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"Computation and storage in the cloud is the first comprehensive and systematic work investigating the issue of computation and storage trade-off in the cloud in order to reduce the overall application cost. Scientific applications are usually computation and data intensive, where complex computation tasks take a long time for execution and the generated datasets are often terabytes or petabytes in size. Storing valuable generated application datasets can save their regeneration cost when they are reused, not to mention the waiting time caused by regeneration. However, the large size of the scientific datasets is a big challenge for their storage. By proposing innovative concepts, theorems and algorithms, this book will help bring the cost down dramatically for both cloud users and service providers to run computation and data intensive scientific applications in the cloud. Covers cost models and benchmarking that explain the necessary tradeoffs for both cloud providers and users. Describes several novel strategies for storing application datasets in the cloud. Includes real-world case studies of scientific research applications."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh bukti empiris terkait faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan penghindaran pajak nonconforming dan conforming, serta peran moderasi dari faktor institutional terhadap hubungan tersebut. Selain itu, penelitian ini juga bertujuan untuk memperoleh bukti empiris terkait trade-off antara penghindaran pajak nonconforming dan conforming. Dengan menggunakan analisis lintas negara yang terdiri dari 33 negara untuk sampel penghindaran pajak nonconforming dan conforming pada periode 2010-2020, penelitian ini menemukan bukti sebagai berikut. Pertama, analisis pada determinan penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa penghindaran pajak nonconforming dan conforming relatif lebih tinggi di negara dengan bahasa strong FTR dan risiko iklim yang tinggi. Selanjutnya, penghindaran pajak nonconforming relatif lebih rendah di negara dengan tax enforcement yang kuat dan book-tax conformity yang tinggi. Di sisi lain, penghindaran pajak conforming relatif lebih rendah di negara dengan tax enforcement yang kuat, tetapi lebih tinggi di negara dengan book-tax conformity yang tinggi. Kedua, analisis pada peran faktor institusional secara umum menunjukkan bahwa faktor institusional mampu memperlemah perilaku perusahaan (bahasa dan risiko iklim) untuk melakukan penghindaran pajak nonconforming dan conforming. Selanjutnya, interaksi faktor institusional yang paling efektif untuk mengurangi penghindaran pajak nonconforming dan conforming adalah interaksi antara tax enforcement dan public governance. Ketiga, analisis pada trade-off penghindaran pajak nonconforming dan conforming menunjukkan bahwa biaya dari penghindaran pajak nonconforming lebih besar daripada penghindaran pajak conforming pada negara dengan tingkat korupsi yang lebih tinggi, perlindungan investor yang lebih rendah, public governance yang lebih baik, book-tax conformity yang lebih tinggi, dan tax enforcement yang lebih kuat. Sebaliknya, pada negara dengan tingkat korupsi yang lebih rendah, perlindungan investor yang lebih tinggi, public governance yang lebih buruk, book-tax conformity yang lebih rendah, dan tax enforcement yang lebih lemah, biaya dari penghindaran pajak conforming lebih besar daripada penghindaran pajak nonconforming. Terakhir, penelitian ini memiliki implikasi penting bagi suatu negara dalam menghadapi permasalahan penghindaran pajak melalui analisis dua strategi penghindaran pajak secara bersamaan yaitu penghindaran pajak nonconforming dan conforming. Secara khusus, penelitian ini menitikberatkan suatu negara untuk lebih memprioritaskan penguatan pada dua faktor institusional, yaitu tax enforcement dan public governance.

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This research aims to provide empirical evidence regarding the factors associated with nonconforming and conforming tax avoidance, as well as the moderating role of institutional factors in these relationships. Additionally, the study seeks to establish empirical evidence concerning the trade-off between nonconforming and conforming tax avoidance. Using cross-country analysis comprising 33 countries for nonconforming and conforming tax avoidance samples during the period 2010-2020, this research yields the following findings. Firstly, the analysis of the determinants in this study indicates that nonconforming and conforming tax avoidance is relatively higher in countries with strong Future Time Reference (FTR) language and high climate risk. Furthermore, nonconforming tax avoidance is relatively lower in countries with strong tax enforcement and high book-tax conformity. On the other hand, conforming tax avoidance is relatively lower in countries with strong tax enforcement but higher in countries with high book-tax conformity. Secondly, the analysis of the role of institutional factors in general indicates that institutional factors have the capacity to weaken corporate behavior (language and climate risk) in engaging in both nonconforming and conforming tax avoidance. Furthermore, the most effective interaction of institutional factors in reducing nonconforming and conforming tax avoidance is the synergy between tax enforcement and public governance. Thirdly, the analysis of the trade-off between nonconforming and conforming tax avoidance indicates that the costs associated with nonconforming tax avoidance exceed those of conforming tax avoidance in countries characterized by higher levels of corruption, diminished investor protection, superior public governance, higher book-tax conformity, and more robust tax enforcement. Conversely, in countries with lower corruption levels, higher investor protection, poorer public governance, reduced book-tax conformity, and weaker tax enforcement, the costs of conforming tax avoidance surpass those of nonconforming tax avoidance. Finally, this research carries significant implications for a nation facing tax avoidance issues through the simultaneous analysis of two tax avoidance strategies, namely, nonconforming and conforming tax avoidance. Specifically, the study underscores the importance of prioritizing the strengthening of two institutional factors which are tax enforcement and public governance."