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"The theory of justice is one of the most intensely debated areas of contemporary philosophy. Most theories of justice, however, have only attained their high level of justification at great cost. By focusing on purely normative, abstract principles, they become detached from the sphere that constitutes their "field of application" - namely, social reality. Axel Honneth proposes a different approach. He seeks to derive the currently definitive criteria of social justice directly from the normative claims that have developed within Western liberal democratic societies. These criteria and these claims together make up what he terms "democratic ethical life": a system of morally legitimate norms that are not only legally anchored, but also institutionally established. Honneth justifies this far-reaching endeavour by demonstrating that all essential spheres of action in Western societies share a single feature, as they all claim to realize a specific aspect of individual freedom. In the spirit of Hegelʹs Philosophy of Right and guided by the theory of recognition, Honneth shows how principles of individual freedom are generated which constitute the standard of justice in various concrete social spheres: personal relationships, economic activity in the market, and the political public sphere. Honneth seeks thereby to realize a very ambitious aim: to renew the theory of justice as an analysis of society. -- Publisher description"

"Tesis ini membahas konsep hak kebebasan beragama dalam Islam ditinjau dari perspektif perlindungan negara dan hak asasi manusia universal. Implementasi kebebasan beragama dalam Islam masih memiliki permasalahan yang belum tuntas. Berdasarkan perspektif Piagam Madinah, Islam dapat memberikan perlindungan kebebasan beragama dan memberikan hak-hak non-muslim. Namun, dalam praktiknya, di beberapa negara Islam dewasa ini, yang sering terjadi justru berbagai penyimpangan yang mengaburkan makna serta semangat yang dikandung dalam Piagam Madinah. Beberapa negara Islam saat ini masih memformalisasi dan merumuskan penerapan syariah dalam ruang publik. Negara menjadi tidak bersikap netral terhadap semua doktrin keagamaan dan selalu berusaha menerapkan prinsip-prinsip syariah sebagai kebijakan atau perundang-undangan negara. Hal ini juga tercermin dalam Deklarasi Kairo yang memberikan legitimasi kepada negara-negara Islam untuk tetap mempertahankan dan menjalankan doktrin berbasis syariah yang lebih menekankan perlindungan agama daripada memberikan perlindungan hak fundamental dalam kebebasan beragama. Oleh karena itu, perlunya doktrin pemisahan agama dan negara yang bertujuan agar negara lebih independen dan diharapkan dapat memberikan perlindungan organ-organ dan institusi-institusi negara terhadap penyalahgunaan kekuasaan atas nama agama. Hak kebebasan beragama hanya bisa direalisasikan dalam kerangka kerja negara yang konstitusional dan demokratis didasarkan oleh semangat yang dianut hak asasi manusia universal.

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The thesis discusses the concept of religious freedom in the perspective of state protection and universal human rights. The implementation of religious freedom in Islam still has unresolved issues. Based on the perspective of the Madinah Charter, Islam can provide protection of freedom of religion and give the rights of non-Muslims. Nowadays, however, in practice, in some Islamic countries, there is actually a variety of aberrations that obscures the meaning and spirit of the Madinah Charter. In some Muslim countries, the formalization and formulation of syariah are still implemented in the public sphere. State does not remain neutral toward all religious doctrines and always strives to apply the principles of syariah as a policy or state legislation. This is also reflected in the Cairo Declaration that gives legitimacy to Muslim countries to maintain and run a syariah-based doctrine that emphasizes the protection of religion rather than the protection of the fundamental rights of freedom of religion. Therefore, the need for the doctrine of separation of religion and state is intended to make state more independent and is expected to provide protection of the organs and institutions of the state against the abuse of power in the name of religion. Right to freedom of religion can only be realized within the framework of the constitutional and democratic state based on the spirit of universal human rights."