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"Telah dilakukan penelitian retrospektif terhadap pasien infark miokard akut (IMA) yang dirawat di ICCU RSUPN Dr Cipto Mangunkusumo, Jakarta antara Januari 1994 sampai Desember 1999. Dari 513 pasien yang dirawat dengan IMA, 227 pasien adalah usia lanjut, di mana 35,2 % dari mereka adalah wanita. Sebagian besar IMA usia lanjut mengeluh nyeri dada yang khas seperti pada pada kelompok usia muda. Pasien IMA usia lanjut cenderung terlambat datang ke rumah sakit dan lebih banyak menderita IMA gelombang Q. Faktor risiko diabetes melitus dan hipertensi lebih sering dijumpai pada usia lanjut. Prevalensi fibrilasi atrial dan mortalitas lebih tinggi pada usia lanjut. (Med J Indones 2003; 12: 229-35)

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A retrospective study were performed in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) that hospitalized in ICCU Cipto Mangunkusumo hospital, Jakarta during the period of January 1994 until Decmber 1999. There were 513 patients hospitalized with MCI, 227 patients (44.2%) were classified as elderly, and 35.2% of them were female. Most of the elderly AMI patients reported typical chest pain just like their younger counterparts. Elderly AMI patients tend to come later to the hospital, and more Q-wave myocardial infarction were identified compared to non-Q-wave myocardial infarction. Risk factors of diabetes mellitus and hypertension were more common among the elderly. The prevalence of atrial fibrillation and the mortality rate were higher among elderly AMI patients. (Med J Indones 2003; 12: 229-35)"

"Infark miokard akut (IMA) telah menjadi sebab utama kematian di negara Barat maupun di Indonesia. Keterlambatan diagonis dan tatalaksana dini yang salah seringkali mengakibatkan kegagalan reperfusi dengan trombolitik. Dokter umum sebagai lini kesehatan pertama harus dibekali dengan ketrampilan mendiagnosis dan juga menangani IMA. Dalam tulisan ini dilaporkan kasus gagal terapi trombolitik pada pria usia 47 tahun setelah tujuh jam mengalami nyeri dada angina, yang telah sebelumnya ditangani oleh dokter umum. (Med J Indones 2005; 14:249-52)

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Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) has been the leading cause of death in Western countries, as well as in Indonesia. Delay in diagnosis and incorrect early management often result in failure of thrombolytic reperfusion. General practitioner (GP) as the primary care, needs to be equipped with the ability to diagnose and moreover to manage AMI. A case of fail thrombolytic management in a 47 years old man after seven hours of angina typical chest pain, after previously managed by GP, is being reported. (Med J Indones 2005; 14:249-52)"

"Angka kematian pada pasien dengan infark miokardium akut (IMA) telah menurun secara signifikan oleh karena strategi terapi reperfusi saat ini. Terapi reperfusi dapat berakibat pada cedera reperfusi. Oleh karena itu, tatalaksana pada pasien ini menghadapi tantangan baru dalam hal diagnosis dan tatalaksana gagal jantung, identifikasi kondisi iskemia, estimasi keperluan antikoagulan, dan penilaian risiko kardiovaskular secara menyeluruh. Ilustrasi kasus ini akan menunjukkan pengaruh magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) kardiak dalam penilaian patofisiologi IMA pada era terapi reperfusi. MRI kardiak akan memberikan informasi berguna yang akan membantu para klinisi dalam tatalaksana dan pemilihan strategi terapi spesifik pada pasien IMA.

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AbstractMortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) has decreased significantly and appears to be the result of current reperfusion therapeutic strategies. Reperfusion itself may develop into reperfusion injury. Therefore, management of these patients poses several challenges, such as diagnosing and managing heart failure, identifying persistent or inducible ischaemia, estimating the need for anticoagulation, and assessing overall cardiovascular risk. This case presentation will demonstrate the impact of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the assessment of the pathophysiology of AMI inthe current reperfusion era. Cardiac MRI can provide a wide range of clinically useful information which will help clinicians to manage and choose specific therapeutic strategies for AMI patients."

"Despite improvements in the outcome of patients with acute myocardial infarction during the last three decades, room for improvement exists in the elderly patients and in patients who are not candidates for throm-bolysis. Statistical analysis of randomized trials of magnesium in myocardial infarction reveals a gradient of response. When higher risk patients were enrolled, a greater benefit of magnesium was observed; progressively smaller benefits of magnesium occur as control group mortality approached 7%, at which point no benefit was detected. Although the ISIS-4 study enrolled more than 58,000 patients, no reduction in mortality was seen, probably as a result of low control group mortality and relatively late administration of magnesium. Because the potential benefits of magnesium in myocardial infarction remains an open question, additional trials are needed before this inexpensive and early-administered therapy is prematurely cast aside."

"Evidence from epidemiologic studies suggests that periodontal diseases may exert a weak to moderate influence on the severity and course of coronary heart disease. The aim of this study was to investigate whether an association between chronic oral infections and the presence of an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) exists. A total of 248 patients after AMI and 249 healthy controls were recruited for this study. The oral assessment included caries frequency (DMFT indices), number of teeth, probing pocket depths, bleeding on probing, clinical attachment level, as well as radiographs to diagnose apical lesions. The medical examination included a blood analysis, e.g. the determination of the serum concentration of C-reactive protein (CRP). The data analysis showed statistically significant differences between AMI patients and the controls with regard to number of missing teeth (p = 0.001), DMFT index (p = 0.001) and presence of apical lesions of endodontic origin (p = 0.001). Logistic regression showed that the probability of having lesions of endodontic origin was with an odds ratio of 1.54 (95 % CI 1.10-2.16; p = 0.012) considerably higher in the AMI patient group. Likewise, the AMI patients had with an odds ratio of 1.21 (95 % CI 1.14-1.28; p < 0.001) a higher number of missing teeth. The data from the blood analysis, in particular the CRP values, showed no significant correlation with the number of apical lesions. The results of the present study underline that patients, who have experienced a myocardial infarction, had more missing teeth and a higher number of inflammatory processes, especially of endodontic origin, than healthy patients."

"Clinical pathway merupakan sebuah alat untuk menjaga kualitas pelayanan dan efisiensi biaya dengan cara menstandarkan pelayanan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dampak dari implementasi clinical pathway terhadap peningkatan kualitas pelayanan dan pengeluaran biaya yang lebih efisien. Analisis dampak dari implementasi clinical pathway dilakukan dengan cara membandingkan lama hari rawat, pelayanan, dan tagihan antara kelompok sebelum dan setelah implementasi clinical pathway dengan standar pelayanan. Tidak ada perbedaan rata-rata yang signifikan antara sebelum dan setelah clinical pathway pada lama hari rawat yaitu sebesar 5,9 hari, namun pada setelah clinical pathway terjadi penurunan variasi dan lebih mengikuti standar dalam clinical pathway. Variasi laboratorium dan radiologi mengalami penurunan pada kelompok setelah clinical pathway namun pada obat terjadi peningkatan jumlah variasi. Tagihan pasien mengalami kenaikan yang signifikan yaitu sebesar 19,66%. Peningkatan tagihan disebabkan oleh lama hari rawat yang cenderung lebih panjang pada kelompok setelah clinical pathway sehingga meningkatkan biaya akomodasi dan tindakan. Rumah sakit perlu melibatkan seluruh tenaga kesehatan terkait mulai dari proses pembuatan clinical pathway hingga implementasinya agar proses implementasi menjadi lebih maksimal. Selain itu, diperlukan peninjauan dan sosialisasi perihal peraturan terkait Pedoman Nasional Pelayanan Kesehatan, Panduan Praktik Klinis, dan clinical pathway oleh Kementerian Kesehatan, serta diperlukan kerja sama antara rumah sakit, Kementerian Kesehatan, dan BPJS dalam penyusunan hospital base rate untuk perbaikan tarif INACBG.

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Clinical pathway is a tool to maintain service quality and cost efficiency by standardizing services. This study aims to determine the variations of medical services and costs by comparing before and after clinical pathway implementation. Medical services that were compared with service standard were length of stay and medical services including laboratory, radiology, and drugs. In this study, costs were the calculation of patients bills. There was no significant difference between the average length of stay before and after the clinical pathway, which was 5.9 days, but after clinical pathway group followed standard more precise with a decrease in variation. Laboratory and radiological variations decreased in the group after clinical pathway but for the drugs, there was an increase in the number of variations. Patient bills experienced a significant increase of 19.66%. The increase of patient bills was caused by length of stay which tend to be longer in groups after clinical pathway, thereby increasing accommodation and medical service costs. Hospitals need to involve all related medical practitioner starting from clinical pathway planning process to the implementation, so then the implementation become better. In addition, it is necessary to review and socialize regulation regarding National Health Service Guidelines, Clinical Practice Guidelines, and clinical pathway by the Ministry of Health, and cooperation between hospitals, Ministry of Health, and Social Insurance Administration Organization is required in preparation of base rate hospitals to improve INA-CBG tariffs."

"Turbulensi laju jantung (heart rate turbulence [HRT]) baru-baru ini dianggap sebagai prediktor terbaru paling kuat untuk terjadinya kematian mendadak (sudden cardiac death [SCD]) melebihi prediktor lain yang telah ada sebelumnya. Pasien penyakit jantung koroner yang menjalani reperfusi koroner ternyata memberikan hasil HRT lebih baik dan hal ini mencerminkan pulihnya respon baroreseptor.Penelitian ini akan membandingkan nilai turbulence onset (TO) dan turbulence slope(TS) pada dua jenis reperfusi (PCI dan fibrinolitik) Subjek menjalani monitoring EKG selama 24 jam setelah dilakukan revaskularisasi. TO ditentukan dengan cara mengukur perubahan relatif dua interval RR irama sinus setelah ekstrasistol ventrikel dan dua RR interval terakhir sebelum ekstrasistol ventrikel. TS dihitung dengan dengan mengukur slope maksimum yang dibuat tiap 5 buah RR interval. Terdapat 13 pasien (usia rata-rata 56 + 9 tahun) yang memenuhi syarat untuk ikut dalam penelitian. Sepuluh pasien menjalani fibrinolitik dan tiga pasien menjalani PCI. Terdapat perbedaan bermakna nilai TO antara kelompok PCI dan fibrinolitik (-3,3 + 1,7 % vs -0,2 + 0,9 %; P=0,03). Terdapat kecenderungan kelompok PCI memberikan nilai TS yang lebih baik dibanding kelompok fibrinolitik, walaupun secara statistik tidak signifikan ( 7,7 + 4,4 msec/RR interval vs 3,4 + 2,6 msec/RR interval; P = 0,056). Disimpulkan bahwa subjek dengan STEMI akut yang menjalani PCI mempunyai nilai TO yang lebih baik dibanding subjek yang menjalani terapi fibrinolitik.

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Heart rate turbulence (HRT) as novel predictor of sudden cardiac death were superior to all other presently available indicators. HRT significantly was improves after successful reperfusion reflecting rapid restoration of baroreceptor response. We investigated turbulence onset (TO) and turbulence slope (TS) values among patients with acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) underwent revascularization by means of primary PCI or fibrinolytic. We hypothesized that the values of TO and TS were different in two kinds of revascularization treatment. The subjects underwent 24 hours ECG recording after revascularization therapy. TO was quantified by the relative change of the first two sinus RR intervals following a ventricular premature beat (VPB) and the last two sinus RR intervals before the VPB. TS was quantified by the maximum positive slope of a regression line assessed over any sequence of five subsequent sinus rhythm RR intervals within the first two sinus rhythm intervals after a VPB. Thirteen patients (mean of age 56 + 9 years old) who underwent revascularization treatment of acute STEMI were eligible as subject of this study.Ten patients underwent fibrinolytic therapy and three patients underwent primary PCI. TO value was significantly different between PCI group and fibrinolytic group (-3.3 + 1.7 % vs -0.2 + 0.9 % ; P=0.03). The Primary PCI group has better outcome on turbulence slope value (TS) than fibrinolytic group but not significance (7.7 + 4.4 msec/RR interval vs 3.4 + 2.6 msec/RR interval; P = 0.056). In conclusion, TO was better in acute STEMI patient undergone PCI compare to that undergone fibrinolytic therapy."