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"ABSTRAKPenggunaan fungisida bertujuan untuk melindungi benih dari serangan cendawan patogen penyebab penyakit sehingga benih dapat disimpan lama serta memberantas cendawan penyebab penyakit pada tanaman.Dua macam penelitian dilakukan di Laboratorium dan rumah kaca PAU IPB di Dermaga Bogor untuk mengetahui pengaruh fungisida folirfos pada beberapa konsentrasi (0,04%, 0.12% dan 0,20%) serta fungisida ridomil pada konsentrasi 1,16%, 1,54% dan 2,31%.Penelitian pertama dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh fungisida terhadap perkecambahan benih jagung SD II dan perkecambahan spora cendawan mikoriza arbuskula. Metode yang digunakan adalah rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) dengan 3 ulangan.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan fungisida folirfos pada konsentrasi rendah, sedang dan tinggi tidak menghambat perkecambahan benih jagung dan perkecambahan spora Gigaspora rosea serta perkecambahan Glomus manihotis. Penggunaan ridomil menghambat perkecambahan benih jagung, tetapi tidak menghambat perkecambahan spora Gigaspora rosea dan Glomus manihotis.Penelitian kedua untuk mengetahui pengaruh fungisida terhadap infeksi spora CMA pada akar tanaman jagung dan jumlah spora CMA pada tanah basah dan kering bekas pertanaman jagung dengan metode rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) dengan 3 ulangan. Pengaruh fungisida dan mikoriza terhadap jumlah daun dan tinggi tanaman jagung menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap (faktorial) dengan 3 ulangan.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan fungisida tidak berpengaruh terhadap infeksi CMA pada akar tanaman jagung dan jumlah spora CMA pada tanah basah dan tanah kering. Kombinasi perlakuan fungisida dan spora CMA juga tidak berpengaruh terhadap jumlah daun dan tinggi tanaman jagung.Dari hasil penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa penggunaan fungisida folirfos dapat diberikan pada benih jagung dan pada spora Gigaspora rosea dan Glomus manihotis, sedangkan fungisida ridomil tidak dapat diberikan pada benih jagung, namun dapat diberikan pada spora Gigaspora rosea dan Glomus manihotis.Untuk keberadaan CMA pada tanaman jagung penggunaan fungisida tidak mempengaruhinya. Sedarigkan jumlah dan tinggi tanaman jagung tidak dipengaruhi oleh penggunaan fungisida dan mikoriza.

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ABSTRACT

One of the purposes of using fungicides is to protect seeds against the attack of pathogenic fungi that cause diseases, so that seeds can be stored longer and fungi that cause disease can be eliminated.

Two experiments were performed in a green house of PAU IPB Bogor, Dermaga, to find out the influences of folirfos fungicide with low concentration (0.04%), medium concentration (0,12%) and high concentration (0,20%), and ridomil fungicide with low concentration (1,16%), medium concentration (1,54%) and high concentration (2,31%) to SD II variety of sweet corn seed germination, to the spore germination of vecsicular - arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizal fungi, Gigaspora rosea and Glomus manihofis, VA mycorrhizai fungi infection on roots, the number of VA mycorrhizal fungi spores on wet soil and dry soil, the number of leaves and the height of corn trees.

The first experiment was performed to find out the influences of folirfos fungicide and ridomil to corn seeds germination and germination of VA mycorrhizal fungi spores.

The results showed that the use of folirfos fungicide with low, medium and high concentrations did not inhibit the the germination of corn seeds, whereas ridomil fungicide with low, medium and high concentrations inhibited the germination of corn seeds. For the germination of Gigaspora rosea, folirfos fungicide with low, medium and high concentrastiens did not inhibit the germination of Gigaspora rosea, whereas ridomil fungicide with medium and high concentrations did not inhibit the germination of Gigaspora rosea either. Ridomil fungicide with low concentration (F4) was still able to increase the germination of Gigaspora rosea amounting to 64,16%, whereas for the germination of Glomus manihofis, the use folirfos and ridomil fungicide could increase the germination of Glomus manihofis spores. Ridomil fungicide with medium concentration (F5) was still able to increase the germination of Glomus manihotis spores amounting to 22,5%.

The second experiment was performed to find out the influences of folirfos fungicide to the VA mycorrhizal fungi on roots of corn trees, and the amount of VA spores on wet soil and dry soil which were previously planted with corn trees, as well as the influences of both fungicides and a mycorrhizal inoculum to the number of leaves and the height of corn trees.

The results showed that folirfos fungicide and ridomil did not influence the infection of VA mycorrhizal fungi on the roots of corn trees and the amount of VA spores on wet soil and dry soil. The combination of treatment of fungicide and VA spores did not significantly influence (p>0,05) the number of leaves and the height of corn trees, 1 can be concluded, from the fisrt experiment, that the use of folirfos fungicide with any level of concentration can be given to the seeds of corn because it did not inhibit germination, whereas ridomil fungicide with low, medium and high concentrations can not be given to the seeds of corn because it inhibit germination. As for the germination of VA mycorrhizal fungi, ridomil fungicide with low concentration (F4) can be given to Gigaspora rosea, because the spores were still able to germinate up to 64,14%.

From the second experiment I can conclude that folirfos fungicide as well as ridomil fungicide with any level of concentration can be used for corn trees containing mycorrhizal fungi, because both fungicide did not influence the existence of VA mycorrhizal fungi on the trees, the number of leaves as well the height of the corn trees."

"Heat treatments had been tested to enhance the hardness of CrMoV alloy steel. Heat treatments designed was heating at 1000ºC, holding time 1 hour then quenched at water, oil and air respectively. From any cooling media used, water cooling media (rapid cooling) to produce highest hardness number ~ 909 HV. It was seen from microstructure test, the effect of solute atom carbon in ferro atom in martensite structure as a result of rapid cooling while in an initial specimen which was not yet hardened, the hardness number ~ 278 HV. So, it resulted almost 2,3 times the initialhardness number. In this paper the hardening mechanism for alloy steel is discussed."

"Slowly but sure traditional society has changed into a capitalistic one, and this has split the taste of the traditional society. Social change in the Javanese community has altered the face ofwayang kuwait. On the one hand, the old society still maintains the high taste of wayang kulit (purwa) because wayang kulit is a part of spiritual conduct. On the other hand, the new generation are crazefor pop culture. There has been a degradation in the high art. A number of artists felt anxious because the high art has declined with the rise of pop art. In this situation Wayang Kampung Sebelah has emerged as a counter culture. However, its emergence has truly enriched the world of wayang kulit. Using ethnographic methods, this research has found that a discourse has emerged and the utilization of social media in conveying the ideology of democracy does not reckon the dichotomy between high culture and low culture."

"Biodiesel merupakan salah satu energi alternatif yang dapat diperbaharui dan ramah terhadap lingkungan. Potensi sumber bahan bakar nabati di Indonesia yang cukup besar, memungkinkan pengembangan dan penggunaan biodiesel yang diolah dari sumber tersebut. Pengolahan biodiesel dilakukan dengan proses transesterifikasi.Biodiesel yang ditinjau diolah dari minyak goreng curah (sawit) dan minyak jagung. Pengujian prestasi dan emisi gas buang dilakukan pada Diesel Engine Research and Test Bed dengan mesin uji Nissan tipe SD 22 dan tidak dilakukan modifikasi (standar). Campuran bahan bakar antara solar dan biodiesel divariasikan pada kandungan masing-masing biodiesel 10 %, 20 %, dan 30 %.Perubahan putaran poros dari 1300, 1500, 1700 dan 1900 rpm. Pembebanan dikondisikan pada bukaan throttle 30%, 40%, 50% dan 60%. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan penambahan kandungan biodiesel dalam campuran bahan bakar dapat mengurangi emisi (opasitas) yang dihasilkan. Dan pada biodiesel minyak goreng curah dapat meningkatkan effisiensi thermal, Brake Horse Power dan menurunkan konsumsi bahan bakar spesifiknya pada pengujian dengan variasi putaran mesin. Secara umum diantara kedua jenis biodiesel tersebut yang memiliki hasil paling baik yaitu biodiesel minyak goreng curah dengan kandungan campuran bahan bakar sebesar 10 %.

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Biodiesel is the one of the alternative energy which can be renewed and environmental friendly. Indonesia has a big potency to develop and use biodiesel as a diesel fuel because there are many kind of plantation resources in it. The Process of biodiesel can be conducted with process of transesterification.Biodiesel which was evaluated, was processed from corn oil and cooking oil. The performance test was conducted on Diesel Engine Research and Test Bed with Nissan tipe SD 22 engine without any modification. The fuel mixing between diesel fuel and biodiesel was variated at biodiesel contain 10%, 20% and 30%.The speed engine changing are 1300, 1500, 1700 and 1900 rpm while the throttle valve open in 30%, 40%, 50% and 60%. The testing result showed that the opacity value decrease when using these biodiesels. The result also showed that biodiesel from cooking oil can increase the thermal efficiency, brake horse power and decrease specific fuel consumption of diesel engine test especially in variaton of speed engine charge. Generally, from two kinds of biodiesel, cooking oil with contain 10% mix with diesel fuel has the best result."