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"This article explores the roots of riots that have occurred in several cities and places in Indonesia, the author assumes that the accumulative and chronic social - economic gap shrouded by the ethnic and religious factors, underlined the occurrence of riots in the early Indonesian reformation era (May 1995). The differences in gaining access to economic resources, as well as the discriminative policies of the New Order Regime, created a social-economic gap between the ethnic groups in Indonesia. While some groups had privileges and easy access to economic resources, other did not. As a consequence, some groups were subject to oppression and marginalized. The potential for conflict increased structurally as marginal groups used ethnicity and religious attributes in framing the social-economic gap between them and the advantage groups. From the functionalist viewpoints, ethnicity can be seen as an easy way to heighten solidarity among people. The riots could be legitimated by using cared religious symbols. The author argues that the conflict among ethnic groups increased as a 'cultural protest' to the government's discriminative policy. The conflict does not represent the people's desire to return to their 'tribal' culture"

"Skripsi ini membahas politisasi agama yang terjadi di dalam konflik antara Buddha Rakhine dan Muslim Rohingya di Myanmar dari tahun 2012 hingga tahun 2017. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan penjelasan yang bersifat eksplanatif. Penelitian ini menggunakan teori instrumentalis dalam menganalisis politisasi agama yang terjadi dalam konflik Rohingya dan Rakhine. Permainan isu agama membangkitkan sentimen anti-Muslim Rohingya dan menyebabkan situasi semakin panas sehingga terjadi pengusiran terhadap Muslim Rohingya secara besar-besaran dari wilayah Rakhine. Hasil penelitian ini membuktikan bahwa pemerintah sebagai aktor penting dalam pembentukan identitas nasional Myanmar yang menyebabkan eksklusifitas agama Buddha di Myanmar dan dalam proses ini framing anti-Muslim Rohingya pun terjadi. Melalui konflik ini pemerintah mendapatkan keuntungan ekonomi dan politik.

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This thesis discusses the politicization of religion that occurred in the conflict between Buddha Rakhine and Rohingya Muslims in Myanmar from 2012 to 2017. This research is qualitative research with explanatory explanations. This study uses instrumentalist theory in analysing the politicization of religion that occurred in the Rohingya and Rakhine conflicts. The religious issue game aroused anti-Muslim Rohingya sentiments and caused the situation to become hotter, resulting in massive expulsion of Rohingya Muslims from the Rakhine region. The results of this study prove that the government as an important factor in the formation of Myanmar's national identity that led to the exclusivity of Buddhism in Myanmar and in this process the anti-Muslim Rohingya framing ensued. Through this conflict, the government gets economic and political benefits."

"Research related to the diversity and conflict in Indonesia to date concludes that ethnic fractionalization, as an indicator of diversity, is positively related to the level of conflict. However, this research has not included other indicators of diversity, namely ethnic polarization, which is considered better than ethnic fractionalization in explaining conflicts, especially identity conflicts. Using the National Violence Monitoring System (NVMS) data along with 2000 and 2010 Indonesia Census data, this study found that ethnic polarization and religious fractionalization contribute to the increase of identity conflict in Indonesia. Otherwise, there is no statistical proof that validates the positive relationship between ethnic fractionalization and the identity conflict in general. Furthermore, this study also shows that the degree of heterogeneity at district level significantly reduces some aspects of social outcomes, such as trust to non co ethnics, solidarity, participation in community, and perceived safety which act as a channel through which diversity affect identity conflict.

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Penelitian terkait dengan keberagaman dan konflik di Indonesia hingga saat ini menyimpulkan apabila fraksionalisasi etnik, sebagai indikator dari keberagaman, berhubungan positif dengan tingkat konflik. Namun, penelitian tersebut belum memasukkan indikator lain dari keberagaman, yaitu polarisasi etnik, yang dianggap lebih baik daripada fraksionalisasi etnik di dalam menjelaskan konflik, khususnya konflik identitas. Dengan menggunakan data dari Sistem Nasional Pemantauan Kekerasan dan data keberagaman dari Sensus Penduduk tahun 2000 dan 2010, ditemukan apabila polarisasi etnik dan fraksionalisasi agama, berkontribusi terhadap peningkatan konflik identitas. Sebaliknya, tidak ditemukan bukti statistik yang dapat menjelaskan hubungan antara fraksionalisasi etnik dan konflik identitas secara umum. Selain itu, studi ini juga menemukan apabila tingkat keberagaman di suatu wilayah, berpengaruh negatif terhadap beberapa keluaran modal sosial seperti kepercayaan antar-etnis, solidaritas, partisipasi di komunitas, dan perasaan aman, yang berperan sebagai saluran yang menghubungkan keberagaman dengan konflik identitas."

"As a treatment method for the law offenders, the correctional systems are functional to re-construct the inmates before they re-integrated in to society in acceptable manners. In achieving the correctional system's goal for inmates has involved all aspects and existence in handling the inmates which includes their rights, as the offender of the law, as individually, and social being.The universal designs of such correctional system are not easily to be achieved, as it is interconnected to the complexity of the inmate's life inside the Cipinang Correctional. The separation of the inmates housing accommodation has also accelerated the occurrence 1 formation of inmate's ethnical group, with identifies by their state of origin. They are Javanese group (arek), Korea Group (Medan), Ambonesse group, Aceh group and others smaller ethnical group.The purpose of this research is to get the view; how the Cipinang Correctional applies their policy and management in order to prevent and settle the conflict between the inmates ethnical group. The approach that used in the research is a qualitative approach which includes the interview techniques to the respondent, such as inmate, ex-inmate and the correctional officers.Although the dilemma has continues to evade the innovative effort, this research has able to examine the conflicts, the implementation of the policy and the management in preventing and setting the conflict among the inmates ethnical group and the causing factor of the conflict, such as :A. Conflict factors in Correctional1. The conflict among the Javanese group (arek) and Medan group2. The conflict among the Javanese group (arek) and Ambonesse group3. The conflict between cell (housing) units4. The conflict between inmates and the security officersB. the Causing factors of the conflictC. The formation of the inmate's ethinical groupD. Structure, task and rights in the group"

"The ethnic conflict in Ambon and Sambas are the result of the same casual factors. The ambivalent and unfair treatment by the armed forces and the police, and the absence of law enforcement, were factors that led to the emergence of these conflicts. Numerous crimes and violent actions (by gangster and preman) Took place. The local people - the Dayak and Malay community of Sambas, and the Ambon communities (both, Moslem and Christian, and also the Bugis, Buton, and Makassar) - took harsh measures without regard for the law. They did so since they could no longer trust the law, the armed forces and the police... [...] in the last part of this article, the author proposes three steps for the solution to the conflicts in both places: the shorts medium, and long term solutions."