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"Son preference's impact on Indian fertility is examined within 14major stares, utilizing the NFHS surveys of 1992-93 and l998-99 but withemphasis on the NFHS-2 survey. The l4 states are grouped into two on thebasis of the strength of son preference. The analysis indicates that the birthhazards for the gentler composition of surviving children are highest atparity 3 for the majority of the M states. 'The intensification eject, orincreasing impact of son preference at lower parities, is manifested instrong son preference stores experiencing large fertility declines such asPunjab and Haryana. Son preference continues to affect fertility at lowerpriorities and it is possible that a floor well above replacement level isforming. especially in the populous northern/central stores. However, withthe increasing incidence of sex-selective abortions it is possible that lowerfertility with dramatically skewed sex ratios at birth will result"

"The study examines the impact of son preference on the pace offertility among women of different educational levels in the 14 indian statesof Bihar, Gujarat, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Purjab,Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Orissa,Tamil Nadu and West Bengal with reference to the _findings of the NFHS 2survey H998-99). In the northern western states there appears to be anincreased preference for at least one son in i992-99 as compared to thesouthern/eastern states. in contrast to their counterparts in the southernstares, educated women in the northern/western states demonstrate agreater inclination toward continuing childbearing for a son on the basis ofhaving ann: daughters. San preference continues to affect fertility at lowerparities and could slow down _fertility decline especially in the populousnorthern/western safes."

"Keberadaan son preference dipengaruhi oleh dua hal yakni kondisi sosial ekonomi orang tua dan sistem kekerabatan yang berlaku. Bagi perempuan yang memiliki tingkat son preference yang kuat, keputusan reproduksi yang meliputi penggunaan kontrasepsi dan kemungkinan peningkatan paritas akan bergantung pada jumlah dan komposisi gender anak yang diinginkan. Dengan menggunakan data SDKI 2017, studi ini membahas bagaimana perilaku perempuan yang memiliki preferensi terhadap kelahiran anak laki-laki dalam memutuskan penggunaan kontrasepsi dan kemungkinan peningkatan paritas berdasarkan proporsi anak laki-laki pada paritas terakhir sebagai proxy dari son preference. Hasil pada studi ini menemukan bahwa efek proporsi anak laki-laki terhadap penggunaan kontrasepsi adalah positif dan signifikan, namun diikuti dengan efek (proporsi anak laki-laki)2 yang negatif dan signifikan. Sedangkan efek proporsi anak laki-laki terhadap probabilitas peningkatan paritas adalah negatif dan signifikan, namun diikuti dengan efek (proporsi anak laki-laki)2 yang positif dan signifikan. Hal ini tidak lepas dari kondisi preferensi gender di Indonesia yang cenderung mengarah kepada kondisi seimbang bukan preferensi terhadap anak laki-laki.

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The existence of son preference is influenced by two things such as the socio-economic status of the parents and the prevailing kinship system. For women who have a strong son preference level, reproductive decisions involving the use of contraception and the possibility of increasing parity will depend on the desired number and gender composition of children. Using the 2017 IDHS data, this study discusses the behavior of women who have a preference for the birth of a son based on the proportion of sons in the last parity as a proxy for son preference. The results of this study found that the effect of the proportion of sons on contraceptive use was positive and significant, but was followed by the effect (proportion of sons)2 which was negative and significant. While the effect of the proportion of sons on the probability of increasing parity is negative and significant, but it is followed by the effect (proportion of sons)2 which is positive and significant. This is inseparable from the condition of gender preference in Indonesia which tends to lead to a balanced preference condition."

"This study investigates the relationship between the level ofsocioeconomic development and fertility in India. The perspective of thisstudy is based on the "Theory of Demographic Transition" which statesthat as socioeconomic development in a country increases, high fertilityand mortality rates are replaced by low fertility and mortality rates,leading to population stability. This study tests the following majorhypothesis: The higher the level of socioeconomic development, the lowerthe fertility rates among the states of india. The study applies correlationand multiple regression analysis on the l 992-1993 indian National FamilyHealth Survey (NFHS) data using four major categories (education,modernization, health, and family planning ) of socioeconomic developmentto predict two measures (crude birth rate and the total fertility rate) offertility. The findings support the theory cf demographic transition in largemeasure revealing that the overall level of socioeconomic development isinversely related to fertility among the states of india. Finally. the studysuggests that higher levels of female literacy and acceptance ofcontraceptives lead to fertility decline."

"This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the International Conference on Recent Trends in Computer Networks and Distributed Systems Security, held in Trivandrum, India, in October 2012. The 34 revised full papers and 8 poster presentations were carefully reviewed and selected from 112 submissions. The papers cover various topics in Computer Networks and Distributed Systems."

"Topics covered include tools and services for creating simple, rich, and reusable knowledge representations to explore strategies for integrating this knowledge into legacy systems. The reuse and integration are essential concepts that must be enforced to avoid duplicating the effort and reinventing the wheel each time in the same field. This problem is investigated from different perspectives. This book helps readers to maximize the reuse of information. "

"This book contains interesting findings of some state-of-the-art research in the field of signal and image processing. It contains twenty one chapters covering a wide range of signal processing applications involving filtering, encoding, classification, segmentation, clustering, feature extraction, denoising, watermarking, object recognition, reconstruction and fractal analysis. Various types of signals including image, video, speech, non-speech audio, handwritten text, geometric diagram, ECG and EMG signals, MRI, PET and CT scan images, THz signals, solar wind speed signals (SWS) and photoplethysmogram (PPG) signals have been dealt with. It demonstrates how new paradigms of intelligent computing like quantum computing can be applied to process and analyze signals in a most precise and effective manner. Processing of high precision signals for real time target recognition by radar and processing of brain images, ECG and EMG signals that feature in this book have significant implications in defense mechanism and medical diagnosis. There are also applications of hybrid methods, algorithms and image filters which are proving to be better than the individual techniques or algorithms. Thus the present volume, enriched in depth and variety of techniques and algorithms concerning processing of various types of signals, is likely to be used as a compact yet handy reference for the young researchers, academicians and scientists working in the domain of signal and image processing and also to the post graduate students of computer science and information technology."