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"The combination ofbaffled air flotation and a membrane system for the treatment of palm oil milleffluent (POME) was studied. The POME was obtained from a palm oil factory inPTPN I Tanjong Seumantoh, Aceh, Indonesia. Operation variables and conditions,such as the hydraulic retention time and air flow rates, were varied to findthe optimum process. The air flotation process is able to reduce theconcentration of suspended solids and fats/ oils contained in the wastewater,which increases the performance of the membrane by reducing clogging. Theresults showed that this method was promising for POME treatment. The optimumorganic removal efficiency of the air flotation pretreatment was obtained atHRT = 5 days and at an air flow rate of 11 L/min. The effluent was subsequentlypassed through an anaerobic membrane system to achieve the highest removalefficiency treatment. The removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand (COD),total suspended solids (TSS), turbidity, mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS),mixed liquor volatile suspended solids (MLVSS), and fats/oils after passingthrough the membrane system were 97%, 93.9%, 99.8%, 94.5%, 96.2%, and 99.9%,respectively. The results also showed that the pH could be neutralized to 6.18,while a dissolved oxygen (DO) level of 1.60 mg/L could be achieved. A highquality of effluent was obtained, which met the standards for POME effluent."

"The combination of baffled air flotation and a membrane system for the treatment of palm oil mill effluent (POME) was studied. The POME was obtained from a palm oil factory in PTPN I Tanjong Seumantoh, Aceh, Indonesia. Operation variables and conditions, such as the hydraulic retention time and air flow rates, were varied to find the optimum process. The air flotation process is able to reduce the concentration of suspended solids and fats/ oils contained in the wastewater, which increases the performance of the membrane by reducing clogging. The results showed that this method was promising for POME treatment. The optimum organic removal efficiency of the air flotation pretreatment was obtained at HRT = 5 days and at an air flow rate of 11 L/min. The effluent was subsequently passed through an anaerobic membrane system to achieve the highest removal efficiency treatment. The removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), turbidity, mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS), mixed liquor volatile suspended solids (MLVSS), and fats/oils after passing through the membrane system were 97%, 93.9%, 99.8%, 94.5%, 96.2%, and 99.9%, respectively. The results also showed that the pH could be neutralized to 6.18, while a dissolved oxygen (DO) level of 1.60 mg/L could be achieved. A high quality of effluent was obtained, which met the standards for POME effluent."

"Kitosan adalah polielektrolit organik semulajadi yang berjisim molekul danberketumpatan caj yang tinggi, diperoleh dari deasetilasi kitin. Kajian ini meneroka potensi dankeberkesanan kitosan sebagai pengental utama dan flokulan, dibandingkan dengan aluminiumsulfat (alum), untuk rawatan awal sisa kilang kelapa sawit (POME). Siri ujian pengentalan danflokulasi kelompok telah dikendalikan di bawah keadaan yang berbeza seperti dos dan pH untukmenentukan keadaan optimal bagi pengental kitosan dan alum. Prestasi diuji berdasarkanpenurunan nilai kekeruhan, kandungan pepejal terampai (TSS) dan keperluan oksigen kimia(COD). Kitosan menunjukkan penurunan parameter yang lebih baik dengan keperluan dos yanglebih rendah berbanding alum, walaupun pada pH sampel yang asal, iaitu 4.5. Pada pH 6, dosoptimal kitosan pada 400 mg/L mampu menurunkan nilai kekeruhan, kandungan pepejalterampai (TSS) dan keperluan oksigen kimia (COD) sebanyak 99.90%, 99.15% dan 60.73% masing-masing. Pada pH ini, pengentalan POME oleh kitosan dibawa oleh kombinasimekanisme peneutralan cas dan titian polimer. Alum merekodkan dos optimal pada 8 g/L dan pHoptimal pada pH 7 dengan penurunan nilai kekeruhan, kandungan pepejal terampai (TSS) dankeperluan oksigen kimia (COD) sebanyak 99.45%, 98.60% dan 49.24% masing-masing.Kombinasi kitosan dan alum menunjukkan peningkatan kecekapan yang amat kecil dibandingkandengan menggunakan kitosan sendirian. Daripada keputusan yang diperolehi, dapat dicadangkanbahawa mekanisme titian polimer oleh kitosan adalah lebih dominant berbanding alum dan dosalum juga dapat dikurangkan."

"Limbah cair kelapa sawit dapat diproses menggunakan teknologi anaerobic digestionuntuk menghasilkan biogas. Biogas yang dihasilkan dari proses anaerobic digestionmasih memiliki kandungan gas pengotor yang cukup tinggi, yaitu CO2 sebesar 30% –45% dan H2S sekitar 1500 - 3000 ppm. Pada penelitian ini akan dilakukan studi kelayakanpembangunan anaerobic digestion dari limbah kelapa sawit dan fasilitas pemurnianbiogas dengan tiga pilihan teknologi yaitu water scrubbing, amine scrubbing danpemisahan menggunakan membran. Kajian teknologi dilakukan dengan melakukansimulasi menggunakan software Aspen Plus dengan laju alir biogas 0,8 MMCFD dandengan memvariasikan kandungan gas metana dalam biogas sebesar 50% dan 65% fraksimol. Target produk biometana mengandung CH4 > 95%, CO2 < 5%, H2S < 10 ppm dankandungan air < 10 lb/MMscf. Biaya investasi dan operasi untuk fasilitas anaerobicdigestion menggunakan data proyek biogas terdahulu yang telah terdaftar pada proyekCDM (Clean Development Mechanism) UNFCCC di Indonesia. Sedangkan biayainvestasi untuk fasilitas pemurnian biogas didapatkan dari hasil simulasi menggunakansoftware Aspen Plus. Kajian keekonomian dilakukan untuk menghitung harga jual gasbiometana dengan nilai pengembalian investasi yang diharapkan sebesar 12%. Tingkatkemurnian biometana dari fasilitas water scrubbing mencapai 97,38%, dari fasilitasamine scrubbing mencapai 99,93% dan dari fasilitas membran mencapai 95,04%. Darihasil simulasi dan perhitungan, didapatkan harga jual biometana paling rendah adalahsebesar $13,06/MMBtu dengan menggunakan teknologi amine scrubbing.

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Palm oil Mill Effluent can be processed using anaerobic digestion technology to produce

biogas. Biogas produced from the anaerobic digestion process still contains a high amount

of impurity gases, namely CO2 of 30% - 45% and H2S of around 1500 - 3000 ppm. This

research will conduct a feasibility study on developing a biogas upgrading facility from

an anaerobic digestion process of palm oil mill effluent with three technological options,

water scrubbing, amine scrubbing and membranes. The technical study was carried out

using Aspen Plus software with a biogas flow rate of 0.8 MMCFD and varying the

methane content in biogas by 50% and 65% mole fraction. The target biomethane product

contains CH4 > 95%, CO2 < 5%, H2S < 10 ppm and water content <10 lb/MMscf. The

investment and operating costs for anaerobic digestion facilities use data from previous

biogas projects that have been registered in the UNFCCC CDM (Clean Development

Mechanism) project in Indonesia. Meanwhile, the biogas upgrading facility's investment

cost is obtained from the simulation results using Aspen Plus software. An economic

study was conducted to calculate the gas price of biomethane with an expected internal

rate of return of 12%. The purity level of biomethane from water scrubbing facilities

reached 97.38%, from amine scrubbing facilities reached 99.93%, and from membrane

facilities reached 95.04%. From the simulation and calculation result, the lowest gas price

of biomethane was $ 13.06/MMBtu using amine scrubbing technology."

"Komposit yang terdiri darititania nanotube (TiNT), carbon nanotubes (CNT) dan magnetit (Fe3O4) telah disintesis dengan menggunakan metode heteroaglomerasi dan digunakan untuk mendegradasi polutan organik pada POMSE.Beberapa katalis dikarakterisasi dengan menggunakan potensial zeta, XRD, TEM, BET dan FTIR. Berdasarkan hasil uji degradasi polutan organik (diwakili dengan parameter COD) pengkompositan CNT terhadap TiNT mampu menaikkan persentase penurunan COD2 kali lipat dibandingkan TiNT. Pengkompositan katalis titania dengan Fe3O4 mampu mempercepat waktu pemisahan katalis dari limbah 12 kali lebih cepat dibandingkan dengan katalis TiO2; 24 kali lebih cepat dibandingkan dengan komposit katalis TiNT/CNT; dan 72 kali lebih cepat dibandingkan dengan katalis TiNT, dalam upaya recovery katalis tanpa mengurangi aktivitas kinerja komposit. Kondisi operasi optimum degradasi limbah yang didapatkan adalah dengan loading katalis dalam limbah sebesar1,5 g/L dan laju alir udara sebesar 10 cc/min. Dalam rentang waktu 2 jam iluminasi, COD pada POMSE dapat diturunkan hingga 31,36% oleh katalis TiO2 P25; 5,31% oleh katalis TiNT; 10,92% oleh komposit TiNT/CNT dan 11,21% oleh komposit TiNT/CNT/Fe3O4. Selain itu kandungan fenol dalam POMSE mampu diturunkan hingga 96%.

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A composite consist of titania nanotubes (TiNT), carbon nanotubes (CNT) and magnetite (Fe3O4) have been synthesized by using heteroaglomerasi and is used to degrade organic pollutants in POMSE. Several catalysts were characterized using zeta potential, XRD, TEM, BET and FTIR. Based on the test results of the degradation of organic pollutants (represented by the parameter COD) composite TiNT/CNT against TiNT able to raise the percentage reduction in COD 2 times higher compared TiNT. Composite TiNT/CNT catalyst with Fe3O4 capable of accelerating the separation time of waste 12 times faster than the TiO2 catalyst; 24 times faster than the catalyst composite TiNT/CNT; and 72 times faster than the TiNT, in the catalyst recovery effort without reducing the performance of the composite activity. The optimum operating conditions the degradation of waste recovered is the catalyst loading in the effluent of 1,5 g/L and the air flow rate of 10 cc/min. Within the span of two hours of illumination, COD on POMSE can be reduced up to 31,36% by P25 TiO2 catalyst; 5,31% by TiNT catalyst; 10,92% by the composite TiNT/CNT composite and 11,21% by TiNT/CNT/Fe3O4. In additions the content of phenols in POMSE able to be lowered to 96%."

"Proses produksi pada reaktor biogas dari limbah cair pabrik kelapa sawit atau Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) sering menghadapi masalah karena keterbatasan laju hidrolisis. Keterbatasan ini terjadi akibat terbentuknya lumpur dan gumpalan yang mengurangi voulme efektif digester biogas serta mengurangi potensi biogas yang dihasilkan. Lumpur dan gumpalan yang dihasilkan berasal dari tingginya kandungan dan juga serat yang ada pada POME. Berbagai upaya telah dilakukan seperti pengambilan secara manual maupun pengadukan secara mekanik atau dengan turbulensi melalui pemompaan cairan dengan kuat. Namun, upaya tersebut memerlukan tambahan alat, SDM dan energi sehingga biaya proses produksi terus meningkat. Sebagai alternatif lain, maka pemanfaatan lipase dan xilanase menjadi alternatif yang menjanjikan untuk pretreatment yang dapat meminimalisir kandungan padatan hemiselulosa dan minyak atau lemak di dalam POME. Lipase dapat menghidrolisa lemak dan minyak menjadi asam lemak rantai pendek dan xilanase dapat menghidrolisa hemiselulosa menjadi monomernya, sehingga memudahkan produksi biogas. Pada penelitian ini telah terbukti bahwa pretreatment dengan xilanase dan lipase mampu menurunkan total suspended solid (TSS) sebesar 49,21 %; total solid (TS) sebesar 34, 52 % dan meningkatkan gula pereduksi sebesar 44,37 %, selain itu mampu menurunkan minyak dan lemak sebesar 88,82 pada konsentrasi 4 %. Serta menignkatkan produksi biogas sebanyak 52,17 % dan penghilangan chemical oxygen demand (COD) sebesar 49,7 %.

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The production process at biogas reactors from Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) often faces problems due to limited hydrolysis rates. This limitation occurs due to the formation of mud and lumps which reduce the effective volume of the biogas digester and reduce the potential for biogas produced. The sludge and lumps produced come from the high content and fiber present in the POME. Various treatments have been made such as manual extraction or mechanical stirring or by turbulence through strong fluid pumping. However, these treatments require additional tools, human resources and energy so the production process costs continue to increase. As an alternative, the use of lipase and xylanase is a promising alternative for pretreatment that can minimize the content of hemicellulose and oil or fat in POME. Lipase can hydrolyze fat and oil into short-chain fatty acids and xylanase can hydrolyze hemicellulose into its monomer, thus facilitating biogas production. In this study it was proven that pretreatment with xylanase and lipase was able to reduce total suspended solid (TSS) by 49.21%; total solid (TS) of 34, 52% and increasing reducing sugar by 44.37%, besides that it can reduce oil and fat by 88.82 % at a concentration of 4%. As well as increasing biogas production by 52.17% and removal chemical oxygen demand (COD) by 49.7%."

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Asam palmitat merupakan asam lemak jenuh yang paling banyak terdapat dalam air buangan industri kelapa sawit (Palm Oil Mill Effluent, POME). POME menyebabkan tingginya kebutuhan oksigen kimia dan berdampak kepada kerusakan ekosistem di perairan. Pada penelitian ini, asam palmitat dalam sistem emulsi air-etanol dan satu fasa (air) dengan pH basa digunakan sebagai model limbah cair POME untuk di elektrooksidasi menggunakan anoda Boron-Doped Diamond (BDD) secara kontinu dan batch. Karakterisitik kinerja anoda BDD di amati melalui siklik voltametri dan kronoamperometri, sedangkan penurunan asam palmitat dimonitor dengan pengukuran Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) dan LCMS-MS pada setiap waktu elektrooksidasi. Selain itu, untuk melihat umur pakai anoda BDD dan stabilitas struktur BDD pada elektrolisis asam palmitat telah dipelajari juga penggunaan potensial tinggi. Hasil penelitian mengindikasikan bahwa elektrooksidasi asam palmitat pada sistem campuran air-etanol maupun tanpa etanol terjadi secara tidak langsung melalui pembentukan radikal hidroksida pada daerah dekat pembebasan oksigen. Indikator penurunan asam palmitat dalam sistem emulsi air-etanol baik secara kontinu dan batch ditunjukan oleh penurunan COD yang berturut-turut mencapai 75,91% dan 75.46% selama 1 jam elektrooksidasi pada potensial +10,0V. Penurunan COD dipengaruhi oleh besarnya potensial yang diberikan dan lama waktu elektrooksidasi. Pada metoda kontinu, potensial yang diterapkan +10,0V dan lama waktu elektrookasidasi 4 jam tercapai penurunan COD sebesar 87,61%, sedangkan pada metoda batch, potensial yang diterapkan +3,0V dan lama waktu elektrooksidasi sama yaitu 4 jam tercapai penurunan COD tertinggi sebesar 85,75%. Sedangkan penurunan asam palmitat dalam sistem tanpa etanol dan potensial yang diterapkan +5,0V selama 5 menit elektrooksidasi menunjukan efisiensi yang rendah yaitu 37,16% dan bertambahnya waktu penurunan COD konstan. Studi stabilitas struktur BDD menunjukan bahwa penerapan potensial tinggi dan lama waktu elektrooksidasi 4 jam telah menyebabkan penurunan kualitas struktur BDD.

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POME causes high chemical oxygen demand and impacts on the damage to the ecosystem in the waters. In this study, palmitic acid in a emulsion system of water- ethanol and one-phase system of water and alkaline pH was used as a model of POME liquid waste to be electrooxidated using Boron-Doped Diamond (BDD) anodes continuously and in batches. The performance characteristics of BDD anodes are observed through voltammetry cyclic and chronoamperometry, whereas the decrease in palmitic acid is monitored by the measurement of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and LCMS-MS in every time of electro-oxidation. In addition to looking at the life span of BDD anodes and the stability of BDD structures, high potential use in palmitic acid electrolysis has also been studied. The results of the study indicated that the electro-oxidation of palmitic acid in the water-ethanol emulsion system and the without ethanol occurs indirectly through the formation of hydroxide radicals in the area near oxygen evolution. Indicators of a decrease in palmitic acid in water-ethanol mixture system both continuously and in batch are shown by a decrease in COD which respectively reached 75,91% and 75,46% for one hour of electro-oxidation at a potential of +10,0V. The decrease in COD is influenced by the magnitude of the potential given and the time length of electro-oxidation. In the continuous method, when the potential applied was + 10,0V and the time length was four hours of electro-oxidation, it achieved a COD reduction to 87,61%, while in the batch method, the potential applied was +3,0V and the time length of electro-oxidation was the same that is ie 4 hours, it achieved the highest COD reduction into 85,75%. On the other hand, the decrease of palmitic acid in the solution system without ethanol and the potential applied +5,0V for 5 minutes of electro-oxidation showed a low efficiency of 37,16% and increased time to decrease COD constant. The study of BDD structure stability showed that the application of high potential and the time length of electro-oxidation of 4 hours has caused a decrease in the quality of BDD structure.

"

"

Asam palmitat merupakan asam lemak jenuh yang paling banyak terdapat dalam air buangan industri kelapa sawit (Palm Oil Mill Effluent, POME). POME menyebabkan tingginya kebutuhan oksigen kimia dan berdampak kepada kerusakan ekosistem di perairan. Pada penelitian ini, asam palmitat dalam sistem emulsi air-etanol dan satu fasa (air) dengan pH basa digunakan sebagai model limbah cair POME untuk di elektrooksidasi menggunakan anoda Boron-Doped Diamond (BDD) secara kontinu dan batch. Karakterisitik kinerja anoda BDD di amati melalui siklik voltametri dan kronoamperometri, sedangkan penurunan asam palmitat dimonitor dengan pengukuran Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) dan LCMS-MS pada setiap waktu elektrooksidasi. Selain itu, untuk melihat umur pakai anoda BDD dan stabilitas struktur BDD pada elektrolisis asam palmitat telah dipelajari juga penggunaan potensial tinggi. Hasil penelitian mengindikasikan bahwa elektrooksidasi asam palmitat pada sistem campuran air-etanol maupun tanpa etanol terjadi secara tidak langsung melalui pembentukan radikal hidroksida pada daerah dekat pembebasan oksigen. Indikator penurunan asam palmitat dalam sistem emulsi air-etanol baik secara kontinu dan batch ditunjukan oleh penurunan COD yang berturut-turut mencapai 75,91% dan 75.46% selama 1 jam elektrooksidasi pada potensial +10,0V. Penurunan COD dipengaruhi oleh besarnya potensial yang diberikan dan lama waktu elektrooksidasi. Pada metoda kontinu, potensial yang diterapkan +10,0V dan lama waktu elektrookasidasi 4 jam tercapai penurunan COD sebesar 87,61%, sedangkan pada metoda batch, potensial yang diterapkan +3,0V dan lama waktu elektrooksidasi sama yaitu 4 jam tercapai penurunan COD tertinggi sebesar 85,75%. Sedangkan penurunan asam palmitat dalam sistem tanpa etanol dan potensial yang diterapkan +5,0V selama 5 menit elektrooksidasi menunjukan efisiensi yang rendah yaitu 37,16% dan bertambahnya waktu penurunan COD konstan. Studi stabilitas struktur BDD menunjukan bahwa penerapan potensial tinggi dan lama waktu elektrooksidasi 4 jam telah menyebabkan penurunan kualitas struktur BDD.

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POME causes high chemical oxygen demand and impacts on the damage to the ecosystem in the waters. In this study, palmitic acid in a emulsion system of water ethanol and one-phase system of water and alkaline pH was used as a model of POME liquid waste to be electrooxidated using Boron-Doped Diamond (BDD) anodes continuously and in batches. The performance characteristics of BDD anodes are observed through voltammetry cyclic and chronoamperometry, whereas the decrease in palmitic acid is monitored by the measurement of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and LCMS-MS in every time of electro-oxidation. In addition to looking at the life span of BDD anodes and the stability of BDD structures, high potential use in palmitic acid electrolysis has also been studied. The results of the study indicated that the electro-oxidation of palmitic acid in the water-ethanol emulsion system and the without ethanol occurs indirectly through the formation of hydroxide radicals in the area near oxygen evolution. Indicators of a decrease in palmitic acid in water-ethanol mixture system both continuously and in batch are shown by a decrease in COD which respectively reached 75,91% and 75,46% for one hour of electro-oxidation at a potential of +10,0V. The decrease in COD is influenced by the magnitude of the potential given and the time length of electro-oxidation. In the continuous method, when the potential applied was + 10,0V and the time length was four hours of electro-oxidation, it achieved a COD reduction to 87,61%, while in the batch method, the potential applied was +3,0V and the time length of electro-oxidation was the same that is ie 4 hours, it achieved the highest COD reduction into 85,75%. On the other hand, the decrease of palmitic acid in the solution system without ethanol and the potential applied +5,0V for 5 minutes of electro-oxidation showed a low efficiency of 37,16% and increased time to decrease COD constant. The study of BDD structure stability showed that the application of high potential and the time length of electro-oxidation of 4 hours has caused a decrease in the quality of BDD structure.

"

"The main focus of this article was to investigate the potential of natural zeolite adsorbent for the removal of CO2 and H2S in biogas produced from palm oil mill effluent (POME) in fixed-bed column adsorption. The effects of the flowrates and dosage of the adsorbent on the CO2 adsorption were also studied. The surface area of the adsorbent was determined using the Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET) model, while the pore size distribution was calculated according to the Barrett, Joyner, and Halenda (BJH) model. The morphology of the adsorbent was determined by field emission scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive x-ray (FESEM-EDX) analysis. Before and after purification, the biogas was analyzed by gas chromatography with a thermal conductivity detector and polydimethylsiloxane as a column. Biogas from the POME, via the anaerobic digestion process, produced 89% CH4 and 11% CO2. The surface and structure of the clinoptilolite zeolites was modified by a strong acid (1M HCl), strong base (1M NaOH), and calcination at 450°C, and the surface area of the natural zeolites was reduced up to 16%. The working capability of CO2 adsorption by the modified zeolites decreased with increasing flow rates (100, 200, and 300 mL/min) of the biogas, with levels of CO2 at 106,906, 112,237, and 115,256 mg/L. The removal of the CO2 in the biogas by using adsorbent dosages of 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 g was 97,878, 97,404 and 93,855 mg/L, respectively. The optimum purification of the biogas occurred under the flow rate of 100 mL/min and adsorbent dosage of 2.5 g. The high working capability of the modified zeolites for the removal of CO2 in the biogas was a key factor, and the most important characteristic for the adsorbent. The results indicate that clinoptilolite zeolites are promising adsorbent materials for both the purification and upgrading of biogas."