena dynamic recrystallization yang mendorong terjadinya pengecilan ukuran butir. Namun tidak ada interaksi yang signifikan dari proses canai pada laku pelarutan dengan penuaan buatan. Adanya perbedaan kekerasan hanya disebabkan oleh perbedaan persen deformasi yang menyebabkan penguatan batas butir.

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The Al-Mg-Si alloys has a high strength to weight ratio. Way to increase the strength of Al-Mg-Si alloys is by hot rolling treatment followed by artificial ageing or known as T5 heat treatment process. This research studied the effect of deformation percentage performed after solution treatment on ageing response of Al-1.86Mg-0.51Si alloy (wt. %). The alloy made by squeeze casting method and homogenized at 400 °C for 4 hours. Then the sample was given solution treatment at 590 °C for 1 hour and in hot conditions deformed by 10, 17.5, and 25 %. Next, the samples were rapidly quenched in water and artificially aged at 180°C for 200 hours. The characterization carried out included chemical composition testing, hardness testing, microstructure observation with optical microscope, SEM-EDS testing, and XRD. The results showed that the increase in percent deformation causes a decrease in grain size and increase in peak hardness after artificial ageing. This is caused by the phenomenon of dynamic recrystallization which encourages grain size reduction. However, there was no significant interaction of the rolling process on solution treatment with artificial ageing. The difference in hardness is only caused by the difference in percent deformation which causes grain boundary strengthening."

"PadaPJPT II produksi otomotif dan industri manufaktur berkembang pesat sesuai dengan kualitas sumber daya manusia (SDM), demikian pula dalam rangka menghadapi era globalisasi produk-produk tersebut diharapkan mempunyai daya saing yang tinggi sehingga meningkatkan devisa negara. Bahan sampel dari penelitian ini adalah all killed steel sheets tipe CQ dengan sistem batch anil sebagai bahan baku appliances, komponen automobil dan komponen otomotif yang berkandungan carbon (0,039 - 0,069) % setara dengan CE (0,039 - 0,071) % mempunyai sifat mekanis dan mampu bentuk dengan nilai kekerasan (44-55) HRB, tegangan ( 314-346) N mm2, elongation (73-87)%, koefisien pengerasan regangan ( 0,171- 0,202 ), regangan ultimate, (16,9 - 21,4 ) % limit drawing ratio / koefien pembatasan penarikan (1,94 - 2,06 ), ketinggian cup (25.46 - 30.54 ) mm, ketinggian earing / pengupingan (2.19-6.49) % kedalaman tekanan (9,8 - 11,00) mm, koefisien regangan plastic rata-rata ( 1,244 - 1,55 ), koefisien planar anisotropi (0.206-0.3570) dan diameter butir ferite ( 0,0021 - 0,0042 ) mm.Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa pada batas-batas harga tersebut karbon equivalen meningkatkan kekerasan, kekuatan, modul R dan menurunkan elongation, koefisien pengerasan regangan, regangan ultimate, LDR, tinggi cup, kedalaman tekan erichsen, modul AR, regangan arah tebal dan memperhalus diameter butir. Atas dasar uraian tersebut diatas penganih karbon equivalen terhadap sifat mekanis dan mampu bentuk terhadap al killed steel sheet tipe CQ dapat dioptimasi dominan untuk kode nomor 3 dengan deformasi pada skinn pass rolling disarankan kurang dari (0.5 - 0.2 ) % agar nilai kewajaran untuk koefisien pengerasan regangan tercapai."

"[Stainless steel merupakan material yang paling banyak digunakan dalam pembuatan turbin pembangkit tenaga listrik Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC), karena densitasnya yang tinggi, membuat kinerja turbin menjadi kurang efisien. Salah satu alternatif penggantinya adalah paduan aluminium seri 7xx.x (Al-Zn-Mg) yang memiliki sifat mekanik terbaik dibandingkan dengan seri yang lainnya. Sifat mekanik paduan tersebut dapat ditingkatkan dengan penambahan Cr serta perlakuan pengerasan penuaan. Pada penelitian ini dipelajari pengaruh penambahan Cr sebesar 0, 0.03, 0.1 dan 0.46 wt. % pada paduan Al-10Zn-6Mg. Paduan dibuat dengan proses squeeze casting dengan tekanan sebesar 76 MPa. Pelat selanjutnya dihomogenisasi pada temperatur 400 oC selama 4 jam dan dilakukan proses pengerasan penuaan dengan melakukan solution treatment pada temperatur 440 oC selama 2 jam, pendinginan cepat, dan penuaan pada temperatur 130 oC. Karakterisasi yang dilakukan diantaranya adalah pengujian kekerasan Rockwell B, pengujian impak, pengamatan struktur mikro dengan mikroskop optik dan Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) dilengkapi dengan Energy Dispersive X-Rays (EDX), dan Simultaneous Thermal Analysis (STA). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penambahan Cr sebesar 0.03, 0.1 dan 0.46 wt. % meningkatkan kekerasan paduan Al-10Zn-6Mg menjadi 50.9, 52.8, 53.2 HRB yang diakibatkan oleh pengecilan ukuran SDAS, pembentukan larutan padar Cr di dalam matriks serta pembentukan fasa kedua (CrFe)Al7 dan CrAl7 pada penambahan 0.46 wt. % Cr. Penambahan Cr belum memberikan pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap proses pemanasan.

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Stainless steel is most widely used in manufacturing of turbine impeller of Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC). However, due to its high density, the performance of turbine becomes less efficient. One alternative to substitute stainless steel is 7xx.x series aluminum alloys (Al-Zn-Mg) which have good mechanical properties compared to other series. Their mechanical properties can be improved by the addition of Cr as well as precipitation hardening process. This research studied the effect of addition of Cr with variation of 0, 0.03, 0.1 and 0.46 wt. % in Al-10Zn-6Mg alloys. The samples were made by squeeze casting process with pressure of 76 MPa. The plate was then homogenized at 400 ° C for 4 hours, followed by precipitation hardening process which consisted of solution treatment at 440 ° C for 2 hours, water quenching and ageing 130 ° C. Characterization was done by Rockwell B hardness testing, impact testing, microstructure observation by using optical microscope and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) equipped with Energy Dispersive X-rays (EDX) and Simultaneous Thermal Analysis (STA). The results showed that addition of Cr 0.03, 0.1 and 0.46 wt. % increase the hardness of Al-10Zn-6Mg aloys to 50.9, 52.8, 53.2 HRB respectively, which were due to reduction of SDAS, solid solution strengthening of Cr in the matrix and the formation of (CrFe)Al7 and CrAl7 second phases when 0.46 wt. % Cr was added. During ageing process also increased hardness alloys, but Cr were not have a significant impact on the transformation phase. The addition of Cr not have a significant influence on the heating process.

;Stainless steel is most widely used in manufacturing of turbine impeller of Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC). However, due to its high density, the performance of turbine becomes less efficient. One alternative to substitute stainless steel is 7xx.x series aluminum alloys (Al-Zn-Mg) which have good mechanical properties compared to other series. Their mechanical properties can be improved by the addition of Cr as well as precipitation hardening process. This research studied the effect of addition of Cr with variation of 0, 0.03, 0.1 and 0.46 wt. % in Al-10Zn-6Mg alloys. The samples were made by squeeze casting process with pressure of 76 MPa. The plate was then homogenized at 400 ° C for 4 hours, followed by precipitation hardening process which consisted of solution treatment at 440 ° C for 2 hours, water quenching and ageing 130 ° C. Characterization was done by Rockwell B hardness testing, impact testing, microstructure observation by using optical microscope and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) equipped with Energy Dispersive X-rays (EDX) and Simultaneous Thermal Analysis (STA). The results showed that addition of Cr 0.03, 0.1 and 0.46 wt. % increase the hardness of Al-10Zn-6Mg aloys to 50.9, 52.8, 53.2 HRB respectively, which were due to reduction of SDAS, solid solution strengthening of Cr in the matrix and the formation of (CrFe)Al7 and CrAl7 second phases when 0.46 wt. % Cr was added. During ageing process also increased hardness alloys, but Cr were not have a significant impact on the transformation phase. The addition of Cr not have a significant influence on the heating process.

, Stainless steel is most widely used in manufacturing of turbine impeller of Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC). However, due to its high density, the performance of turbine becomes less efficient. One alternative to substitute stainless steel is 7xx.x series aluminum alloys (Al-Zn-Mg) which have good mechanical properties compared to other series. Their mechanical properties can be improved by the addition of Cr as well as precipitation hardening process. This research studied the effect of addition of Cr with variation of 0, 0.03, 0.1 and 0.46 wt. % in Al-10Zn-6Mg alloys. The samples were made by squeeze casting process with pressure of 76 MPa. The plate was then homogenized at 400 ° C for 4 hours, followed by precipitation hardening process which consisted of solution treatment at 440 ° C for 2 hours, water quenching and ageing 130 ° C. Characterization was done by Rockwell B hardness testing, impact testing, microstructure observation by using optical microscope and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) equipped with Energy Dispersive X-rays (EDX) and Simultaneous Thermal Analysis (STA). The results showed that addition of Cr 0.03, 0.1 and 0.46 wt. % increase the hardness of Al-10Zn-6Mg aloys to 50.9, 52.8, 53.2 HRB respectively, which were due to reduction of SDAS, solid solution strengthening of Cr in the matrix and the formation of (CrFe)Al7 and CrAl7 second phases when 0.46 wt. % Cr was added. During ageing process also increased hardness alloys, but Cr were not have a significant impact on the transformation phase. The addition of Cr not have a significant influence on the heating process.

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"Paduan aluminum telah dikenal sebagai material utama untuk berbagai aplikasi yang membutuhkan kombinasi antara kekuatan dan massa jenis yang rendah. Paduan aluminium yang sering diaplikasikan yaitu paduan seri 7xxx. Kebanyakan paduan ini digunakan untuk aplikasi pesawat terbang yang membutuhkan kekuatan yang tinggi dan keuletan. Dalam industri penerbangan, paduan Al-Zn-Mg mengalami proses pembentukan untuk menghasilkan produk struktural. Salah satu masalah yang sering muncul dari produk hasil pembentukan adalah peripheral coarse grain PCG dan hot tearing yang dapat mengurangi sifat mekanik dan ketahanan korosi paduan. Penambahan paduan mikro dapat digunakan untuk mengatasi masalah ini. Penambahan kromium Cr pada paduan Al-Zn-Mg dapat menekan pertumbuhan butir dan mengontrol ukuran butir dengan mencegah rekristalisasi lanjutan. Tujuan dari studi ini yaitu untuk mengetahui pengaruh deformasi melalui proses canai dingin pada paduan Al-4.5Zn-1.5Mg-0.9Cr berat dan untuk mengetahui pengaruh kromium terhadap struktur mikro dan sifat mekanik selama rekristalisasi melalui proses anil.Dalam studi ini, paduan dihasilkan melalui squeeze casting. Kemudian, paduan dilakukan homogenisasi selama 4 jam dengan temperatur 400 C. Paduan kemudian dicanai dingin dengan persen deformasi 5, 10 dan 20 . Proses anil dilakukan pada sampel deformasi 20 dengan variasi temperatur 300, 400 dan 500 C selama 2 jam. Karakterisasi yang dilakukan terdiri dari analisis struktur mikro oleh mikroskop optik dan Scanning Electron Microscope SEM - Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy EDS dan pengujian sifat mekanik dengan uji keras Microvickers. Hasilnya, terjadi pemipihan struktur diikuti dengan peningkatan reduksi ketebalan 5, 10 dan 20 dengan nilai rasio butir terdeformasi berturut-turut yaitu, 1.6, 2.84 dan 2.99. Struktur yang semakin pipih ini efektif untuk meningkatkan kekerasan. Selain itu, proses anil hasil canai dingin 20 pada temperatur 300 C dan 400 C belum menunjukkan adanya proses rekristalisasi. Proses rekristalisasi baru terjadi pada proses anil dengan temperatur 500 C. Sementara, pada paduan tanpa Cr, rekristalisasi baru terjadi pada temperatur 400 C. Hal ini dikarenakan adanya dispersoid Cr dalam bentuk Al, Zn 7Cr dengan ukuran kurang dari 1 m menghambat pergerakan dislokasi dan proses rekristalisasi. Hal ini ditandai dengan pembentukan butir baru berawal dari intermetalik Al, Zn 7Cr dengan ukuran lebih dari 1 m yang telah terdeformasi melalui mekanisme particle stimulated nucleation PSN.

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Aluminum alloys have been known as the main material for various application which requires the combination of strength and low density. One of the alloys that widely used is 7xxx series aluminum alloy. Most of the alloys are commonly used in aircraft industries for their high strength and ductility. In aircraft industries, Al Zn Mg alloys undergo many kinds of forming processes to create structural product. Problems that are usually found in the forming process include peripheral coarse grain PCG and hot tearing which decrease mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of the alloys. Microalloying element can be used to overcome these problems. The addition of chromium Cr in Al Zn Mg alloys can supress the grain growth and control the grain size by preventing excess recrystallization. The aim of this study is to understand the effect of deformation by cold rolling and Cr addition on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Al 4.5Zn 1.5Mg 0.9Cr wt. during recrystallization by annealing process. The Al 4Zn 1.5Mg 1Cr wt. alloy was fabricated by squeeze casting process and was subsequently homogenized at 400 oC for 4 hours. The samples were cold rolled for 5, 10 and 20 . The 20 deformed samples were then annealed at 300, 400 and 500 oC for 2 hours. The material characterization consisted of microstructure analysis by optical microscope and Scanning Electron Microscope SEM Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy EDS and also mechanical testing by Microvickers hardness test. The results showed that the deformed grain ratio was found to be 1.6, 2.84 dan 2.99 in the 5, 10 and 20 deformed samples, rexspectively. The elongated dendrites were effective to increase the hardness of the alloy. No recrystallization was detected during annealing at 300 oC and 400 oC. Recrystallization was observed in the annealing process at 500 oC. Whereas, for the samples without Cr addition, recrystallization occurred at 400 oC. It means the addition of Cr was found to increase the recrystallization temperature of the alloy. It occurred because Cr dispersoid in Al, Zn 7Cr with size less than 1 m impedes the dislocation motion. However, the presence of Al, Zn 7Cr intermetalics with size more than 1 m promote the formation of new grains around them by particle stimulated nucleation PSN mechanism. "