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"In developed countries, literature, study and research for bureaucracy in 50 60's is dominated by trying to understand model and dynamic bureaucracy application in government, business and modern society...."

"Some of objectives of infrastructure development are pushing economic growth and decreasing unemployment. Economic crises that started in 199 brought the bad condition in Indonesian infrastructure, this condition arise because government doesn 't have enough fund to increase quality and quantity t the infrastructure. This paper tries to offer new source of fund for Indonesia infrastructure development through Islamic bonds. This is a prospective way I absorb fund, because this type of bonds is very demanding, especially from gulf countries"

"Penelitian ini akan membahas mengenai kerangka manajemen risiko koperasi syariah, dengan mengambil kasus 2 (dua) koperasi syariah terkemuka di Indonesia. Penerapan manajemen risiko berguna bagi organisasi untuk meningkatkan kinerjanya secara keseluruhan dan mencapai tujuan organisasinya. Meskipun keuangan mikro syariah berkembang pesat di Indonesia, koperasi syariah mengalami berbagai tantangan dari internal dan eksternal. Tantangan internal yang dihadapi koperasi syariah antara lain permodalan, tantangan SDM, dan terbatasnya standar operasional prosedur operasional internal. Dari sisi regulasi, tidak seperti lembaga keuangan lain yang sangat diatur seperti bank dan asuransi, koperasi syariah masih belum memiliki regulasi khusus untuk penerapan manajemen risiko. Situasi ini mendorong koperasi syariah untuk menciptakan self-regulation dan selfcontrol untuk penerapan manajemen risikonya. Metodologi yang digunakan yaitu pendekatan kualitatif yang menggunakan strategi penelitian studi kasus melalui wawancara, Focus Group Discussion (FGD) dan analisis dokumen, penelitian ini mengidentifikasi jenis risiko yang dihadapi koperasi syariah di Indonesia dan cara mengelola risiko tersebut.

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This study offers a risk management framework for the Islamic cooperative, by taking a case of 2 (two) leading Islamic cooperative in Indonesia. Risk management implementation is useful for organizations to improve their overall performance and achieve their organization goal. Despite the fast growth of Islamic microfinance in Indonesia, Islamic cooperatives experience various challenges from internally and externally. Internal challenges faced by Islamic cooperatives include capital, human resource challenges, and limited standard operational procedures for internal operations. From the regulatory side, unlike other highly regulated financial institutions such as banks and insurance, Islamic cooperative still has no specific regulation for risk management implementation. This situation leads Islamic cooperatives to create self-regulation and self-control for their risk management implementation. The methodology in this study is a qualitative method with case study approach through interviews, Focus Group Discussions (FGD) and document analysis , this study identifies the type of risks faced by Islamic cooperatives in Indonesia and ways to manage the risks."