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"Radiasi merupakan salah satu faktor pembentuk radikal bebas, itu sebabnya petugas yang bekerja di bagian radiasi rentan untuk terpapar radiasi sehingga menimbulkan radikal bebas. Eksperimen ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui seberepa besar pengaruh radiasi terhadap pembentukan radikal bebas pada sampel kuku dan mempelajari proses peluruhan radikal bebas tersebut. Untuk memudahkan eksperimen ini, sampel kuku diradiasi dengan dosis kecil 0,5 Gy, 1 Gy, 3 Gy, 5 Gy dan 10 Gy. Selain itu, untuk mempelajari peluruhan radikal bebas sampel kuku diradiasi dengan dosis besar yaitu 100, 200, dan 300 Gy, kemudian mengukur ulang dengan ESRsetelah satu jam. Yang terakhir adalah pengukuran kuku pada petugas radiasi di sumber gamma cell. Hasil Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) menunjukan bahwa sampel kuku mengandung jumlah radikal bebas yang sesuai dengan banyaknya dosis yang diberikan dan mengalami penurunan jumlah radikal bebas setelah satu jam.

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Radiation is one factor that forming free radicals, thats why radiation employee has a risk to get irradiated by radiation source nearby . This experiment meant to know how much radiation effect to free radical forming and learn process of freeradical decay. To ease this experiment, fingernail samples were irradiated bygamma with variated dose 0,5, 1, 3, 5 and 10 Gy. Beside that, to learn free radicaldecay, fingernails were irradiated with variated dose 100, 200, and 300 Gy, thenfingernails measured by ESR after one hour. The last is ESR measurement forfingernails of radiation employee. Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) result showedthat fingernails contain number of free radicals as much as radiation dose andbeing decreased after one hour irradiated."

"Dedak Padi Oryza sativa L. adalah produk sampingan hasil penggilingan beras yang mengandung tokoferol, tokotrienol, ?-oryzanol, dan senyawa bioaktif lainnya. ?-Oryzanol merupakan salah satu komponen dari minyak dedak padi yang berfungsi sebagai antioksidan, antiinflamasi, antineoplastik, hipolipidemia, dan berpotensi dikembangkan dalam bidang obat-obatan, kosmetik dan produk nutrisi. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengoptimisasi kondisi ?-oryzanol dengan IL- MAE (Ionic Liquid-Microwave Assisted Extraction) dan aktivitas penghambatan radikal bebas dengan metode DPPH 1,1 difenil-2-pIkrilhidrazil . Dedak padi diekstraksi menggunakan MAE Microwave Assisted Extraction dengan pelarut cairan ionik [Bmim]BF4. Kondisi ektraksi dibuat dalam empat parameter yaitu konsentrasi pelarut, rasio pelarut banding sampel, waktu ekstraksi, dan daya MAE. Proses optimasi dilakukan dengan bantuan RSM Response Surface Methodology . Hasil yang didapat yaitu kondisi optimal untuk memperoleh kadar ?-oryzanol adalah pada run 3 dengan kondisi konsentrasi pelarut 0,7 M dengan rasio sampel banding pelarut 1 : 15 gr/mL , waktu ekstraksi 10 menit dan daya MAE 30 Dan untuk aktivitas penghambatan diperoleh kondisi optimal pada run 1 dengan konsentrasi pelarut 0,7 M, rasio sampel banding pelarut 1 : 15 gr/mL , waktu ekstraksi 15 menit dan daya MAE 10 . Berdasarkan penelitian dapat disimpulkan kadar ?-oryzanol yang didapat pada kondisi optimum adalah 0,41 mg/g indeks desirability 0,876 . serta persen penghambatan yang didapat pada kondisi optimum adalah 31,14 indeks desirability 0,780 . Hasil menunjukkan IL-MAE sebagai metode ekstraksi yang cocok untuk mengekstraksi bahan alam.

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Rice Oryza sativa L. bran is a by product of rice milling process that contain tocopherol, tocotrienol, oryzanol and others bioactive compound. Oryzanol is one of the components of rice bran oil which have the function as antioxidant, antiinflammatory, antineoplastic, hypolipidemia and potential to be used in pharmaceuticals, cosmoceutical and nutraceutical. This study aimed to optimization condition of Oryzanol using IL MAE Ionic Liquid Microwave Assisted Extraction and the Inhibition activity with DPPH 1,1 diphenyl 2 pycrilhidrazil . Rice bran was extracted by MAE Microwave Assisted Extraction using Ionic Liquid Bmim BF4 as the solvent. This extraction used four parameters to determine optimum condition, including concentration, solid ratio, times, and power. The result of the optimization was processed using Response Surface Methodology RSM in Design Expert 10.03. The optimum condition of oryzanol content was found in run 3. The conditions was the IL concentration 0.7 M, solid liquid ratio 1 15 gr mL , extraction time of 10 min, and extraction power of 30 beside that, the result of free radical scavenging activity showed that the optimum condition was found in run 1. The optimum condition was in the IL concentration 0.7 M, solid liquid ratio 1 15 gr mL , extraction time of 15 min, extraction power of 10 . Based on this research, it can be concluded that the levels of oryzanol in optimum condition was 0.41 mg g desirability index of 0.876 and the optimum inhibition percentage of free radical scavenging activity was 31.14 desirability index 0.780 . The result showed that IL MAE was suitable extraction s method of natural product."

"ABSTRACTGambier (Uncaria gambier) is known to have antioxidant properties, and some studies have attributed it to the presenceof polyphenols such as catechin. The objective of this study is to investigate the potential of various gambiers availablein Indonesian market as a scavenger of reactive freeradicals and evaluate its anti-hyperglycemic activity as α-glucosidase inhibitor. Isolation of catechin was done by extraction method with technical grade of ethyl acetate as solvent. Analysis of catechin in the dried gambier extract was carried out with TLC method. The molecular weight and content of catechin of dried gambier extract was determined by analyzing its mass spectra and spectrophotometer,respectively. The free radical scavenging activity of catechin of the resultant extracts was measured by using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) as stable free radical compound. The anti-hyperglycemic activity of catechin of ethyl acetate extracts was analyzed as α-glucosidase inhibitor. The result showed that various gambiers available in themarket are very active as antioxidant, indicated by IC50of catechin of ethyl acetate extracts which were 4.6 to 18.2μg/mL for DPPH inhibition. The IC50 for α-glucosidase inhibition is ranged from 40.45 to 52.43μ g/mL, so they can be classified as anti-diabetic."

"Principles of toxicology : environmental and industrial applications, this edition provides health protection professionals as well as environmental scientists with precise, up-to-date, practical information on how to apply the science of toxicology in both the occupational and environmental setting. Through contributions from leading experts in diverse fields. Principles of toxicology, second edition features :

• - Clear explanations of the fundamentals necessary for an understanding of the effects of chemical hazards on human health and ecosystems
• - Coverage of occupational medicine and epidemiological issues
• - The manifestation of toxic agents such as metals, pesticides, organic solvents, and natural toxins
• - Special emphasis on the evaluation and control of toxic hazards
• - Specific case histories on applying risk assessment methods in the modern workplace
• - Ample figures, references, and a comprehensive glossary of toxicological terms

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"Environmental toxicology is the third volume of a three-volume set on molecular, clinical and environmental toxicology that offers a comprehensive and in-depth response to the increasing importance and abundance of chemicals of daily life. By providing intriguing insights far down to the molecular level, this three-volume work covers the entire range of modern toxicology with special emphasis on recent developments and achievements. "

"Penggunaan lisat mikroba untuk perawatan kulit telah tumbuh secara substansial di pasaran. Lisat merupakan sel yang membran luarnya telah rusak karena bahan kimia atau proses fisik yang dikategorikan sebagai postbiotik. Posbiotik adalah produk inaktif atau metabolit dari mikroorganisme yang memiliki aktivitas biologis. Eksplorasi mikroba komensal kulit dalam pengembangan bahan aktif perawatan kulit telah dilakukan oleh peneliti terdahulu, empat galur bakteri dari sampel kulit suku Jawa, Staphylococcus hominis MBF12–19J, Staphylococcus warneri MBF02–19J, Bacillus subtilis MBF10–19J, Micrococcus luteus MBF05–19J. Penggabungan ke-empat galur bakteri dalam bentuk koktail telah dilakukan pada penelitian ini dengan tujuan untuk mendapatkan metode perolehan rendemen (Yield) lisat koktail bakteri yang optimum dengan mengoptimalkan pertumbuhan masing-masing bakteri dalam media produksi dilanjutkan dengan proses koktail skala Batch fermentation menggunakan biofermentor 2L. Perolehan lisat optimum berupa debris sel dan fraksi lisat diproses melalui enkapsulasi dengan inulin dan maltodekstrin metode spray drying kemudian diuji aktivitas penangkalan radikal bebas dan analisis metabolomik untuk mengetahui profil metabolitnya. Hasil menunjukkan waktu inkubasi pertumbuhan optimum kultur bakteri individu skala biofermentor 2L untuk Micrococcus luteus MBF05-19J, Bacillus subtilis MBF10-19J, Staphylococcus warneri MBF02-19J, Staphylococcus hominis MBF12-19 adalah 21, 17, 7, dan 15 jam. Waktu inkubasi fermentasi 3 jam pada suhu 37 ℃, agitasi 50 RPM, aerasi 5% oksigen terlarut. Rendemen lisat koktail kering semprot sebesar 16,5325% dengan karakteristik serbuk putih, halus, homogen, higroskopis, beraroma khas lisat. Kandungan lembab 8,93%, ukuran partikel 1150-1470 nm, aktivitas antiradikal bebas (IC50) 755,258 μg/mL. Profil metabolit lisat koktail dan serbuk lisat kering semprot menunjukkan kandungan metabolit yang masih sama.

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The use of microbial lysates for skincare has substantially grown in the market. Lysates are cells with damaged outer membrane due to chemical or physical processes and categorized as postbiotics. Postbiotics are inactive product or metabolites of microorganisms with biological activities. Exploration of skin commensal microbes in the development of skincare active ingredients was carried out by previous study, four bacterial strains from Javanese skin samples, Staphylococcus hominis MBF12–19J, Staphylococcus warneri MBF02–19J, Bacillus subtilis MBF10–19J, Micrococcus luteus MBF05–19J. The combination of bacterial strains in cocktail form was completed in this study to obtain the optimum bacterial cocktail lysate yield method by optimizing each bacterium’s growth in production medium followed by Batch fermentation cocktail process using 2L biofermentor. Optimum lysate recovery of cell debris and lysate fraction was processed through encapsulation with inulin and maltodextrin by spray drying method, followed by radical scavenging assay and metabolomic analysis to determine the metabolite profile. The result showed the optimum growth culture incubation time of 2L biofermentor scale for Micrococcus luteus MBF05-19J, Bacillus subtilis MBF10-19J, Staphylococcus warneri MBF02-19J, Staphylococcus hominis MBF12-19 were 21, 17, 7, 15 hours respectively. Fermentation incubation time was 3 hours at 37 ℃, agitation 50 RPM, aeration 5% dissolved oxygen. The yield of spray dried cocktail lysate was 16,5325% with the characteristic of white, smooth, homogenous, hygroscopic, distinctive lysate aroma. Moisture content was 8,93%, particle size 1150-1470 nm, radical scavenging activity (IC50) 755,258 μg/mL. Metabolite profile of cocktail lysate and spray dried cocktail lysate remained the same."

"This book provides concise, critical reviews of timely advances, philosophy and significant areas of accomplishment and needed endeavor across the field of xenobiotics, in any segment of the environment, as well as toxicological implications."