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"Untuk mengetahui pola densitas mineral tulang pada wanita pasca menopause dilakukan penelitian secara retrospektif terhadap 40 wanita pasca menopause dengan menggunakan alat Dexa pada tulang L2 – L4. Didapatkan hasil dengan akurasi formula survey 15%: rerata usia menopause 53,25 tahun, 30 % densitas mineral tulang normal, 52,5 % osteopenia & 17,5 % osteoporosis. Pada penelitian ini juga didapatkan ada hubungan yang kuat ( r = 0,547 ) & sangat bermakna ( p = 0,000 ) antara tinggi badan dengan densitas mineral tulang, didapatkan hubungan yang cukup ( r = 0,315 ) & bermakna ( p = 0,047 ) antara berat badan dengan densitas mineral tulang, demikian pula hubungan yang cukup ( r = - 0,301 ) & bermakna ( p = 0,059 ) antara lama menopause dengan densitas mineral tulang, serta tidak didapatkan hubungan antara usia ( r = 0,119 ) maupun Indeks Masa Tubuh ( IMT ) ( r = 0,086 ) dengan densitas mineral tulang. (Med J Indones 2004; 13: 31-9)

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To identify the pattern of bone mineral density in postmenopausal women through retrospective study in 40 postmenopausal women using Dexa instrument in bones (L2 - L4). Results with 15% of survey formula accuracy were found: mean of menopausal age was 53.25 years, normal bone mineral density 30%, osteopenia 52.5%, and osteoporosis 17.5%. A very strong relationship (r=0.547) and a significant relationship (p=0.000) between body height and bone mineral density were found in this study, and there was a moderate (r=0.315) and significant (p= 0.047) relationship between body weight and bone mineral density, and likewise there was a moderate (r=-0.301) and significant (p=0.059) relationship between duration of menopause and bone mineral density. By contrast, no relationship was found between age (r=0.119) and Body Mass Index (BMI) (r=0.086) and bone mineral density. (Med J Indones 2004; 13: 31-9)"

"Penyebaran mikroba yang resisten terhadap pengobatan merupakan tantangan kesehatan masyarakat yang menyeluruh, yang akan menurunkan efektivitas obat dan mengakibatkan tingginya angka kesakitan dan kematian serta bertambahnya biaya pengobatan. Pengawasan resistensi obat antimikrobial melalui laporan data tentang pola resistensi mikroba terhadap suatu antimikroba akan berguna untuk mencegah timbulnya resistensi. Pada studi ini akan dilaporkan tentang pola resistensi mikroba terhadap ceftriaxone dalam 4 tahun terakhir. Data yang dilaporkan ini berasal dari spesimen yang diperiksa di Laboratorium Mikrobiologi Klinik, Departemen Mikrobiologi FKUI dari tahun 2002 sampai dengan 2005. Spesies mikroba ditentukan melalui kultur dan uji identifikasi. Disc Diffussion Methods digunakan untuk uji sensitivitas ceftriaxone terhadap 14 bakteri Gram-negatif dan 7 bakteri Gram-positif. Hasilnya memperlihatkan, walaupun angka resistensi mikroba terhadap ceftriaxone meningkat dari tahun 2002 sampai 2005, tetapi secara umum masih kurang dari 50%. Angka resistensi yang rendah (< 3%) terlihat untuk Salmonella typhi, Salmonella paratyphi A, Shigella flexneri, Serratia marcescens, dan Streptococcus pneumoniae. Hasil ini dapat digunakan untuk menyusun pedoman penggunaan ceftriaxone di Indonesia.

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AbstractThe spread of drug resistant microbes is a global public health challenge which impairs the efficacy of antimicrobial agents and causes substantial increase in morbidity and mortality rates, including healthcare-associated costs. Monitoring of antimicrobial drug resistance from documented microbial epidemiology & resistance rate is useful in preventing the emergence of resistance. This study reports on the pattern of bacterial resistance against ceftriaxone in the past 4 years. The data were obtained from specimens examined in the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia from 2002 to 2005. Microbial species were determined from culture and identification tests. Disc diffusion method was used for sensitivity testing of ceftriaxone to 14 Gram-negative and 7 Gram-positive bacteria. Although resistance rates were increased from 2002 to 2005, resistance rates of ceftriaxone were found to be less than 50%. Low resistance rates (< 3%) were observed for Salmonella typhi, Salmonella paratyphi A, Shigella flexneri, Serratia marcescens, and Streptococcus pneumoniae. These results could be useful in developing guidelines on the use of ceftriaxone in Indonesia. "

"ABSTRACTBackground: MiR-21 is known to play a role in osteoclast proliferation and differentiation, but the role of serum miR-21 expression in osteoporosis remains unclear. Previous research found that serum miR-21 expression was positively correlated with bone mineral density in postmenopausal osteoporosis patients, but other factors involved in postmenopausal osteoporosis still unknown. This study aimed to determine the role of serum miR-21 expression, concentration of RANKL, OPG, TGF-β1, sclerostin and serum calcium, RANKL/OPG ratio, and physical activity on bone mineral density of spine in hypoestrogenic postmenopausal women with osteoporosis (PMOP) compared with no osteoporosis (PMNOP), with point of interest on the expression of serum miR-21. Methods: this study was conducted by comparative cross-sectional design. The subjects were divided into 2 groups of PMOP and PMNOP. We used an absolute quantification real-time PCR method to determine serum miR-21 expressions level. Results: Median of serum miR-21 expression at the PMOP group was significantly higher compared to PMNOP group (p = 0,001). Serum miR-21 expression, RANKL, RANKL/OPG ratio, and physical activity were significantly correlated with BMD values in the PMOP group. Moderate physical activity was significantly negatively correlated with serum miR-21 expression. We also obtained a linear regression equation BMD = 1,373-0,085*Ln.miR-21-0,176*Log10.RANKL (R2 = 52,5%). Conclusion: serum miR-21 expression in PMOP was higher compared with PMNOP. Serum miR-21 expression proved to have a negative effect on spinal BMD values in hypoestrogenic postmenopausal women with osteoporosis of 8,5%. Obtained equation of BMD = 1,373-0,085*Ln.miR-21-0,176*Log10.RANKL can explain the value of spinal BMD by 52,5%."

"Laboratorium memiliki potensi bahaya dan risiko yang cukup tinggi karena dalam aktivitas pekerjaannya terkait dengan penggunaan bahan-bahan dan peralatan yang berbahaya. Tidak terkecuali di Laboratorium FKUI yang dalam proses kerjanya sering menggunakan bahan-bahan kimia dan biologi. Terdapat berbagai macam upaya yang dapat dilakukan untuk meminimalisasi risiko K3 di tempat kerja, salah satunya adalah dengan cara memberikan pelatihan K3 guna meningkatkan skill dan pengetahuan para pekerja tentang K3. Sebelum melaksanakan suatu pelatihan maka terlebih dahulu perlu dilakukan analisis kebutuhan pelatihan. Analisis kebutuhan pelatihan terdiri dari tiga tahap analisis, yaitu analisis organisasi, analisis personal dan analisis tugas. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis kebutuhan pelatihan K3 yang diperlukan oleh para Laboran sehingga pelatihan K3 yang akan diberikan dapat berjalan efektif dan efisien serta dapat menjawab permasalahan terkait K3 di Laboratorium. Desain yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah desain penelitian deskriptif kualitatif. Terdapat 8 informan yang diambil dari 6 Departemen-departemen preklinik FKUI. Metode pengambilan data dilakukan dengan mewawancarai 8 informan, observasi di Laboratorium dan telaah dokumen dari Laboratorium atau Departemen. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa organisasi telah mendukung pelaksanaan K3 di Laboratorium meskipun belum secara maksimal dan merata di semua Laboratorium. Terdapat 4 jenis tugas utama Laboran yaitu membantu praktikum mahasiswa, maintenance rutin alat, administrasi dan membantu penelitian Dosen atau Departemen serta sudah dapat menggambarkan jenis pelatihan yang dibutuhkan. Terkait aspek personal didapatkan bahwa pengetahuan dan keterampilan Laboran akan bahaya dan risiko yang ada di Laboratorium sudah cukup baik. Berdasarkan ketiga hal tersebut, pelatihan yang harus segera dilaksanakan adalah Chemical Hazards, Chemical Hygiene Plan, Develop Controls, General Laboratory Safety, Hazardous Materials, Job Safety Analysis, Laboratory Hygiene, Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS), dan Safe Storage.

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Laboratory has a potential of occupational health and safety (OHS) hazards and risks because of the usage of hazardous materials and dangerous equipments. Laboratories of Faculty of Medicine University of Indonesia (FKUI) for instance use number of chemicals and biological materials and thus reduction of OHS risks is necessary. Training is one method of risk control by improving the OHS skills and the OHS knowledge of the workers. Prior to the training implementation, assessing the need of training is necessary.

Training needs analysis consists of three stages which are organizational, personal and task analysis. The purpose of this study was to analyze the need of OHS training for the Laboratory Assistants in order to have an effective and efficient training programs that can address the OHS related issues in the Laboratory. The research design was descriptive qualitative. There were 8 informants sampled from 6 FKUI preclinical Departments were interviewed . Observation and document analysis were also done to collect data.

The results of this study was shown that the organization has supported the OHS implementation in the Laboratories although not optimally and evenly distributed in all Laboratories. There were 4 Laboratory Assistant main types of tasks that consists of help students practice, routine maintenance tools, administration and assist Departments and Lecturer’s research and was able to describe the type of training required. Related to personal aspects obtained that Laboratory Assistant’s knowledge and skills about hazards and risks in the Laboratories were good enough. Based on those three, the training must be implemented was Chemical Hazards, Chemical Hygiene Plan, Develop Controls, General Laboratory Safety, Hazardous Materials, Job Safety Analysis, Laboratory Hygiene, Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) and Safe Storage."

"ABSTRAKMiR-21 diketahui berperan dalam proliferasi dan diferensiasi osteoklas, namun peran ekspresi miR-21 serum pada osteoporosis masih belum jelas. Penelitian sebelumnya mendapatkan bahwa ekspresi miR-21 serum berkorelasi positif dengan densitas mineral tulang pada penderita osteoporosis pascamenopause, tetapi penelitian tersebut tidak menganalisis faktor-faktor lainnya yang terlibat dalam osteoporosis pascamenopause.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui peran ekspresi miR-21 serum, konsentrasi RANKL, OPG, TGF- ? 1, sklerostin, rasio RANKL/OPG, kalsium serum dan aktivitas fisis terhadap densitas mineral tulang belakang pada perempuan pascamenopause hipoestrogenik dengan osteoporosis dibandingkan dengan tanpa osteoporosis, dengan point of interest pada ekspresi miR-21 serum.Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan disain uji potong lintang komparatif, di RSUD Ulin Banjarmasin, pada bulan Agustus 2015 sampai Juli 2016. Subjek dibagi menjadi 2 kelompok yaitu perempuan pascamenopause hipoestrogenik dengan osteoporosis dan tanpa osteoporosis. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan metode consecutive. Pemeriksaan ekspresi miR-21 serum menggunakan metode absolute quantification real-time PCR. Analisis statistik menggunakan uji korelasi Spearman, Mann-Whitney U test dan regresi linear berganda.Subjek dibagi menjadi 2 kelompok yaitu perempuan pascamenopause hipoestrogenik dengan osteoporosis PMOP dan tanpa osteoporosis PMNOP masing-masing sebanyak 60 subjek. Median ekspresi miR-21 serum pada PMOP lebih tinggi secara bermakna dibandingkan dan PMNOP p = 0,001 . Ekspresi miR-21 serum, RANKL, rasio RANKL/OPG dan aktivitas fisis berkorelasi bermakna dengan nilai BMD pada PMOP. Aktivitas fisis sedang berkorelasi negatif bermakna dengan ekspresi miR-21 serum pada PMOP dan PMNOP. Analisis regresi linear berganda menggunakan metode backward stepwise mendapatkan persamaan regresi linear: BMD = 1,373 - 0,085 Ln.miR-21 - 0,176 Log 10.RANKL R2 = 52,5 .Simpulan. Ekspresi miR-21 serum pada perempuan pascamenopsuse hipoestrogenik dengan osteoporosis terbukti lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan tanpa osteoporosis. Ekspresi miR-21 serum terbukti memberikan pengaruh negatif terhadap nilai BMD tulang belakang pada perempuan pascamenopause hipoestrogenik dengan osteoporosis sebesar 8,5 , dengan persamaan regresi linear BMD = 1,373 - 0,085 Ln.miR-21 - 0,176 Log10.RANKL. Persamaan ini dapat menjelaskan nilai BMD tulang belakang sebesar 52,5 . Kata kunci: BMD, miR-21 serum, Osteoporosis, Pascamenopause

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ABSTRACTMiR-21 is known to play a role in osteoclast proliferation and differentiation, but the role of serum miR-21 expression in osteoporosis remains unclear. Previous research found that serum miR-21 expression was positively correlated with bone mineral density in postmenopausal osteoporosis patients, but the study did not analyze other factors involved in postmenopausal osteoporosis.This study aimed to determine the role of serum miR-21 expression, concentration of RANKL, OPG, TGF- ? 1, sclerostin and serum calcium, RANKL/OPG ratio, and physical activity on bone mineral density of spine in hypoestrogenic postmenopausal women with osteoporosis compared to no osteoporosis, with point of interest on the expression of serum miR-21.This study was conducted by comparative cross sectional design, conducted at Ulin General Hospital Banjarmasin, from August 2015 until July 2016. The subjects were divided into 2 groups of hypoestrogenic postmenopausal women with osteoporosis and without osteoporosis. Sampling was done by consecutive method. Examination of serum miR-21 expression using absolute quantification real-time PCR method. Statistical analysis using Spearman correlation test, Mann-Whitney U test and multiple linear regression.The subjects were divided into 2 groups of hypoestrogenic postmenopausal women with osteoporosis PMOP and without osteoporosis PMNOP each as many as 60 people. Median of serum miR-21 expression at PMOP group was significantly higher compared to PMNOP group p = 0.001 . Serum miR-21 expression, RANKL, RANKL/OPG ratio and physical activity were significantly correlated with BMD values ? ? ? ?in PMOP group. Moderate physical activity was significantly negative correlated with serum miR-21 expression. Multiple linear regression multivariate analysis using backward stepwise method obtained linear regression equation BMD = 1,373 - 0,085 Ln.miR-21 - 0,176 Log10.RANKL R2 = 52,5 .Conclusion. Serum miR-21 expression in hypoestrogenic postmenopausal women with osteoporosis has been shown to be higher compared with no osteoporosis. Serum miR-21 expression proved to have a negative effect on spinal BMD values in hypoestrogenic postmenopausal women with osteoporosis of 8.5 , with linear regression equation BMD = 1.373 - 0.085 Ln.miR-21 - 0.176 Log10.RANKL. This equation can explain the value of spinal BMD by 52.5 . Keywords: BMD, Osteoporosis, postmenopausal, serum miR-21 "

"Deteksi dini osteoporosis perlu dilakukan untuk mencegah kegagalan perawatan gigi tiruan. Quantitative Ultrasound (QUS) selama ini dipakai secara luas untuk skrining osteoporosis. Kuesioner Postur-P juga digunakan untuk skrining osteoporosis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis sensitivitas dan spesifisitas kuesioner Postur-P terhadap QUS dalam penilaian densitas tulang perempuan pascamenopause. Penelitian ini merupakan uji diagnostik. Pengambilan data dilakukan lewat wawancara menggunakan kuesioner Postur-P dan pengukuran densitas tulang menggunakan alat QUS. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan sensitivitas dan spesifisitas kuesioner Postur-P terhadap QUS cukup baik dengan persentase masing-masing sebesar 77,23% dan 75% sehingga kuesioner Postur-P dapat dijadikan sebagai pengganti QUS dalam melakukan skrining osteoporosis.

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Early detection of osteoporosis needs to be done to prevent the failure of denture treatment. Quantitative Ultrasound (QUS) is widely used for osteoporosis screening. So is Postur-P questionnaire. This research was done to analyze the sensitivity and specificity of the Postur-P questionnaire towards QUS in assessing postmenopausal women bone density. This study was a diagnostic test. Data were collected through interviews using Postur-P questionnaire and bone density was measured with QUS. The results of this study show that the sensitivity and specificity of the Postur-P questionnaire towards QUS are quite good with the value of 77.23% and 75% therefore questionnaire Postur-P can be considered to replace QUS in osteoporosis screening."

"ABSTRAKLATAR BELAKANG: Proses remodelling tulang ditentukan oleh keseimbangan antara proses pembentukan oleh osteoblast dan resorpsi sel tulang oleh osteoklas. Osteprotegerin (OPG) memiliki peran penting dalam menghambat proses resorpsi tulang oleh osteoklas. Pada wanita menopause, proses resorpsi lebih tinggi daripada proses pembentukan tulang, sehingga dapat mengakibatkan terjadinya osteoporosis. Pada penelitian ini, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) pada daerah promoter gen OPG diteliti untuk mengetahui hubungannya dengan risiko osteoporosis pada wanita menopause.BAHAN dan CARA KERJA: Penelitian ini melibatkan 285 wanita Indonesia menopause yang terdiri dari 81 wanita normal, 143 wanita dengan osteopenia dan 61 wanita dengan osteoporosis. Angka T-score diperoleh dengan pengukuran menggunakan Ultrasound Densitometry. Analisis genetik dilakukan menggunakan teknik PCR-RFLP. Analisis statistik menggunakan uji chi-square dengan asumsi kemaknaan p<0,05.HASIL: Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan bahwa frekuensi genotip (TT, TC dan CC) pada semua kelompok (normal, osteopenia dan osteoporosis) tidak berbeda bermakna (p>0,05). Frekuensi alotip (alel T dan C) pada semua kelompok juga tidak berbeda bermakna (p>0,05). Hasil perhitungan odd ratio dengan menggunakan genotip TT sebagai pembanding memperlihatkan bahwa genotip CC memiliki kemungkinan mengalami gangguan kelainan tulang (osteopenia dan osteoporosis) 0,29 kali (22%) dan TC 0,88 kali (46%) lebih besar dibandingkan dengan genotip TT. Dari hasil penelitian ini, dapat disimpulkan bahwa SNP T950C tidak memiliki peranan dalam kejadian osteoporosis pada wanita menopause di Indonesia.

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ABSTRACTINTRODUCTION: Bone remodelling process is determined by the balance between the bone formation and resorption. Osteoprotegerin (OPG) has an important role to inhibit bone resorption by osteoclast. In menopausal women, the rate of bone resorption is higher than its formation, thereby inducing osteoporosis. In this study, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) in promoter region of gene OPG is studied regarding to the association to the risk of the osteoporosis in menopausal Indonesian women.MATERIAL and METHODS: The study samples consist of 285 menopausal Indonesian women, of which 81 are classified as normal (healthy), 143 are with osteopenia and 61 are with osteoporosis. T-score is obtained from the measurement using Ultrasound Densitometry, and genetic polymorphism analysis was performed by PCR RFLP. The statistical analysis uses chi-square with significance assumption at p<0.05.RESULT: This study shows the frequency of genotypes (TT, TC and CC) to all groups (normal, osteopenia and osteoporosis), but it does not demonstrate any significant differences (p>0.05). The frequency of allotypes (T and C) to all groups also does not show the significance (p>0.05). Odd ratio calculations demonstrate that the possibility of developing bone disorders (osteopenia and osteoporosis) for both CC genotype and TC genotype is higher than TT genotype, as much as 0.29 times higher (22%) and 0.88 times higher (46%), respectively."

"Penyebaran mikroba resisten terhadap pengobatan merupakan tantangan kesehatan masyarakat yang menyeluruh yang akan menurunkan efektivitas obst dsn mengakibatkantingginya angka kesakitan dan kematian serta bertambahnya biaya pengobatan"

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran densitas mineral tulang (DMT) pada mahasiswi Reguler Gizi dan Komunikasi UI angkatan 2009. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kuantitatif dengan desain penelitian cross sectional yang dilakukan dengan sampel penelitian total sampling sebesar 161 responden. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada April sampai Juni 2012. Data variabel dependen yang diteliti yaitu DMT menggunakan alat quantitative ultrasound (QUS). Sedangkan data variabel independen meliputi IMT melalui pengukuran antropometri (berat badan menggunakan timbangan seca dan tinggi badan menggunakan stadiometri), pengetahuan dan merokok menggunakan kuesioner, aktivitas fisik menggunakan GPA Questionnaire, asupan kalsium, fosfor, vitamin D, dan protein melalui wawancara food recall 24 hour sebanyak 3 kali (1 kali pada hari libur dan 2 kali pada hari biasa), kebiasaan minum kopi, teh, dan minuman berkarbonasi, yang didapat melalui pengisian FFQ. Analisis data dilakukan dengan menggunakan uji Chi-square dan T-test. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 21,7% responden memiliki DMT tidak normal dan terdapat hubungan yang signifikan (nilai p < 0,05) antara IMT dengan DMT tidak normal, dan ada perbedaan rata-rata antara pengetahuan dan kebiasaan konsumsi kopi dengan DMT normal dan DMT tidak normal. Disarankan untuk melakukan intervensi melalui peningkatan pengetahuan mengenai status gizi dan kesehatan tulang serta pemeriksaan DMT secara berkala.

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This study aim's to know the description of bone mineral density (BMD) of regular class female student majoring nutrition and communication University of Indonesia for the class of 2009. This is a quantitative study with study design cross sectional performed by total sampling 161 respondents. The study was conducted from April to June 2012. Data collected were BMD (measured by quantitative ultrasound), BMI was measured by anthropometric measurements (using seca and stadiometry for measuring weight and height), knowledge and smoking were measured by filling a questionnaire, intake of calcium, phosphor, vitamin D, and protein were measured by 3 times interviewed food recall 24 hour (1 day for weekend and 2 days for weekday), drinking coffee, tea, and soft drink frequency which was measured by filling FFQ. Data was analyzed by Chi-square and T-test. The result of this study showed 21,7% of respondent having abnormal BMD. The result showed that BMI was significantly associated (p value < 0,05) with BMD and there're mean average differences of knowledge and drinking coffee frequency with BMD normal and BMD abnormal. It's recommended to do an intervention by increasing knowledge of nutrition status and bone health, and checking BMI levels regularly."