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"This updated edition features concise background information on chromosome methods and applications, essential information on heteromorphism frequencies in normal and clinical populations as well as new listing and discussions of euchromatic, subtelomeric and FISH variants. The addition of two new sections make this an even more valuable reference than before. A section on common and rare fragile sites includes a short historical discussion, definitions and an extensive table of officially recognized sites that includes the HUGO name, chromosomal location, methods of induction, genes and references to the most recent molecular characterization. A new section on array CGH discusses the clinical challenge of interpreting copy number variations (CNVs) revealed by this newest technology, gives examples of various levels of interpretation and lists the several most common websites used in this interpretation."

"This reference book provides information on plant cytogenetics. Topics covered by international experts include classical cytogenetics of plant genomes, plant chromosome structure, functional, molecular cytology; and genome dynamics. In addition, chapters are included on several methods in plant cytogenetics, informatics, and even laboratory exercises for aspiring or practiced instructors. The book provides a unique combination of historical and modern subject matter, revealing the central role of plant cytogenetics in plant genetics and genomics as currently practiced. "

"Neuro fuzzy system has been shown to provide a good performance on chromosome classification but does not ofter a simple methods to obtain the accurate parameter values required to yield the best recognition rate....."

"The chromosome is a set of DNA structure that carry information about our life. The information can be obtained through Karyotyping. The process requires a clear image so the chromosome can be evaluate well. Preprocessing have to be done on chromosome images that is image enhancement. The process starts with image background removing. The image will be cleaned background color. The next step is image enhancement. This paper compares several methods for image enhancement. We evaluate some method in image enhancement like Histogram Equalization (HE), Contrast-limiting Adaptive Histogram Equalization (CLAHE), Histogram Equalization with 3D Block Matching (HE+BM3D), and basic image enhancement, unsharp masking. We examine and discuss the best method for enhancing chromosome image. Therefore, to evaluate the methods, the original image was manipulated by the addition of some noise and blur. Peak Signal-to-noise Ratio (PSNR) and Structural Similarity Index (SSIM) are used to examine method performance. The output of enhancement method will be compared with result of Professional software for karyotyping analysis named Ikaros MetasystemT M . Based on experimental results, HE+BM3D method gets a stable result on both scenario noised and blur image.Kromosom adalah kumpulan struktur DNA yang membawa informasi makhluk hidup. Informasi yang dapat diperoleh dengan proses Kariotyping. Proses ini membutuhkan citra yang jelas sehingga kromosom dapat dievaluasi dengan baik. Preprocessing harus dilakukan pada citra kromosom melalui penajaman citra. Proses ini dimulai dengan menghapus latar belakang citra. Langkah berikutnya ialah penajaman citra menggunakan metode image enhancement. Makalah ini membandingkan beberapa metode untuk peningkatan citra. Kami mengevaluasi beberapa metode dalam peningkatan gambar seperti Histogram Equalization (HE), Contrast-limiting Adaptive Histogram Equalization (CLAHE), Histogram Equalization with 3D Block Matching (HE+BM3D), dan unsharp masking. Penulis mengevaluasi dan membahas metode terbaik untuk meningkatkan citra kromosom. Oleh karena itu, untuk mengevaluasi metode, gambar asli dimanipulasi dengan penambahan beberapa kebisingan dan blur. Peak Signal-to-noise Ratio (PSNR) and Structural Similarity Index (SSIM) digunakan untuk mengukur kinerja metode. Hasil penajaman dari metode-metode yang dievaluasi akan dibandingkan dengan hasil software profesional untuk analisis kariotipe bernama Ikaros Metasystem T M . Berdasarkan eksperimen diperoleh hasil bahwa HE + BM3D merupakan metode yang paling stabil pada kedua skenario baik citra mengandung noise maupun citra yang kabur."

"Pendahuluan dan tujuan: Salah satu penyebab terbanyak seorang pria dapatmengalami infertilitas apabila ditinjau dari sisi genetik adalah sindrom Klinefelter dan mikrodelesi regio AZF. Berdasarkan studi sebelumnya, pasien dengan mikrodelesi AZFa dan AZFb tidak direkomendasikan untuk menjalani prosedur ekstraksi sperma.Oleh sebab itu, penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menentukan korelasi antara mikrodelesi kromosom Y untuk memprediksi hasil ekstraksi sperma pada pasien dengan azoospermia.Metode: Studi dilakukan secara retrospektif degan total sampel sebanyak 93 pasien infertilitas dengan azoospermia yang datang ke klinik sejak April 2017 hingga April 2020. Semua pasien menjalani ekstraksi sperma, pengukuran ukuran testis, analisa hormon dan analisa mikrodelesi kromosom Y. Hasil dari ekstraksi sperma akan dihubungkan dengan hasil mikrodelesi pasien. Semua data diolah dengan aplikasi SPSS versi 23.0 dan dilakukan dengan analisa chi-square.Hasil: Ekstraksi sperma dilakukan dengan teknik aspirasi (PESA) atau ekstraksilangsung dari testis (TESE). Hasil analisa mikrodelesi menunjukkan adanya 67 pasien negatif, 15 mengalami mikrodelesi AZFa (14 parsial dan 1 komplit), 3 mikrodelesi AZFb (2 parsial dan 1 komplit), 3 mikrodelesi AZFc komplit, dan 5 pasien mengalami mikrodelesi kombinasi. Diantara semua ini, terdapat 9 pasien dengan mikrodelesi berhasil ditemukan sperma saat ekstraksi, sementara terdapat 33 pasien yang berhasil diekstraksi diantara kelompok tanpa mikrodelesi. Analisa statistik tidak menunjukkan hubungan yang signifikan antara status mikrodelesi dengan keberhasilan ekstraksi sperma (p=0.203).Kesimpulan: Tidak terdapat perbedaan signifikan antara pasien dengan mikrodelesidengan yang tidak mengalami mikrodelesi dalam hal keberhasilan ekstraksi sperma.Meskipun begitu, studi ini adalah studi baru dengan jumlah populasi yang masihterbatas.

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Introduction and objectives: The most common genetic cause among men infertility

are Klinefelter syndrome and microdeletion of AZF region. Based on previous studies,

patients with AZFa and AZFb microdeletion are not recommended to undergo any

kinds of surgical sperm retrieval (SR) procedures. Hereby, we analyze the correlation

between Y-chromosome microdeletion to predict surgical sperm-retrieval outcome in

men with azoospermia.

Methods: This retrospective study included a total sampling of 93 infertile men with

azoospermia from April 2017 – April 2020. All subjects underwent surgical spermretrieval

procedures, testicular diameter measurement, hormonal analysis, and Ychromosome

microdeletion analysis. The result of surgical sperm retrieval in each

subject was compared to their Y-chromosome microdeletion findings. All of the

obtained data was evaluated using SPSS ver. 23.0. Analysis of relations was done with

Chi Square test.

Results: Surgical SR was done with either percutaneous epididymal sperm aspiration

(PESA) or testicular sperm extraction (TESE). From the Y chromosome microdeletion

analysis: 67 patients had no microdeletion, 15 AZFa microdeletion (14 partial and 1

complete deletion), 3 AZFb microdeletion (2 partial and 1 complete deletion), 3

complete AZFc microdeletion, and 5 patients with combinations of several AZF

microdeletions. Among these, 9 patients with microdeletion had a successful sperm

retrieval, compared with 33 successful sperm retrieval in normal patient group.

Statistical analysis showed there was no significant relations of Y chromosome

microdeletion status with surgical SR success (p=0.203).

Conclusion: In surgical SR, there was no significant difference in sperm retrieval status

between patients with Y chromosome microdeletion and those with no microdeletion.

Nevertheless, our study was a novel study with small number of study population"

"Kontribusi pelayanan keperawatan terhadap mutu pelayanan kesehatan tergantung dari manajemen keperawatan, dan salah satu ukuran keberhasilan pelayanan keperawatan, adalah seberapa besar produktifitas perawat dalam memberikan asuhan keperawatan yang baik kepada klien dan keluarganya. Untuk mencapai pertumbuhan produktivitas kerja yang optimal diperlukan beberapa faktor pendukung antara lain adalah adanya iklim kerja yang harmonis, etos kerja yang baik dan disiplin kerja yang tinggi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat hubungan antara iklim kerja, etos kerja, dan disiplin kerja dengan produktivitas kerja para perawat pelaksana non militer di RSAL dr. Ramelan Surabaya. Desain penelitian menggunakan deskriptif korelatif, yang bertujuan untuk menganalisis hubungan antara variabel iklim kerja, etos kerja dan disiplin kerja dengan produktivitas kerja perawat non militer di RSAL dr. Ramelan Surabaya. Jumlah sampel 170 orang dari 302 populasi yang diambil dengan sistematis random sampling. Untuk mengetahui hubungan antara variabel independen dengan variabel dependen digunakan analisis data dengan uji univariat, bivariat dan multivariat. Dengan tingkat kepercayaan α=0,05, didapatkan hasil yang berhubungan signifikan dengan produktivitas kerja adalah iklim kerja (p=0,032), dimensi psikologis (p=0,00), dimensi sosial (p=0,012), etos kerja (p=0,035), disiplin kerja (0,038), kepatuhan terhadap waktu kerja (p=0,014), kepatuhan terhadap tata tertib (p=0,000), kepatuhan terhadap standart (p=0,024) dan kepatuhan terhadap atasan (p=0,014). Analisis multivariat menunjukan bahwa umur (p=0,000) merupakan variabel yang paling berhubungan dengan produktivitas kerja. Rekomendasi untuk kepala dan manajemen keperawatan RSAL dr. Ramelan Surabaya, perlu dikembangkan lebih lanjut standart kinerja dan standart asuhan keperawatan, standart disiplin kerja, pengembangan team sharing dan pemberlakuan sistem penghargaan yang adil bagi yang berprestasi dan hukuman bagi yang melanggar. Dengan dilaksanakan program ini, pada gilirannya diharapkan dapat meningkatkan produktivitas kerja, sebagai tujuan akhir dari persoalan manajemen, termasuk didalamnya manajemen keperawatan.

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Contribution of nursing service to the quality of health service depended upon nursing management, and one of the indicator of excellence in nursing is how much the productivity of the staff nurse in providing a good care to client and family. To achieve the optimal productivity growth needs some supporting factor includes conducive work, climate work, good work ethos and high discipline. This research aims at identifying the relationship between work climate, ethos, and discipline with work productivity of non military nurses at RSAL dr. Ramelan Surabaya".

The design of this research was a descriptive correlation. The number of sample was 170 of 302 total population, obtained through a systematic random sampling technique. The univariate, bivariate and multivariate analysis were utilized to identify the correlation between the independent and dependent variables.

Using the level of significance (α=0,05), the bivariate analysis identified a relationship between work productivity and work climate (p=0,032), psychological (p=0,00), and social dimensions (p=0,012), ethos (p=0,035), discipline (p=0,028), compliance to the schedule (p=0,014), local policy (p=0,00), standard (p=0,024) and direct superior (p=0,014).The multivariate analysis showed that age (0,000) represents most related to work productivity.

Recommendation is directed to the director and nursing manager at dr. Ramelan Surabaya Hospital, that performance of nursing care, work discipline standards and team building development, fair reward system for high work performance and penalty for low work performance need to be developed further. In turn, all components mentioned above will improve work productivity as a final goal of management especially nursing management. "