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"ABSTRAKTesis ini membahas dominasi pihak koxporasi dalam kebiakan pcmerintahan Amerika Serikat di Timur Tengah dengan Studi kasus bisnis tentara bayaran pascaperang Irak tahun 2003. Fokus masalah dalam penelitian ini teranglcum dalam tiga pertanyaan inti. Pertama, mengapa pihak korporasi AS dapat menjalankan bisnis tentara bayaran mcrcka pascapcrang Irak tahun 2003? Kedua, bagaimana praktik bisnis tentara bayaran yang dilaksanakan Oleh AS pascaperang Irak tahun 2003? Dan, ketiga, bagaimana prospck serta tantangan bisnis tentaxa bayaran AS di Irak pada masa yang akan datang?Teori yang digunakan sebagai pisau analisis dalam penelitian ini adalah teori ekonomi neoliberal serta teori pemerintahan korporatisme. Keduanya adalah teori ekonomi politik. Dengan rnenggunakan metode kualitatif melalui pendekatan studi kasus, penelitian ini menghwilkan beberapa kesimpulan, yaitu scbagai berikut. Pcrtama, terdapat hubungan yang kuat antara pihak koprorasi dengan para politisi dari Partai Republik di AS yang menyebabkan pihak korporasi dapat melaksanakan bisnis tentara bayaran di lrak pascaperang. Kedua, bisnis tentara bayaran tersebut, dilakukan melalui pintu proyek rekonstruksi I1-ak pascaperang. Ketiga., prospek bisnis tentara bayaran di Irak pada masa yang akan datang sangat bergantung kepada karakter rezim yang berkuasa. Presiden Barrack Obama memang berjanji untuk menarik pasukan militer dari Irak, tetapi di sisi lain, dia oenderung mempenahankan tentara bayaran AS di Irak untuk mengamankan infiasturicnnr minyak yang sudah mereka kuasai.

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ABSTRACTThis thesis speaks about the corporate domination of the United States govemment policy in the Middle East, in the case study the mercenaries business during postwar Iraq in 2003. This research is focused in three main questions. First, why did the United States corporate mercenaries be able to conduct their business during postwar Iraq on year 2003? Second, how did the United States run their Mercenaries Business during postwar Iraq on year2003? And the Third, what is the prospect for the US mercenaries business in Iraq and their challenges ahead?To analyze the subject, this research is using the neo-liberal economic theory and the theory of state corporatism; both are the theory of political economy. By using the qualitative method through study case analysis, this research has tinally come into three conclusions. First, there is a strong connection between the corporation and the US Republican politicians that make the corporations were able to conduct their mercenaries business during postwar Iraq. Second, the business was held by the mean of the postwar reconstruction project in Iraq. Third, the prospect of the mercenaries business will be strongly depending on the characteristic ofthe ruling govemment. Though President Barrack Obama had promised to Withdraw the US Army fiom Iraq, he tends to maintain the US mercenaries so that _they will be able to keep the Iraq Oil secured at their hands."

"Post 11/9 saw elevated concern of the global community on heightened terrorist threat upon maritime domain. Reactions includes IMO's amendments of SOLAS and the rise of numerous initiatives from all parts of the world. Current threat on world's maritime security is dominated by issues and incidents of piracy and hijacking in Somalia. Many countries have deployed their naval power to the waters of Somalia and the Gulf of Aden as mandated by the UN. Nevertheless these initiatives and actions could not prevent businesses around the world to have private armed security on board their vessels. This phenomenon has sparked reactions both against and supportive. A number of well established maritime mercenary companies provide armed protection services and acknowledged by some countries. Indonesia stands in opposing the presence of such mercenaries, nevertheless after the MV Sinar Kudus incident it has pushed the government to formulate legal product as guidance for its law enforcement agencies at sea to create their SOP and ROE in facing these private security at the sea."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan Politik Militer Angkatan Udara Republik Indonesia dalam pemerintahan Sukarno 1962-1966. Secara temporal penelitian ini di awali dengan pelaksanaan Reorganisasi tahun 1962 dan diakhiri hingga dikeluarkannya Supersemar. Aspek spasial penelitian ini adalah Jakarta, sebagai Ibukota negara R.I dan pusat komando AURI.Penelitian tesis ini menggunakan metode sejarah. Sebagai kajian sejarah, hasil penelitian ini disajikan dalam bentuk naratif. Data penelitian berupa sumber primer didapatkan di Arsip Nasional, Pusat Sejarah dan Tradisi TNI, Disjarah AURI, Perpustakaan Nasional, Sekretariat Negara dan Perpustakaan CSIS. Selain itu didapatkan sumber lisan dari pelaku sejarah, melalui proses wawancara dengan Sri Mulyono Herlambang (Men/Pangau 1965-1966), Heru Atmodjo (Asisten Direktur Intelejen AURI 1965) dan Supeni (Tokoh PNI/Staf Departemen Luar Negeri 1965). Adapun data sekunder diperoleh dari sepuluh perpustakaan di Jakarta.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa reorganisasi militer AURI pada tahun 1962 secara konsepsi bertujuan untuk meningkatkan profesionalitas dan integralitas angkatan bersenjata. Namun prakteknya, reorganisasi seringkali dikaitkan dengan masalah politik yang kontra-produktif. Pergantian kepemimpinan AURI dari Suryadarma kepada Omar Dhani misalnya, lebih didorong karena persaingan antar angkatan bersenjata dan Presiden Sukarno juga menjadikan reorganisasi sebagai cara meningkatkan pengaruhnya dalam angkatan bersenjata. Menghadapi menguatnya pengaruh Nasution, Sukarno menjalin hubungan erat dengan AURI.Peristiwa G-30-S 1965 di Jakarta dan Yogyakarta yang menewaskan Ahmad Yani, Suprapto, S.Parman, MT Haryono, Sutoyo, DI Pandjaitan, Tendean, Katamso dan Sugiyono pada akhirnya melahirkan ketidakpercayaan publik terhadap kepemimpinan presiden yang dianggap terlibat dalam peristiwa tersebut. Pada peristiwa tersebut, keterlibatan Men/Pangau Omar Dani mengakibatkan ketidakpercayaan publik terhadap AURI. Sehingga kemudian pada akhir masa kepemimpinan Omar Dani dan kepemimpinan Sri Mulyono Herlambang, AURI bersikap berbalik dengan menumpas para pelaku G-30-S. Adapun perubahan sikap tersebut, selain di dorong dari kalangan internal AURI juga merupakan akibat campur tangan pihak AD untuk mengurangi pendukung Sukarno dalam pemerintahan.

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The objective of this experiment was to discribe Angkatan Udara Republik Indonesia militery politic in Sukarno government 1962-1966. This experiment was temporally started with reorganization gappened in 1962 and ended until Supersemar run. The spacial aspect of this experiment was in Jakarta as RI capital city and AURI command center.The thesis experiment used historical methode. As historical course, the result of this experiment was performed in narrative text. An experiment data was primary sourced that got from national archive, TNI History and Tradition Center, Disjarah AURI, National Library, State Secretariat and CSIS library. Beside that, it was gotten from oral speaking source of historical actor, Sri Mulyono Herlambang (Men/Pangau 1965-1966), Heru Atmodjo (AURI Intelejent Directure Asistent 1965) and Supeni (PNI figure/abroad departemet staff 1965) using interview process. And the secondary data was gotten from 10 library in Jakarta.The result of this experiment showed that the objective of military AURI reorganization in 1962 was conceply to increase profesionality and integrality of angkatan bersenjata. But in fact, reorganization was often related with political problem. AURI leader subtitute from Suryadarma to Omar Dani as example, because of many competitions between Angkatan Bersenjata and President Sukarno that made reorganization as a way to influence improvement in Angkatan Bersenjata. To face Nasution?s influence, Sukarno has good relation with AURI.The event of G-30-S in Jakarta and Jogjakarta which killed Ahmad Yani, Suprapto, S. Parman, MT Haryono, Sutoyo, DI Pandjaitan, Tendean, Katamso dan Sugiyono. Was finally process unbelieveable society to leadership of president which assumed that he involved in it. In this event Men/Pangau Omar Dani involvement proceesed unbelievable public to AURI. So, the end of Men/Pangau Omar Dani and Men/Pangau Sri Mulyono Herlambang leadership, AURI showed contra attitude with arresting the actors of G-3-S. it was because of not only from internal AURI but also the results of joining AD to descrise influence of Sukarno supporter in his government."

"TNI sebagai komponen utama dalam sistem pertahanan negara, memiliki karakteristik berbeda dengan organisasi non militer yaitu adanya prinsip kesatuan komando (Unity of Command) yang berarti keputusan diambil secara sentralisasi dan pelaksanaan secara desentralisasi. Komandan satuan (pimpinan cabang) tidak berwenang mengambil keputusan, tetapi hanya melaksanakan kebijakan yang ditetapkan oleh pimpinan pusat. Berbeda dengan di swasta, pimpinan cabang berwenang membuat keputusan untuk mencapai tujuan organisasi (emppwerment). Agar tu[ok dapat berjalan optimal, TNI harus mampu mengumpulkan, menyimpan, mengolah data menjadi informasi, dan menyebarluaskannya dengan mudah dan cepat, serta adaptive terhadap perubahan yang terjadi (internal/ eksternal). Selain itu, TNI harus memiliki keselarasan (aligntment), dan keterpaduan (integration) di semua level manajemen. Hal tersebut, hanya dapat diwujudkan melalui pemanfaatan kemajuan TI secara optimal. saat ini, TNI telah memanfaatkan TI namun hasilnya belum optimal yang disebabkan antara lain: Pengembangan SI/TI masih bersifat ad-hoc (business opportunities are missed): SI yang ada belum terintegrasi (lack of integration of system): Adanya duplikasi SI, sehingga pengolahan data tidak efektif (ineffective information management produces duplication of effort): , dan pengelolaan SI/TI belum terpadu dan terencana (lack of understanding and agreed direction). Menjadi keharusan bagi TNI memiliki rencana strategis SI, agar dapat terarah dalam mengembangkan SI/TI di masa mendatang. Oleh karena itu perlu melakukan perencanaan strategis SI yang sesuai dengan karakteristik TNI yang berorientasi kepada visi dan misi. Namun mencari model perencanaan strategis SI yang dapat dijadikan acuan bagi TNI sangat sulit, karena kecenderungan model yang ada lebih diarahkan kepada organisasi bisnis/profit yang bersifat decentralized/distributed. Penelitian ini, bertujuan untuk memperoleh model perencanaan Strategis SI yang tepat untuk TNI dengan studi kasus di TNI AU. Untuk itu dilakukan pengkajian terhadap enam dokumen perencanaan strategis SI milik swasta dan pemerintah yaitu Lembaga Sandi Negara, PT Jamsostek, PT. Perkebunan Nusantara V Riau (PTPN V), U.S. Departement of Defense (US DoD), U.S. General Service Administration (US GSA), dan U.S. Departement of Justice (US DoJ). Melalui perbandingan beberapa model tersebut, dan penggunaan kombinasi metodologi perencanaan SI versi Ward & Peppard, Tozer, dan James Martin, diperoleh model pengelolaan SI/TI yang sesuai untuk diterapkan di TNI AU yaitu model federal yang berupa kombinasi antara terpusat (centralized) dan tersebar (decentralized), yaitu fungsi komando dilakukan secara terpusat dan operasional SI/TI secara tersebar da satuan kerja SI/TI TNI AU. Hasil penelitian ini, diharpkan dapat digunakan sebagai acuanbagi komponen TNI lainnya yaitu Mabes TNI, TNI AD dan TNI AL, tentunya dengan melakukan penyesuaian sesuai karakteristik masing-masing.

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Tentara Nasional Indonesia (TNI) is a military organization in Indonesian Characteristic's TNI differ from organization of non military, the decision taken by centralized and execution decentralized. In TNI, commandant set of (head branch) unqualified take decision, but only execute policy specified by head center. It is difference from business/ profit organization, head of authoritative branch makes decision to reach organizationl target (empowerment). In Order to optimal main task, TNI have to able to collect, store, processes of data become information, and overspread it easily and quickly, and also adaptive to change that happened in internal or external. Others, TNI have to own compatibility and integrity in all level management. The mentioned, can only be realized by through exploiting of progress of Technology Information (IT) in an optimal fashion. In this time, TNI have exploited TI but it is not optimal yet caused for example Development Information System (IS) Technology Information (TI) still have the character of ad-hoc (business opportunities acre missed); So, The Information System existing not yet integrated. Data processing is ineffective information management produces duplication of effort and both of Management IS/TI not yet in wrought and planed made lack of understanding and agreed direction. TNI have to own strategic plan for Information System to earn directional in developing systems. Therefore require to conduct strategic plan of IS matching with characteristic TNI orienting to mission and vision. Searching type of strategic plan of IS which can be made by reference for TNI very difficult, because this is existing type tendency more instructed to business organization having the character of decentralized and distributed. This research, aim to obtain gets of strategic planning of the correct for TNI with case study in Indonesian Air Force (TNI AU). For that conducted by study to six documents of strategic plan of IS property of private sector and governmental that is Lembaga Sandi Negara, PT Jamsostek, PT. Perkebunan Nusantara V Riau (PTPN V), U.S. Department of Defense (US DoD), U.S. General Service Administration (US GSA), and U.S. Department of Defense (US.DoD), US. Gener ServiceAdministration (US GSA), and US Department of Justice (US DoJ). Through comparison of some the type, and use of combination of methodologies of planning of IS version Ward & Peppard, Tozer, and James Martin, obtained a model management of appropriate SI/TI to be applied in TNI AU that is federal type is which is in the form of combination of between centralized and decntralized, where is function command centrally and operational of SI/TI blazed abroad in set of job of SI / TI TNI AU. Result of this research, is expected serve the purpose of reference for each of TNI (Mabes TNI, TNI AD and TNI AL). perhaps conducted is adjustment of according to characteristic of them."