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"Sediaan limfosit berinti dua diperlukan untuk mendeteksi patah kromosom menggunakan uji mikronukleus. Uji mikronukleus dilakukan pada sel dengan sitoplasma utuh, dan memerlukan paling sedikit 800 sel utuh berinti dua. Ada berbagai prosedur pembuatan sediaan limfosit berinti dua yang berbeda dalam cara panen, fiksasi dan pembuatan sediaan. Penelitian ini bertujuan membandingkan berbagai prosedur dan berbagai modifikasinya untuk mendapatkan prosedur yang menghasilkan sel berinti dua utuh yang lebih banyak dengan hasil pewarnaan yang baik untuk uji micronucleus. Kami membandingkan berbagai prosedur (keseluruhan ada 17 macam prosedur) yang dilakukan pada 7 sampel darah yang berasal dari penderita keganasan yang berobat ke pav. E RIA, bagian kebidanan dan penyakit kandungan FKUI/RSUPN-CM, Jakarta. Ketujuhbelas prosedur tersebut berbeda dalam cara panen (dengan dan tanpa pencucian), pembuatan sediaan (cara usap, bercak, dan sitospin), dan fiksasi (methanol 1 menit, methanol siram, methanol:asam asetat glacial 3:1 atau 9:1).Analisis hasil menunjukkan bahwa fiksasi dengan methanol/asam asetat glacial memberi hasil pewarnaan yang tidak cocok untuk uji mikronukleus. Cara panen tanpa pencucian, pembuatan sediaan cara bercak atau menggunakan sitospin, dengan fiksasi methanol dan methanol siram, memberi hasil pewarnaan dan penyebaran sel yang optimal serta jumlah LIDU (limfosit inti dua) yang cukup. (Med J Indones 2003; 12: 3-7)

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Binucleated lymphocytes can be screened for micronuclei to assess chromosomal damage. There are various procedures to get slides containing binucleated lymphocytes, that are different in harvesting, fixation, and slide preparation methods. Screening binucleated lymphocytes to find a micronucleus needs at least 800 cells with intact cytoplasm. This study aimed to analyze the various procedures and simplified procedures to know which procedure gave the most abundant binucleated lymphocytes with intact cytoplasm and best staining properties for the purpose of micronucleus scoring. Seven heparinized blood samples were obtained from the Dept. of Obstetrics and gynecology, Faculty of medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta. The 7 blood samples were subjected to 17 procedures different in harvesting (with or without washing), slide preparation (smear and spot method, and using a cytocentrifuge), and fixation methods (methanol for 1 minute, methanol brief, methanol/glacial acetic acid 3:1 or 9:1).

Our results showed that fixatives containing glacial acetic acid are not suitable for micronucleus test. To generate binucleated lymphocytes with intact cytoplasm as much as possible, the procedure should be conducted without washing steps. Methanol fixation either briefly or 1 minute is preferable, and for the ease of screening cytocentrifuge preparation, followed by spot method is preferable. (Med J Indones 2003; 12: 3-7)"

"Tujuannya adalah untuk meneliti kerusahan kromosom pada sel mononuklir darah peroko. Dengan tujuan tersebut telah dilakukan skrining mikronukleus pada sampel darah-tepi perokok. Sampel yang beradal dari perokok yang sakit tidak diikut sertakan. Dari tiap sampel diperiksa 500 lekosit mononuklir yang mengembang dengan menggunakan mikroskop cahaya dengan pembesaran 400x. Dibuat tabulasi fekuensi distribusi subjek dengan mikronukleus 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 dan 5, menurut umur dan keadaan subyek. Dari 102 sampel, 5 tidak diikutsertakan dan hanya 97 yang dianalisis. Terdapat peningkatan mikronukleus berturut-turut pada 12.8%perokok normal yang bertempat tinggal di daerah tak terpolusi, 12.9% perokok dengan hipertesi yang bertempat tinggal di daerah tak terpolusi, 33.3% perokok normal yang bertempat tinggal di daerah terpolusi dan 25% perokok dengan hipertensi yang bertempat tinggal di daerah terpolusi. Dengan demikian, terdapat kecendrungan peningkatan mikronukleus pada perokok dalam usia produktif, penderita hipertensi dan orang yang bertempat tinggal di daerah terpolusi.

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The purpose was to assess chromosomal damage in blood mononuclear cells of smokers. Smoker's peripheral blood samples were screened for micronulclei. Samples from smokers who had an illness were excluded. From each sample, 500 swelled mononuclear leucocytes were screened using a light mcroscope, with 400x magnification. Frequency distribution of subjects having 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 micronuclei (MN) according to age and condition were tabulated. From the 102 samples, 5 were excluded, and only 97 were analyzed. There was an increase in MN count in 12.8 %, 12.9%, 33.3% and 25% of normal smokers living in unpolluted area, hypertensive smokers living in unpolluted area, normal smokers living in polluted area and hypertensive smokers living in polluted area, respectively. Therefore, there was a tendency of increasing MN count in smokers in the productive age group, hypertensive people, and people living in polluted area."

"This book presents the comprehensive results of experimental and numerical investigations of glass façade breakage behavior under fire conditions. First of all, full-scale frame and point-supported glass facades, incorporating single, double and coated glazing, were tested under pool fire conductions. The results determined the effects of different glass frames, types of glass, and thermal shocks on breakage behavior. Small-scale tests, using the Material Testing System (MTS) 810, Netzsch Dilatometer and FE-SEM, were also performed at different temperatures to determine the basic mechanical properties of glazing.In addition, a three-dimensional dynamic model was developed to predict stress distribution, crack initiation and propagation, and has since been employed to identify the breakage mechanisms of different types of glass facade. The numerical results showed very good agreement with the experimental results and verified the models ability to accurately predict breakage. Lastly, a theoretical model based on incident heat flux was developed to predict the breakage time and heat transfer in glazing, which served to reveal the nature of interactions between fire and glass."