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"Visual search for compound patterns was examined in observers aged 6, 8, 10, and 22 years. The main question was whether age-related improvement in search rate (response time slope over number of items) was different for patterns defined by short- versus long-range spatial relations. Perceptual access to each type of relation was varied by using elements of same contrast (easy to access) or mixed contrast (hard to access). The results showed large improvements with age in search rate for long-range targets; search rate for short-range targets was fairly constant across age. This pattern held regardless of whether perceptual access to a target was easy or hard, supporting the hypothesis that different processes are involved in perceptual grouping at these two levels. The results also point to important links between ontogenic and microgenic change in perception (H. Werner, 1948, 1957)."

"Cerpen Ciuman Pertama (初吻) karya Zhang Xianliang adalah cerpen yang mengisahkan berpindahnya tokoh “aku” ke kota baru, yang membuatnya berkenalan dengan seorang gadis, dan menjadi teman hanya dalam waktu yang singkat. Beberapa penelitian terdahulu mengkaji Ciuman Pertama melalui gambaran kecantikan tokoh “gadis”, kekuatan narasi dalam cerpen maupun aspek “Oedipus kompleks” tokoh “Aku”. Penelitian ini mengungkap bahwa sudut pandang tokoh “Aku” serta latar tempat, waktu dan peristiwa sebagai aspek penting dalam mengungkap persoalan yang diangkat dalam cerpen. Dengan demikian, penelitian dilakukan dengan pendekatan intrinsik melaluiunsur yang ada dalam karya sastra. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini yaitu walaupun judul cerpen adalah Ciuman Pertama, namun narasi yang muncul dari sudut pandang tokoh “Aku” membuat pembaca menemukan sisi lain bahwa kondisi politik dan Perang Saudara di Cina pada 1945-1949 yang secara tak langsung telah membuat pertemanan tokoh “Aku” dan tokoh “Gadis” nantinya tidak dapat berlangsung lama karena mere harus berpisah tempat tinggal.

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Short Story First Kiss (初吻) by Zhang Xianliang is a story of the character "I" that move to a new city, where he meets a young girl and becomes friends with her for a brief period. Some previous studies have analyzed the "First Kiss" through the depiction of the girl's beauty, the narrative power in the story, and the "Oedipus complex" aspect of the protagonist. These studies reveal that the perspective of the protagonist and the background of the setting, time, and events are crucial aspects in unraveling the issues raised in the story. Thus, this research is conducted with an intrinsic approach by examining the elements present in the literary work. The conclusion of this study is that despite the title being "First Kiss," the narrative from the protagonist's perspective allows readers to discover another aspect: the political situation and the Chinese Civil War during 1945-1949, which indirectly led to the short-lived friendship between the protagonist and the girl, as they had to be separated."

"Cerpen Pembakaran Dupa Pertama (沉香屑·第一炉香Chenxiang xie-di yi luxiang) adalah cerpen karya Zhang Ailing (1943). Cerpen ini bercerita tentang seorang perempuan remaja bernama Ge Weilong yang berkeinginan melanjutkan studi ke jenjang yang lebih tinggi di Hong Kong. Untuk mendapatkan bantuan dana studi ia terpaksa tinggal di rumah bibinya yang berprofesi sebagai seorang mucikari. Setelah ia tinggal di rumah bibinya, niat untuk melanjutkan studi mengalami gangguan dan hambatan. Meskipun pada awalnya ia mampu mengatasi hal-hal yang menggoyah cita-citanya, tetapi pada akhirnya Ge Weilong gagal meraih cita-citanya. Penelitian terdahulu yang membahas cerpen Pembakaran Dupa Pertama karya Zhang Ailing fokus membahas tokoh utama perempuan dalam cerpen, hidup, dan kisah cintanya. Meski membahas tokoh utama perempuan dalam cerpen ini juga, artikel ini mencoba menganalisis dari sudut yang berbeda, yaitu tahapan kehidupan tokoh Ge Weilong semenjak ia membangun cita-cita, hambatan yang ia temui, dan bagaimana akhir dari cita-citanya. Dari hasil mengkaji teks cerita didapat kesimpulan bahwa tokoh Ge Weilong tidak teguh merealisasi cita-cita, mudah tergoda, dan gagal meraih cita-citanya. Gambaran hidupnya adalah representasi dari dupa yang muncul pada judul cerpen, bagian awal, dan bagian akhir cerpen. Pengarang nampak menyisipkan pesan agar perempuan hati-hati dalam menjalankan hidupnya.

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The short story of “First Incense Burning” (沉香屑·第一炉香Chenxiang xie-di yi luxiang) is a short story by Zhang Ailing (1943). This short story tells about a teenage girl named Ge Weilong who wants to continue her studies to a higher level in Hong Kong. To get financial support for her studies she was forced to live at her aunt's house who works as a pimp. After she lived at her aunt's house, her intention to continue her studies was disturbed and hindered. Although at first she was able to overcome the things that disturbed her goals, but in the end Ge Weilong failed to achieve her goals. Previous research that discussed the short story of “First Incense Burning” by Zhang Ailing focused on discussing the main female character in the story, her life, and love story. Although discussing the main female character in this short story as well, this article tries to analyze from a different angle, namely the stages of Ge Weilong's life since she built her goals, the obstacles she encountered, and how her goals ended. From the results of analyzing the story, it can be concluded that the character Ge Weilong is not firm in realizing her goals, she easily tempted, and fails to achieve her goals. Her life is a representation of the incense that appears in the title of the short story, the beginning, and the end of the short story. The author seems to have inserted a message for women to be careful in carrying out their lives."