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"Pestisida organofosfat digunakan secara luas di seluruh dunia. Keracunan oleh bahan ini merupakan masalah kesehatan masyarakat, terutama di negara berkembang. Zat neurotoksik organofosfat merupakan bahan yang dianggap mengancam dalam bidang militer dan terorisme. Mekanisme toksisitas bahan ini adalah dengan cara menghambat asetilkolinesterase yang mengakibatkan menumpuknya neurotransmitor asetilkolin dan terjadi rangsangan terus-menerus pada reseptor asetilkolin pada sistem saraf sentral maupun perifer. Selain krisis kolinergik, organofosfat dapat menimbulkan berbagai sindrom neurologis, baik akut maupun kronik. Sedangkan gejala peralihan ( intermediate) terjadi 1-4 hari setelah krisis kolinergik teratasi. Pengobatan standar terdiri dari reaktivasi asetilkolinesterase dengan antidot golongan oksim (prolidoksim, oksidoksime, HI-6 dan HLo7), dan pengendalian efek biokimia asetilkolin dengan menggunakan atropin. Golongan oksim yang baru HI-6 dan Hlo7 merupakan reaktivator asetilkolinesterase yang lebih cocok dan efektif untuk keracunan akut dan berat dibandingkan dengan prolidoksim dan obidoksim. Penderita yang mendapat pengobatan segera, biasanya dapat sembuh dari toksisitas akut, namun gejala neurologis ikutan dapat saja terjadi. (Med J Indones 2003; 12: 120-6)

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Organophosphate pesticides are used extensively worldwide, and poisoning by these agents, particularly in developing nations is a public health problem. Organophosphorous nerve agents are still considered as potential threat in both military or terrorism situations. The mechanism of toxicity is the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, resulting in accumulation of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and continued stimulation of acetylcholine receptors both in central and peripheral nervous systems. Beside acute cholinergic crisis, organophosphates are capable of producing several subacute or chronic neurological syndromes. The well described intermediate syndrome (IMS) emerges 1-4 days after an apparently well treated cholinergic crisis. The standard treatment consists of reactivation of inhibited acetylcholinesterase with an oxime antidote (pralidoxime, obidoxime, HI-6 and Hlo7) and reversal of the biochemical effects of acetylcholine with atropine. The newer oximes HI-6 and Hlo& are much more suitable and efficacious acetylcholinesterase reactivator for severe acute nerve agent induced poisoning than currently used pralidoxime or obidoxime. Patients who receive treatment promptly usually recover from acute toxicity but may suffer from neurologic sequelae. (Med J Indones 2003; 12: 120-6)"

"Deteksi Resistensi Aedes Aesgypti terhadap Insektisida Organofosfat di Pulogadung Jakarta Timur. Demam Berdarah Dengue (DBD) merupakan masalah kesehatan masyarakat di Indonesia. DKI Jakarta merupakan propinsi dengan jumlah penderita DBD terbanyak. Pulo Gadung Jakarta Timur merupakan salah satu daerah endemis DBD dan beberapa wilayah lainnya di DKI merupakan daerah sporadis penyakit tersebut. Strategi pengendalian utama DBD masih ditekankan pada pemberantasan vektornya yaitu Aedes aegypti (A. aegypti). Sampai saat ini insektisida golongan organofosfat adalah insektisida yang telah digunakan lebih dari 25 tahun untuk pengendalian vektor DBD. Penggunaan insektisida tersebut dalam waktu lama dan dosis subletal dapat menginduksi terjadinya resistensi. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan uji microplate dengan ELISA reader untuk mengetahui resistensi serangga terhadap organofosfat. Resistensi diketahui dengan adanya peningkatan aktivitas enzim esterase non spesifik. Pola resistensi A. aegypti terhadap organofosfat di RW 01 Pulogadung menunjukkan hasil sebagai berikut: 23% sangat resisten, 33% resistensi sedang dan 44% sensitif. Hasil ini berkaitan erat dengan rendahnya frekuensi penggunaan obat nyamuk semprot oleh masyarakat (8,8% sampel). Berdasarkan pola resistensi A. aegypti terhadap organofosfat di wilayah Rukun Warga (RW) 01 Pulogadung, kami menyimpulkan bahwa organofosfat masih dapat dipakai dalam pengendalian DBD di wilayah tersebut.

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Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is a major public health problem in Indonesia. Jakarta is a capital city with the highest number of dengue patients. Among sporadic endemic areas in Jakarta, Pulogadung, a district of East Jakarta, is one of the endemic areas of this disease. The primary strategy for the control of DHF is based on reducing population densities of the main mosquito vector Aedes aegypti. Organophosphate is an insecticide that has been used for more than 25 years in dengue vector control program. The long term used and sublethal dosage of this insecticide can induce resistance. This laboratory study used microplate test and ELISA reader to determine the increase of alfa- esterase activity in A. aegypti larvae for detecting the resistance to organophosphate. Resistance pattern of A. aegypti to organophosphate insecticide in RW 01 Pulogadung was shown to be: 23% high resistant, 33% medium resistant and 44% sensitive. This result was highly related to local community behavior where we found that the use of insecticide spray by the people was very low (8.8% of the sample). We found that the people who used insecticide spray were only 8.8% of the sample. Therefore, organophosphate still can be used in this area to control the DHF in the future. Based on resistance pattern of A. aegypti to organophosphate insecticide in Rukun Warga (RW) 01 Pulogadung, we can conclude that organophosphate still can be used in this area to control the DHF in the future."

"Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is a major public health problem in Indonesia. Jakarta is a capital city with thehighest number of dengue patients. Among sporadic endemic areas in Jakarta, Pulogadung, a district of East Jakarta, isone of the endemic areas of this disease. The primary strategy for the control of DHF is based on reducing populationdensities of the main mosquito vector Aedes aegypti. Organophosphate is an insecticide that has been used for morethan 25 years in dengue vector control program. The long term used and sublethal dosage of this insecticide can induceresistance. This laboratory study used microplate test and ELISA reader to determine the increase of alfa- esteraseactivity in A. aegypti larvae for detecting the resistance to organophosphate. Resistance pattern of A. aegypti toorganophosphate insecticide in RW 01 Pulogadung was shown to be: 23% high resistant, 33% medium resistant and44% sensitive. This result was highly related to local community behavior where we found that the use of insecticidespray by the people was very low (8.8% of the sample). We found that the people who used insecticide spray were only8.8% of the sample. Therefore, organophosphate still can be used in this area to control the DHF in the future. Based onresistance pattern of A. aegypti to organophosphate insecticide in Rukun Warga (RW) 01 Pulogadung, we can concludethat organophosphate still can be used in this area to control the DHF in the future.Deteksi Resistensi Aedes Aesgypti terhadap Insektisida Organofosfat di Pulogadung Jakarta Timur. DemamBerdarah Dengue (DBD) merupakan masalah kesehatan masyarakat di Indonesia. DKI Jakarta merupakan propinsidengan jumlah penderita DBD terbanyak. Pulo Gadung Jakarta Timur merupakan salah satu daerah endemis DBD danbeberapa wilayah lainnya di DKI merupakan daerah sporadis penyakit tersebut. Strategi pengendalian utama DBDmasih ditekankan pada pemberantasan vektornya yaitu Aedes aegypti (A. aegypti). Sampai saat ini insektisida golonganorganofosfat adalah insektisida yang telah digunakan lebih dari 25 tahun untuk pengendalian vektor DBD. Penggunaaninsektisida tersebut dalam waktu lama dan dosis subletal dapat menginduksi terjadinya resistensi. Pada penelitian inidilakukan uji microplate dengan ELISA reader untuk mengetahui resistensi serangga terhadap organofosfat. Resistensidiketahui dengan adanya peningkatan aktivitas enzim esterase non spesifik. Pola resistensi A. aegypti terhadaporganofosfat di RW 01 Pulogadung menunjukkan hasil sebagai berikut: 23% sangat resisten, 33% resistensi sedang dan44% sensitif. Hasil ini berkaitan erat dengan rendahnya frekuensi penggunaan obat nyamuk semprot oleh masyarakat(8,8% sampel). Berdasarkan pola resistensi A. aegypti terhadap organofosfat di wilayah Rukun Warga (RW) 01Pulogadung, kami menyimpulkan bahwa organofosfat masih dapat dipakai dalam pengendalian DBD di wilayah tersebut."

"Latar belakang. Paparan organofosfat (OP) telah diketahui menyebabkan beberapa penyakit neurologis. Paparan OP yang tinggi dapat ditemukan pada pekerjaan seperti pekerja pestisida. Penelitian saat ini menunjukkan bahwa paparan OP kronis juga dapat menyebabkan gangguan mental, seperti depresi.Metode. Pencarian literatur dilakukan pada database seperti Pubmed, Cochrane Library, dan Science Direct dengan kata kunci pekerja pestisida, organofosfat, dan depresi. Tiga artikel dipilih dan dinilai secara kritis.Hasil. Satu studi kasus-kontrol menunjukkan bahwa pasien dengan depresi memiliki rasio odds sebanyak 1,34 untuk terkena OP. Satu studi kohort prospektif menunjukkan bahwa pekerja yang terpapar OP 1,17 lebih mungkin menderita depresi di masa depan. Satu studi cross-sectional menunjukkan bahwa pasien dengan depresi memiliki rasio odds prevalensi sebanyak 5,39 untuk terkena OP.Kesimpulan. Paparan organofosfat kronis merupakan faktor risiko untuk mengembangkan depresi pada pekerja pestisida.

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Background. Organophosphate (OP) exposure has been well known to cause several neurological diseases. High OP exposure can be found at occupations such as pesticide workers. Current research suggests that that chronic OP exposure may also cause mental disorder, such as depression.

Method. Literature searching was done on database such as Pubmed, Cochrane Library, and Science Direct with pesticide workers, organophosphate, and depression as the keywords. Three articles were selected and critically appraised.

Result. One case-control study showed that patients with depression had odds ratio as much as 1.34 to be exposed to OPs. One prospective cohort study showed that OP-exposed workers were 1.17 more likely to suffer from depression in the future. One cross-sectional study showed that patients with depression had prevalence odds ratio as much as 5.39 to be exposed to OPs.

Conclusion. Chronic organophosphate exposure is a risk factor for developing depression in pesticide workers."

"The scheme of checks and balances in the process of legislation in various countries, experienced a shift after judical review accommodated. Legislation does not only involve exeecutive institutions and the parliament bbut also the judiciary. Judicial review is a channel for the expression of public dissent against the decision taken by the legislators. Through the authority of judical review, the Constitutional Court may overturn legislation. This is not because the Constutional Court is in a superior position but becausae judical review is an instrument of the checks and balances mechanism among institutions in the legislative process. Therefore, the presence of the Constitutional Court with powers of judical review should be understood in order to contribute to the democratization in the legislation process."