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"ABSTRAKKonflik Suriah terus mengalami eskalasi dan memasuki fase baru menuju perang besar pasca-serangan senjata kimia Pemerintah Assad dan serangan penghukuman AS ke pangkalan udara militer Suriah. Ancaman Rusia dan Iran yang akan membalas secara serius serangan militer AS ke Suriah menimbulkan kekhawatiran dunia akanberakhirnya solusi politik melalui perundingan damai di Jenewa, Swiss, dan dimulainya perang besar berskala global. Sebab, aksi militer saling berbalas bisa terjadi di mana saja, sehingga konflik melebar. Perubahan sikap Presiden Trump dan implikasi serangan rudal AS dikaji dalam tulisan ini dengan mengungkap pemikiran Clausewitz tentang perang. Tulisan ini juga melihat kesulitan Indonesia dalam menyikapi perubahan lingkungan strategis terkait kepentingan nasional"

"After the Cold War, traditional deterrence theory has come under criticism from a number of perspectives, including the reduced value of deterrence accompanying the disappearance of conflicts between major powers, and the ineffectiveness of deterrence in dealing with regional adversaries and radical international terrorist organizations. Complex deterrence theory considers not only the nuclear weapons-based dyadic deterrence of the Cold War era but also the complicated deterrence relationships that encompass countries suspected of developing nuclear weapons such as North Korea and Iran, as well as non-state actors such as international terrorist organizations. This theory also examines the use of various military technologies other than nuclear weapons, as well as nonmilitary means, in deterrence. Although the theory has yet to be systemized to the same extent as Cold War nuclear deterrence theory, it nonetheless incorporates beneficial perspectives from which to analyze the post-Cold War security environment."

"Kehadiran CSCAP dan ARF telah menjadi titik awal munculnya berbagai inisiatif kerja sama keamanan multilateral di Asia-Pasifik pasca Perang Dingin. Pada tataran empiris, kehadiran inisiatif ini turut diikuti dengan perkembangan pembahasannya dalam literatur. Oleh karenanya, tulisan ini bertujuan untuk meninjau perkembangan literatur mengenai inisiatif kerja sama keamanan multilateral di Asia-Pasifik pasca Perang Dingin dengan menganalisis 47 literatur terakreditasi internasional yang membahas topik ini. Berdasarkan pada metode taksonomi, literatur tersebut dibagi ke dalam enam kategori, yaitu: (1) inisiatif dan karakteristik kerja sama keamanan multilateral di Asia-Pasifik pasca Perang Dingin, (2) motif kehadiran aktor non-Asia Tenggara dalam inisiatif (3) persepsi aktor non-Asia Tenggara terhadap kepemimpinan ASEAN dalam mayoritas inisiatif keamanan di AsiaPasifik, (4) motif keterlibatan negara-negara Asia Tenggara dalam inisiatif, (5) persepsi negara-negara Asia Tenggara terhadap inisiatif, dan (6) pandangan akademisi terhadap inisiatif tersebut. Tinjauan pustaka ini berupaya untuk menyingkap konsensus, perdebatan, kesenjangan literatur, dan menunjukkan sejumlah tren, seperti persebaran tema, persebaran asal penulis, serta persebaran perspektif atas topik ini. Tinjauan pustaka ini mengidentifikasi bahwa inisiatif dan karakteristik kerja sama keamanan multilateral di Asia-Pasifik pasca Perang Dingin merupakan tema paling dominan dalam pengkajian topik ini, sementara Realisme merupakan perspektif yang paling dominan digunakan dalam literatur. Tinjauan pustaka ini turut merekomendasikan sejumlah agenda untuk penulisan lanjutan.

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The presence of CSCAP and ARF has become the starting point for the formation of postCold War multilateral security cooperation initiatives in Asia-Pacific. At the empirical level, the presence of the initiatives were followed by its development in literatures. Therefore, this paper aims to review this topic by analyzing 47 internationally accredited literatures. Based on taxonomy method, the literatures will be divided into six theme-based categories which consist of: (1) initiatives and characteristics of security cooperation in Asia-Pacific, (2) motives behind the presence of non-Southeast Asian actors, (3) perceptions of non-Southeast Asian actors towards ASEAN leadership in the majority of initiatives, (4) motives behind the involvement of Southeast Asian countries, and (5) their perceptions towards the initiatives, (6) academic views on the initiatives. This literature review seeks to unveil the consensus, debates, and gaps of this topic. Besides, it also seeks to show some trends in the writing of this topic such as the distribution of its themes, authors' origin, and the paradigmatic trend. This literature review identifies that initiatives and characteristics of Post-Cold War Multilateral Security Cooperation in Asia-Pacific is the most dominant theme in the literatures, while Realism is the most dominant perspective used by the literatures. It then recommends some proposed further researches

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"Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk memahami pandangan akademis terkait kondisi dan perkembangan regionalisme keamanan di Asia Tengah pasca-Perang Dingin. Literatur-literatur yang ditinjau terorganisasi dalam lima periodisasi, yakni 1991-1997, 1997-2001, 2001-2004, 2004-2011, dan 2011-2016. Sejak berakhirnya Perang Dingin, negara-negara internal kawasan harus mengelola keamanan regional secara mandiri. Regionalisme keamanan dianggap sebagai solusi yang memungkinkan atas isu-isu keamanan di kawasan tersebut. Meski demikian, para cendekiawan menganggap perkembangan regionalisme keamanan di Asia Tengah terhambat bahkan hingga saat ini. Penyebabnya berasal dari negara-negara internal dan eksternal kawasan. Di satu sisi, negara-negara internal memprioritaskan hubungan bilateral dan pemenuhan kepentingan domestik daripada integrasi regional. Di sisi lain, kuatnya kepentingan dan pengaruh aktor-aktor eksternal mdash;mulai dari Rusia, Tiongkok, Amerika Serikat, hingga beberapa organisasi multilateral mdash;semakin menghalangi penguatan regionalisme keamanan. Potensi persaingan antarnegara eksternal juga menambah kerumitan karena negara-negara internal masih akan memihak pada Rusia demi menjaga status quo kawasan dan keamanan masing-masing. Akibatnya, regionalisme keamanan cenderung semakin tersisihkan dari agenda keamanan kawasan.

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This paper aims to understand the academic views regarding the condition and development of security regionalism in the post Cold War Central Asia. The reviewed literature is organized into five periodizations, which are 1991 1997, 1997 2001, 2001 2004, 2004 2011, and 2011 2016. Since the end of the Cold War, the region rsquo s internal states have to manage their regional security independently. Security regionalism was seen as a possible solution for the security issues in the region. However, scholars have perceived that the development of security regionalism in Central Asia is hindered even until now. The causes were rooted from the internal and external states. On one hand, internal states have been prioritizing on bilateral relations and the fulfillment of domestic interests instead of regional integration. On the other hand, strong influence and interests of external actors mdash namely Russia, China, United States, and some multilateral organizations mdash further impede the reinforcement of security regionalism. The likelihood of rivalries between external states also heightens the complexity because internal states will still side with Russia in order to maintain the region rsquo s status quo and their own security. As a consequence, the security regionalism gets even more sidelined from the region rsquo s security agenda."

"Dengan semakin banyaknya pelanggaran atas HukumInternasional khususnya dalam penggunaan kekuatan militeroleh Negara-negara, keberadaan aturan penggunaankekerasan militer dalam hubungan internasional dirasakansudah tidak relevun lagi. Bahkan PBB dan aturan dalamPiagam dianggap tidak berdaya menghadapi kenyataan duniasaat ini. Akan tetapi, pendapat tesebut tidak bisa dibenarkankarena sesunguhnya Negara-negara di dunia selalu berusahauntuk mencari justifikasi dalam hukum intemasional atassegala tindakannya"