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"Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk melihat pencapaian tujuan pendirian Jembatan Nasional Suramadu untuk meningkatkan aksesibilitas Pulau Madura melalui orientasi pengembangan pertumbuhan Kota Surabaya sejak diresmikan pada 10 Juni 2009 hingga tahun 2011 sekaligus melihat dampaknya terhadap wilayah Madura melalui pendekatan penelusuran fenomena spread dan backwash effect. Sebelumnya, pengembangan pertumbuhan Kota Surabaya lebih berkembang ke arah Gresik, Sidoarjo, Mojokerto, Pasuruan, dan Malang dibandingkan dengan Madura. Variabel dependen pada penelitian ini menggunakan data densitas penduduk/km2 pada periode 2008 dan 2011. Variabel independen pada penelitian menggunakan fungsi polynomial jarak hingga tingkat kubik serta dummy untuk membedakan pengaruh Kota Surabaya ke wilayah Madura dengan pengaruh Kota Surabaya ke wilayah lain selain Madura. Terdapat dua hipotesis dari penelitian ini. Pertama, pembangunan Jembatan Nasional Suramadu berhasil mengurangi perbedaan pengaruh pengembangan perekonomian Kota Surabaya ke Wilayah Madura. Kedua, pembangunan Jembatan Nasional Suramadu menghasilkan fenomena spread effect.Penelitian ini menggunakan wilayah observasi yang tersebar pada 32 kecamatan di Kabupaten Bangkalan dan Sampang di Madura dan juga 79 kecamatan yang tersebar di Kabupaten Gresik, Mojokerto, Sidoarjo, dan Lamongan. Instrumen yang digunakan merupakan hasil replikasi dari fungsi regresi cubic spline estimasi kepadatan penduduk (oleh David L.Barkley et al).Berdasarkan dari hasil analisis penelitian, peneliti mendapatkan dua kesimpulan:1. Pembangunan Jembatan Nasional Suramadu berhasil mengurangi perbedaan pengaruh pengembangan perekonomian Kota Surabaya ke Wilayah Madura.2. Pembangunan Jembatan Nasional Suramadu menghasilkan fenomena spread effect.

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The purpose of this study is to look at the achievement on the goal of Suramadu National Bridge to increase the accesibility in Madura through the development orientation from Surabaya economic growth since it was established on June 10, 2009 until 2011 as well as view their impact on the region of Madura through spread and backwash effect phenomenon approach. Before, the development orientation of Surabaya give more impact to Gresik, Sidoarjo, Mojokerto, Pasuruan, and Malang compare to Madura. Data population density/km2 in the period 2008 and 2011 are used as the dependent variable in this study. Cubic polynomial Distance functions are used as the independent variable in research using. Last, a dummy are used to distinguish the effect of Surabaya to Madura region and the influences of Surabaya to other areas besides Madura. There are two hypotheses of this study. First, the construction of the National Bridge Suramadu managed to reduce the differences of influence in the economic development of the city of Surabaya to Madura region. Second, the construction of the Suramadu National Bridge produce the spread effect phenomenon.This study observation area are scattered in 32 districts of Bangkalan and Sampang in Madura and 79 districts spread over Gresik, Mojokerto, Sidoarjo, and Lamongan. The instrument used is the replication of cubic spline regression function to estimate population density (by David L.Barkley et al).Based on the analysis of the results of the study, two conclusions are obtained:1. The construction of the Suramadu National Bridge managed to reduce the differences of influence on the economic development of the city of Surabaya to Madura region.2. The construction of the Suramadu National Bridge produces the spread effect phenomenon."

"Madura adalah sebuah pulau sebagai salah satu kawasan tertinggal di Jawa Timur dimana guna mengejar ketertinggalan tersebut maka diperlukan peningkatan akses keluar masuk Madura melalui pembangunan Jembatan Suramadu sehingga memperlancar arus distribusi barang/jasa dan meningkatkan mobilitas penduduk. Kewenangan pengelolaan dan Pengembangan Wilayah Jembatan Suramadu dilaksanakan oleh Badan Pengembangan Wilayah Suramadu (BPWS) dengan pedoman pelaksanaan kegiatan tercantum dalam Rencana Induk Pengembangan Wilayah Suramadu 2010-2024. Besarnya dampak pengembangan wilayah Suramadu dianalisa menggunakan Tabel Input Output Madura Tahun 2008 yang diturunkan dari Tabel Input Output Jawa Timur Tahun 2008 dengan variabel yang dilihat berupa peningkatan output, pendapatan dan lapangan kerja. Sektor kunci dalam perekonomian Madura adalah sektor 8 : industri, sektor 10 : air bersih, sektor 15 : angkutan jalan raya, sektor 20 : bank dan sektor 21 : lembaga keuangan bukan bank. Dampak pengembangan wilayah Suramadu terhadap peningkatan output pada tahun 2010 sebesar Rp. 28,955 milyar; tahun 2011 sebesar Rp. 1,584 trilyun; tahun 2012 sebesar Rp. 2,150 trilyun; tahun 2013 sebesar Rp. 2,310 trilyun dan tahun 2014 sebesar Rp. 3,634 trilyun sehingga total output meningkat sebesar Rp. 9,709 trilyun atau meningkat 26,7723%. Dampak pengembangan wilayah Suramadu terhadap peningkatan pendapatan pada tahun 2010 sebesar Rp. 2,104 milyar; tahun 2011 sebesar Rp. 302,830 milyar; tahun 2012 sebesar Rp. 393,473 milyar; tahun 2013 sebesar Rp. 428,841 milyar dan tahun 2014 sebesar Rp. 479,485 milyar sehingga total pendapatan meningkat sebesar Rp. 1,606 trilyun atau meningkat 28,0943%. Dampak pengembangan wilayah Suramadu terhadap peningkatan lapangan kerja pada tahun 2010 sebanyak 76 orang; tahun 2011 sebanyak 29.151 orang; tahun 2012 sebanyak 37.043 orang; tahun 2013 sebanyak40.610 orang dan tahun 2014 sebanyak 52.159 orang sehingga total lapangan kerja meningkat sebanyak 159.039 orang atau meningkat 11,0954%. Pengembangan wilayah Suramadu yang dilakukan oleh BPWS memberikan dampak yang lebih baik karena persentase peningkatan output setara dengan skenario I, persentase peningkatan pendapatan tertinggi dibandingkan dengan skenario yang lain dan persentase peningkatan lapangan kerja yang cukup tinggi.

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Madura is an island as one of the regions lagging in East Java where to catch it, needs to improve access in and out of Madura through the developmentm of Suramadu bridge so as to accelerate the flow of distribution of goods /services and increase the population mobility. Management authority and Regional Development Suramadu bridge implemented by the Badan Pengembangan Wilayah Suramadu (BPWS- Regional Development Agency Suramadu) with guidelines for implementation of the activities listed in Suramadu Area Development Master Plan 2010-2024. Magnitude of the impact of regional development Suramadu analyzed using Input Output Table of Madura in 2008 are derived from Input Output Table of East Java in 2008 with the variable as seen in the form of increased output, income and employment. Key sectors in the economy of Madura is a sector 8: industry, sector 10: clean water, 15 sectors: road transport, 20 sectors: banks and 21 sectors: non-bank financial institutions. The impact of regional development Suramadu to increased output in 2010 amounting to Rp. 28.955 billion; in 2011 amounting to Rp. 1.584 trillion; year 2012 amounting to Rp. 2.150 trillion; year 2013 amounting to Rp. 2.310 trillion, and the year 2014 amounting to Rp. 3.634 trillion, so total output increased by Rp. 9.709 trillion, an increase of 26.7723%. The impact of regional development Suramadu to increased revenues in 2010 amounting to Rp. 2.104 billion; in 2011 amounting to Rp. 302.830 billion; year 2012 amounting to Rp. 393.473 billion; year 2013 amounting to Rp. 428.841 billion and the year 2014 amounting to Rp. 479.485 billion, bringing total revenues increased by Rp. 1.606 trillion, an increase of 28.0943%. The impact of regional development Suramadu to increased employment in the year 2010 as many as 76 people; in 2011 as many as 29,151 people; year 2012 as many as 37,043 people; of 2013 as many as 40,610 people and as many as 52,159 people in 2014 so that total employment increased by 159,039 people or an increase of 11.0954%. Suramadu regional development undertaken by BPWS provide more better impact because the percentage increase in output is equivalent to the scenario I, the highest percentage increase in revenue compared with other scenarios and it gives increasing percentage in employment is quite high."

"The social economic change that together with Suramadu bridge development could happen as "social economic change" or planned change", but also could happen as the social economics change that was not planned (unplanned change), like the emergence of the community's conflicts, criminality, the anarchist, plundering as resulting from social jealousy, etc...."

"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk menghindari terjadinya kegagalan struktur jembatan selama tahap konstruksi, terutama akibat gempa. Jembatan kabel Suramadu yang memiliki bentang utama 818 meter dengan 89 tahap konstruksi, dipengaruhi oleh tiga rekaman gempa berbeda, yaitu gempa Banyuwangi Maret 2011, gempa jember Februari 2011, dan gempa Nusadua September 2009. Analisis riwayat waktu dilakukan agar diperoleh respon struktur dari detik ke detik selama gempa berlansung. Analisis displacement, tegangan pada gelagar, gaya kabel, dan pengaruh rasio redaman struktur, dilakukan pada setiap tahapan konstruksi dan dievaluasi sesuai dengan persyaratan dan peraturan yang ada.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa respon gempa pada struktur jembatan atas tidak hanya bergantung pada karakteristik dari rekaman gempa yaitu durasi, kandungan frekuensi, percepatan tanah maksimum (PGA), akan tetapi juga bergantung pada karakteristik struktur yaitu massa, kekakuan, dan redaman.

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ABSTRACTThis study aims to avoid bridge structure failure during the construction stages, primarily due to earthquake. Suramadu cable-stayed bridge which has main spans 818 m with 89 stages of construction was studied to 3 different earthquakes, namely Banyuwangi earthquake March 2011, Jember earthquake February 2011, and Nusadua earthquake September 2009. Time history analysis was carried out in order to obtain responses of the structure anytime during the earthquake occurred. Analysis of displacement, stress on the girder, cable forces, and also influence of structural damping ratio, was performed at each stage of construction and was evaluated in accordance with the existing requirements and appropriate regulations.The results showed that the seismic responses of upper bridge structures depends not only on the characteristics of earthquake records, namely duration, frequency content, and maximum ground acceleration (PGA), but also on the structural characteristics, namely mass, stiffness, and damping."

"Jembatan bentang panjang mempunyai perilaku kompleks apabila terkena gempa khususnya pada saat konstruksi sedang dilaksanakan. Pada penelitian ini, Jembatan Kabel Suramadu dipilih untuk menyajikan perilaku jembatan cable-stayed pada setiap tahapan konstruksi yang berjumlah 89 tahapan. Jembatan ditinjau pada 10 tahapan kritis yaitu tahapan ke-4, 9, 18, 27, 36, 45, 54, 63, 74, dan 89 (lengkap).Rekaman gempa terletak pada sepasang gempa arah memanjang struktur jembatan akan dikenai gempa timur - barat (gempa transversal) dan arah melintang struktur jembatan akan dikenai gempa utara - selatan (arah longitudinal) secara terpisah di sekitar Selat Madura yaitu Gempa Banyuwangi (23 Maret 2011), Gempa Jember (14 Februari 2011), dan Gempa Nusadua (18 Maret 2009). Analisis riwayat waktu dan respon spektrum menggunakan perbedaan ketiga elemen pada kabel yaitu elemen truss tension-only, cable linier (equivalent truss element), dan cable nonlinier (catenary cable element). Peninjauan nodal terletak pada pertemuan kabel-menara dan pertemuan kabel-gelagar sedangkan, peninjauan elemen terletak pada kiri dan kanan menara. Hasil penelitian menghasilkan kandungan frekuensi jembatan, periode alami struktur, respon perpindahan, gaya dalam aksial kabel, gaya dalam momen dan geser arah Z pada gelagar, dan tegangan normal kabel.

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Long-span bridge has a complex behavior when exposed to the earthquake, especially when the construction is being carried out. In this study, Suramadu Cable Bridge chosen to present the behavior of cable-stayed bridge at each stage of construction totaling 89 stages. Bridges are reviewed at ten critical stages. These stages are 4th, 9th, 18th, 27th, 36th, 45th, 54th, 63rd, 74th, and 89th stage (final stage). Recorded earthquake the located on longitudinal direction of the bridge structure will be east - west earthquake (transverse earthquake) and the transverse direction of the bridge structure will be given north - south (longitudinal direction) earthquake separately around the Madura Strait those are Banyuwangi earthquake (March 23, 2011), Jember earthquake (February 14, 2011), and Nusadua earthquake (March 18, 2009). Time history and response spectrum analysis is done by using three different elements on the cable. Those are tension-only truss elements, linear cable (equivalent truss element), and the nonlinear cable (catenary cable element). The review of nodal located in joint tower-cable and joint cable-girder while the review of the element located on the left side and right side of the tower. The results of the study resulted in the bridge's frequency content, the natural period of the structure, the displacement response, axial force in the cable, moment and shear force in the Z direction on the girder, and the normal cable stress."

"Tesis ini membahas mengenai perhitungan pembangunan secara bertahap berdasarkan ketergantungan waktu (time dependent) jembatan cable stayed dengan studi kasus Jembatan Suramadu. Adapun hasil yang akan diperoleh pada penelitian ini yaitu mengevaluasi perilaku struktur pada saat pelaksanaan bertahap menggunakan metode kantilever seperti besarnya gaya-gaya kabel, tegangan elemen struktur, dan lendutan gelagar yang terjadi pada setiap tahapan konstruksi. Teknik analisa yang digunakan yaitu forward assemblage analysis dan backward disassemblage analysis. Dimana untuk teknik menggunakan forward assemblage analysis pelat dimodelkan sebagai non komposit dan komposit serta menggunakan standar CEB-FIP dan ACI untuk mengetahui seberapa pengaruh nilai lendutan kedua standar tersebut. Dari hasil penelitian diperoleh bahwa terjadi penurunan besaran lendutan gelagar sebesar 19 % dan gaya kabel sebesar 22 % setelah 10 hari pengecoran pelat dilakukan (sudah terjadi efek struktur komposit), dari asumsi pelat dimodelkan sebagai beban luar menjadi pemodelan struktur komposit. Dengan menggunakan standar CEB-FIP dan ACI diperoleh hasil bahwa nilai lendutan pada awal penempatan pelat (sudah terjadi struktur yang komposit) lebih kecil jika menggunakan code ACI. Hal ini disebabkan karena efek ACI pada awal terjadi struktur yang komposit memberikan nilai efek kekuatan material yang lebih besar dibandingkan dengan CEB-FIP. Sedangkan pada akhir-akhir pelaksanaan konstruksi nilai lendutan gelagar menggunakan CEB-FIP memperoleh hasil yang cenderung lebih kecil dibandingkan dengan ACI. Hasil perbandingan analisa antara forward assemblage analysis dan backward disassemblage analysis menggambarkan bahwa untuk nilai lendutan gelagar, terjadi perbedaan hasil rata-rata sebesar 3 % sedangkan untuk nilai gaya kabel terjadi variasi perbedaan antara 1 - 4 %.

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This thesis discuss the construction calculation in stages based on the dependence of time (time dependent) cable stayed bridge, using Suramadu Bridge as a case study. Results that will be obtained in this study are to evaluate the behavior of structures during the implementation stages by using cantilever method such as the cable forces, tension structural element, and girder deflection that occurs in each stage of construction. The analysis technique that used in this thesis are the forward assemblage analysis and backward disassemblage analysis. Where the forward assemblage analysis technique modeled the plate as a non-composite and composite form by using CEB-FIP and ACI standards to determine the influence of the deflection.

The result showed that there are decreasing deflection around 19% and cable force by 22% after 10 days of casting plate done (already in composite structure), from the assumption, the plate is modeled as external loads into composite structures model. By using standard CEB-FIP and ACI showed the value of deflection in initial placement of the plate (in composite structure) is smaller when using the ACI code. This is because the effect of ACI in the early composite structure gives the material strength in a greater value than the CEB-FIP. In contrary, at the end of the construction stages, the girder deflection that using CEB-FIP gives smaller deflection compared to ACI. The comparison analysis between the forward assemblage analysis and disassemblage analysis illustrates that there was an average difference of 3 % while for the cable force variations the differences are between 1 - 4 %."

"This research was an overview about the crime prevention program following the implementation of Suramadu Bridge. The Crime Prevention Program occures there are conducted by the police and Badan Pengembangan Wilayah Suramadu. This research starts when mass media publication exposed a lot of criminalities occured around Suramadu Bridge after it established. The purpose of this research is to find out the effective way of crime prevention to be implicated there. This research uses qualitative method with descriptive design which the data is obtained through the process of interviewing and observation on the field. This study concludes that community development and crime prevention should be run at its best. This is very important for the future,simple crime won?t be a social problem."