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"ABSTRAKDengan adanya permasalahan tentang masih dikontrolnya ruang udara Indonesiaoleh FIR asing khususnya di atas kepulauan Riau dan Natuna oleh FIR Singapuraberdasarkan perjanjian yang dibuat oleh Indonesia dan Singapura tahun 1995,dimana kemudian dengan telah dimilikinya kemampuan baik di bidang teknologimaupun SDM maka Indonesia berkeinginan untuk mengambil alih kontrol FIRtersebut sebagai bangsa yang berdaulat dan juga sbg pelaksanaan dari undangundang.Terkait dengan hal itu, perlu ditinjau lebih lanjut mengapa Indonesiamemandang perlu untuk mengambil alih kontrol FIR di atas kepulauan Riau danNatuna dari pihak Singapura serta hambatan-hambatan yang dihadapi pihakIndonesia dalam mewujudkan kehendaknya tersebut. Namun sesuai dengansalah satu klausul dalam perjanjian (Article 6) bahwa selama pihak Singapuramelakukan pengontrolan di wilayah Indonesia maka Pemerintah Singapura atasnama Pemerintah Indonesia memungut Route Air Navigation Services (RANS)Charges, dan hasilnya akan diserahkan ke pemerintah Indonesia. Dari adanyapendapatan yang diperoleh Negara tersebut maka hal ini menjadi salah satusumber pendapatan Negara berupa PNBP. Namun demikian, dengan adanyaRANS Charges tersebut.menimbulkan implikasi terhadap Indonesia terkait upayapengambilalihan pelayanan navigasi penerbangan pada FIR Singapura di ataskepulauan Riau dan Natuna berdasarkan perjanjian Indonesia Singapura Tahun1995.

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ABSTRACTWith the problems about still is still uncontrollable air space Indonesia by foreignFIR, especially above the Riau Islands and Natuna by the Singapore FIR basedon agreements made by Indonesia and Singapore in 1995, which then has theability to have both in the field of technology and human resources, Indonesiadesirous to take over FIR control as a sovereign nation and also as theimplementation of the Act. Related to this matter, need to be reviewed further,Indonesia necessary to take over control FIR above Riau Islands and Natuna fromthe Singapore and the obstacles faced by Indonesia in realizing against his will.However according to one clause in the agreement (Article 6) that during theSingapore authorities in the area of controlling in Indonesia, the Government ofSingapore on behalf of the Government of Indonesia picked up Route AirNavigation Services (RANS) Charges, and the results will be submitted to thegovernment of Indonesia. Of the State earned income it becomes a source ofState revenue in the form of non-tax revenues. However, with the existence ofRANS , give rise to that implication charges against Indonesia?s takeoverattempts on the air navigation services in the Singapore FIR above Riau islandsand Natuna based on agreement Indonesia Singapore 1995."

"[ABSTRAKWilayah udara yang berada di atas sebuah negara merupakan hak negara tersebutsecara penuh dan eksklusif. Namun, ketentuan itu tidak selalu dapat diikuti. Halini ditunjukkan dengan adanya pengaturan wilayah penerbangan di atas negara ?negara di dunia, Flight Information Region (FIR), yang tidak selalu mengikutigaris batas negara. Kondisi tersebut dialami oleh Indonesia. Sebagian wilayahudara di kawasan Kepulauan Riau dan Natuna didelegasikan kepada Singapurakarena ketidakmampuan Indonesia konon dalam mengelola navigasi penerbangan.Melalui pendelegasian wilayah udara tersebut, terdapat berbagai kerugian yangdiderita oleh Indonesia. Namun, pemerintah Indonesia tetap meneruskan kerjasama pengelolaan wilayah udara tersebut walaupun perjanjian pendelegasian,yang dibuat pada tahun 1995, telah berakhir masa berlakunya, dan kondisiIndonesia telah memungkinkan untuk mengambil kembali kewenangannya. Halinilah yang menjadi anomali dari sikap negara berdaulat. Oleh sebab itu, tesis inimenggunakan teori politik birokratik (bureaucratic politics theory) dalampembedahan isu untuk melihat proses pemutusan kebijakan politik luar negeri diantara birokrasi ? birokrasi di dalam negeri. Pembedahan tesis dibagi sesuaidengan variabel dalam teori ini, yaitu aktor/birokrasi yang terlibat, faktor yangmenentukan masing ? masing aktor, dan sikap aktor dalam menyatukanpertimbangan untuk menghasilkan keputusan dan tindakan pemerintah. Setelahmendapatkan ketiga variabel penelitian, langkah selanjutnya adalah memetakanpolitik birokratik Indonesia terkait isu tersebut. Pada akhirnya, ditemukan adanyamasalah politik birokratik intranasional yang menyebabkan limitasi pilihan bagipemerintah dalam proses pemutusan kebijakan politik luar negeri menanggapi isupendelegasian wilayah udara nasional kepada Singapura. Masalah ini jugamerefleksikan persaingan antara Indonesia dan Singapura di beberapa aspek.

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ABSTRACTAir territory, located above a country, is exclusively and fully considered a rightowned by the subjacent state. However, this provision does not always succeed tofollow. This is indicated by the Flight Information Region (FIR) which mostunlikely follow the country demarcation line. That condition is experienced byIndonesia with most of the air territories in Riau Islands and Natuna are delegatedto Singapore due to the country?s inability in managing air navigation. Bydelegating the air territory, Indonesia suffers various losses. However, Indonesiangovernment still continues the air territory management cooperation although thedelegation agreement in 1995 has expired, and the condition of Indonesia hasmade it possible to take back the authority. This is considered an anomaly of thesovereign state?s attitude. Therefore, this thesis applies the bureaucratic politicstheory in dissecting issues to look at the foreign policy decision making processamong bureaucracies in the country. Thesis dissection is divided according to thevariables in this theory, the actor/bureaucracy involved, the factors that determineeach actor, and the attitude of each actor in aggregating to yield governmentaldecisions and actions. After obtaining three variables of the study, Indonesianbureaucratic politic, related to the issue, is mapped. In the end, the identifiedproblems of intra-national bureaucratic politics cause choices of limitation in thegovernmental foreign policy decision making process in response to the issue ofnational air territory delegation to Singapore. Furthermore, this issue also reflectsthe competition between Indonesia and Singapore in several aspects.;Air territory, located above a country, is exclusively and fully considered a rightowned by the subjacent state. However, this provision does not always succeed tofollow. This is indicated by the Flight Information Region (FIR) which mostunlikely follow the country demarcation line. That condition is experienced byIndonesia with most of the air territories in Riau Islands and Natuna are delegatedto Singapore due to the country?s inability in managing air navigation. Bydelegating the air territory, Indonesia suffers various losses. However, Indonesiangovernment still continues the air territory management cooperation although thedelegation agreement in 1995 has expired, and the condition of Indonesia hasmade it possible to take back the authority. This is considered an anomaly of thesovereign state?s attitude. Therefore, this thesis applies the bureaucratic politicstheory in dissecting issues to look at the foreign policy decision making processamong bureaucracies in the country. Thesis dissection is divided according to thevariables in this theory, the actor/bureaucracy involved, the factors that determineeach actor, and the attitude of each actor in aggregating to yield governmentaldecisions and actions. After obtaining three variables of the study, Indonesianbureaucratic politic, related to the issue, is mapped. In the end, the identifiedproblems of intra-national bureaucratic politics cause choices of limitation in thegovernmental foreign policy decision making process in response to the issue ofnational air territory delegation to Singapore. Furthermore, this issue also reflectsthe competition between Indonesia and Singapore in several aspects., Air territory, located above a country, is exclusively and fully considered a rightowned by the subjacent state. However, this provision does not always succeed tofollow. This is indicated by the Flight Information Region (FIR) which mostunlikely follow the country demarcation line. That condition is experienced byIndonesia with most of the air territories in Riau Islands and Natuna are delegatedto Singapore due to the country’s inability in managing air navigation. Bydelegating the air territory, Indonesia suffers various losses. However, Indonesiangovernment still continues the air territory management cooperation although thedelegation agreement in 1995 has expired, and the condition of Indonesia hasmade it possible to take back the authority. This is considered an anomaly of thesovereign state’s attitude. Therefore, this thesis applies the bureaucratic politicstheory in dissecting issues to look at the foreign policy decision making processamong bureaucracies in the country. Thesis dissection is divided according to thevariables in this theory, the actor/bureaucracy involved, the factors that determineeach actor, and the attitude of each actor in aggregating to yield governmentaldecisions and actions. After obtaining three variables of the study, Indonesianbureaucratic politic, related to the issue, is mapped. In the end, the identifiedproblems of intra-national bureaucratic politics cause choices of limitation in thegovernmental foreign policy decision making process in response to the issue ofnational air territory delegation to Singapore. Furthermore, this issue also reflectsthe competition between Indonesia and Singapore in several aspects.]"

"Pada tanggal 25 Januari 2022 pemerintah Indonesia bersama dengan Singapura menyetujui kesepakatan penyesuaian Flight Information Region (FIR) Indonesia-Singapura yang di ratifikasi melalui Peraturan Presiden No 109 Tahun 2023. Adanya perjanjian realignment FIR penting untuk dikaji terutama dilihat melalui pertahanan dan keamanan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif dengan menggambarkan objek yang diteliti berdasarkan fakta di lapangan dengan menggunakan key informan sebagai sumber data dan data sekunder. Pada penelitian ini juga digunakan teori Kedaulatan dari Kranser dan Teori Keamanan Kompleks dari Barry Buzzan. Penelitian ini menghasilkan bahwa Indonesia belum sepenuhnya mengelola ruang udara yang semula di delegasikan kepada Singapura khususnya di sebagian sektor A dan B. Tetapi Indonesia tetap memiliki kontrol dan pengawasan melalui Civil-Military Cooperation In Air Traffic Control (CMAC), dimana CMAC tersebut dapat menjadi solusi dalam isu kedaulatan, pertahanan, dan keamanan. Di sisi lain perjanjian tersebut dianggap dapat menabrak UU No 1 Tahun 2009 tentang Penerbangan yang menyatakan bahwa Indonesia harus sudah melakukan pengelolaan secara penuh selambat-lambatnya pada tahun 2024. Pada penelitian ini juga dihasilkan bahwa Indonesia masih dihadapkan dengan kendala pengambilalihan ruang udara tersebut, diantaranya: (1) kepercayaan; (2) diplomasi.

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On January 25, 2022, the Indonesian government together with Singapore approved the realignment Flight Information Region (FIR) Indonesia-Singapore agreement which was ratified through Presidential Regulation Number 109 Year 2023. The existence of an FIR realignment agreement is important to be reviewed, especially seen through defense and security. This research uses qualitative descriptive methods by describing the object under study based on facts in the field using key informants as data sources and secondary data. In this study also used the theory of sovereignty from Kranser and the theory of security the complex of Barry Buzzan. This research results that Indonesia has not fully managed the airspace originally delegated to Singapore, especially in some sectors A and B. But Indonesia still has control and supervision through Civil-Military Cooperation In Air Traffic Control (CMAC), where the CMAC can be a solution in sovereignty, defense, and security issues. On the other hand, the agreement is considered to be able to violate Law of the Republic Indonesia Number 1 Year 2009 concerning Aviation which states that Indonesia must have carried out full management no later than 2024. In this study, it was also found that Indonesia is still faced with obstacles to the takeover of airspace, including: (1) trust; (2) diplomacy."

"Pembukaan Undang-undang Dasar 1945 telah mengamanatkan sebagaimana tersurat dalam alenia keempat yang juga merupakan visi dan cita-cita bangsa Indonesia dari Sabang sampai Merauke, yaitu : "...Untuk membentuk suatu pemerintahan Negara Indonesia yang melindungi segenap Bangsa Indonesia dan seluruh tumpah darah Indonesia dan untuk memajukan kesejahteraan umum, mencerdaskan kehidupan bangsa, dan ikut melaksanakan ketertiban dunia yang berdasarkan kemerdekaan, perdamaian abadi,dan keadilan sosial....".Untuk mewujudkan visi dan cita-cita bangsa tersebut, perlu didukung oleh adanya kejelasan fisik dari wilayah Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia dan adanya kejelasan ruang lingkup pengolahan perbatasan agar nantinya dapat meminimalkan terjadinya konflik perbatasan dengan negara tetangga. Apabila ditinjau secara fisik Indonesia merupakan negara terbesar kelima di dunia yang dibatasi dua matra, yaitu di laut dengan sepuluh ( 10 ) negara (Australia, Malaysi, Singapura, India, Thailand, Vietnam, Filipina, Papua New Guinea, dan Timor Leste).dan di darat dengan tiga (3) negara tetangga (malaysia, Papua New Guinea,dan Timor Leste). Karakteristik sosial dalam pendefinisian batas negara di kedua matra tersebut sangat berbeda, demikian pula sifat permasalahany."

"Otoritas kontrol ruang udara atau FIR terkait keamanan dan keselamatan penerbangan sipil memiliki pengaruh yang sangat signifikan terhadap berlaku penuh dan ekslusifnya suatu Negara atas kedaulatan ruang udaranya. Pada Rapat Terbatas Tingkat Menteri tanggal 8 September 2015, Presiden RI menginstrusikan kepada Menteri Perhubungan dan Panglima TNI untuk mengambil alih kontrol ruang udara sektor ABC di Kepuluan Riau dari FIR Singapura dalam tiga atau empat tahun kedepan. Dampak pendelegasian kontrol ruang udara ini adalah kerugian pada tiga gatra dari panca gatra ketahanan nasional yaitu ekonomi, politik, dan pertahanan keamanan di kedaulatan udara Indonesia. Sejak tahun 2007 telah dilaksanakan audit kepatuhan keamanan dan keselamatan penerbangan oleh ICAO kepada Indonesia serta kesiapan-kesiapan dan rapat koordinasi antar kementerian dan Lembaga yang terlibat kebijakan FIR. Beberapa hal tersebut dijadikan acuan dalam penelitian ini untuk melihat sejauh mana penerapan strategi perencanaan dan analisis kebijakan dari kementerian dan lembaga terkait dengan metode penilitian kualitatif. Dari hasil penelitian disimpulkan bahwa kemampuan sumber daya penerbangan Indonesia masih berada di bawah standar rata-rata dunia serta masih adanya ego sektoral dan perbedaan persepsi antar Kementerian dan Lembaga pada urgensi kebijakan ini. Sedangkan pada strategi perencanaan dan analisis kebijakan terlihat belum adanya pelaksanaan roadmap yang komprensif dalam mengimplementasikan Instruksi Presiden tersebut.

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The airspace control authority or FIR of civil aviation security and safety has a significant role on the exclusiveness of a State especially on it airspace sovereignty. On September 8, 2015, the President of the Republic Indonesia instructed the Minister of Transport and the TNI Commander to take control of the ABC sector air space in Riau Islands from the Singapore FIR within three or four years. The impact of this delegation of airspace control is the loss of three aspects of the national security resilience such as economic, political, and defense of security in air sovereignty of Indonesia. From 2007 ICAO has conducted compliance audits on aspects of aviation safety and security in Indonesia, as well as coordination readiness and coordination meetings between Ministries and Agencies involved in this FIR policy. It`s to analyze how far the implementation of strategic planning and policy analysis. This research uses a qualitative research method. The result of this research shows that the ability of aviation resources in Indonesia is still below the world average standard as well as the existence of sectoral ego and the difference of perception. For planning strategy and policy analysis, there is no comprehensive roadmap to manifestation President`s instruction."

"ABSTRAKPotensi kawasan pesisir dan pulau-pulau kecil Indonesia sangat menarik bagiinvestor asing untuk menanamkan modalnya di Indonesia. UU No. 1 Tahun 2014tentang Perubahan Atas UU No. 27 Tahun 2007 tentang Pengelolaan WilayahPesisir dan Pulau-Pulau Kecil membuka kesempatan penanaman modal asing dipulau-pulau kecil dan pemanfaatan perairan di sekitarnya dengan persyaratantertentu dan izin Menteri Kelautan dan Perikanan. Tesis ini membahas kepastianhukum penanaman modal asing di pulau-pulau kecil berdasarkan UU No. 1 Tahun2014. Penelitian yang menggunakan metode yuridis normatif ini, menyimpulkanbahwa, dibukanya kesempatan penanaman modal asing di pulau-pulau kecilberdasarkan UU No. 1 Tahun 2014 perlu dukungan aturan pelaksana undangundangtersebut khususnya terkait perizinan, karena implementasi perizinan PMAdi pulau-pulau kecil belum optimal. Sebelum berlakunya UU No. 1 Tahun 2014,sudah terdapat investor asing yang menjalankan usahan pemanfaatan pulau-pulaukecil dengan hanya memiliki izin prinsip dan izin usaha, ataupun perjanjiandengan pemerintah daerah. Di sisi lain, adanya calon-calon investor asing yangberminat berinvestasi di pulau-pulau kecil, memerlukan kepastian hukum untukmelaksanakan ketentuan penanaman modal asing di pulau-pulau kecilsebagaimana dipersyaratkan dalam UU No. 1 Tahun 2014.

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ABSTRACTIndonesian coastal areas and small islands are very potential assets to attractforeign investors to make investment in Indonesia. Law of The Republic ofIndonesia Number 1 of 2014 about The Changes to The Law Number 27 of 2007on Management of Coastal Areas and Small Islands gives opportunities to foreigndirect investment on small islands and their surrounding waters, with certainrequirements and permits from the Minister of Marine Affairs and Fisheries. ThisThesis elaborates the legal certainty of foreign direct investment on small islandsgoverned by Law of The Republic of Indonesia Number 1 of 2014. The studywhich used a normative juridical method suggested that the emergingopportunities of foreign direct investment on small islands governed by Act 1 of2014 needs to be supported by the implementing rules of the Law, particularlythose related to the licensing, since the implementation of foreign directinvestment licensing on small islands is not yet optimal. Prior to the enactment ofThe Law of The Republic of Indonesia Number 1 of 2014, there had already beenforeign investors doing their business on the utilization of small islands using only?principle licenses‟ and ?business licenses‟, or agreements with local governments.On the other hand, the emerging interest of prospective foreign investors to investon small islands needs a legal certainty for their continuing process to complywith the provisions of foreign direct investment on small islands as required bythe Law Number 1 of 2014."