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"The Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) analysed throughout the book represents a technical architecture, a business modelling concept, a type of infrastructure, an integration source and a new way of viewing units of automation within the enterprise. The primary goal of SOA is to align the business world with the world of information technology in a way that makes both more effective.This book gathers contributions from scientists, researchers and industrialists on concepts, methods, frameworks and implementing issues addressing trends in the service orientation of control technology and management applied to manufacturing enterprise."

"Mobile robot dalam aplikasinya sering dimanfaatkan dalam membantu kehidupan manusia. Tetapi mobile robot yang bekerja sendiri tidak bisa diandalkan dalam mengerjakan pekerjaan yang lebih kompleks, maka diperlukan robot yang saling berkoordinasi satu sama lain. Dalam koordinasi robot ini diperlukan kendali formasi. Kendali formasi ini dapat direalisasikan dengan beberapa metode, salah satunya adalah dengan leader-follower. Namun sebelumnya, untuk memastikan multi-mobile robot dapat bekerja dengan baik perlu dipastikan setiap mobile robot dapat mengikuti trayektori yang diperintahkan. Untuk itu pertama kali dilakukan pengujian kemampuan mobile robot dalam mengikuti trayektori garis lurus, sinusoidal, dan triangular. Selanjutnya dilakukan perancangan sistem kendali dengan metode leader-follower untuk mempertahankan formasi berdasarkan kecepatan leader dan jarak relatif follower terhadap leader. Sistem lalu diuji dengan simulasi dan perangkat keras menggunakan ROS (Robot Operating System) dan Gazebo. Hasil eksperimen menunjukkan bahwa mobile robot dapat mengikuti skenario trayektori yang diperintahkan dengan kesalahan mutlak rata-rata maksimal adalah ±5.681 cm dan mampu mempertahankan formasi ketika leader mengikuti trayektori yang diinginkan dengan kesalahan mutlak rata-rata jarak antar-mobile robot adalah ±7.327 cm.

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Mobile robots are often used to help human life. But mobile robots that work alone cannot be relied upon to do more complex work, so robots are needed to coordinate with each other. In coordination this robot requires formation control. This formation control can be realized by several methods, one of which is leader-follower. But beforehand, to ensure multi-mobile robots can work properly it is necessary to ensure that each mobile robot can follow the trajectory that is ordered. For the first, one mobile robot is tested to follow a straight line, sinusoidal, and triangular trajectory. Then the control system with leader-follower method is designed to maintain formation based on leader speed and relative distance of the follower to the leader. The system is then tested with simulations and hardware using ROS (Robot Operating System) and Gazebo. The experimental results show that the mobile robot can follow the desired trajectory with the maximum mean absolute error of ±5.681 cm and is able to maintain the formation as the leader follows the desired trajectory with mean absolute error of ±7.327 cm"

"This new book explains how telecommunications networks work. It uses straightforward language supported by copious block-schematic diagrams so that non-engineers and engineers alike can learn about the principles of fixed and mobile telecommunications networks carrying voice and data. The book covers all aspects of today?s networks, including how they are planned, formed and operated, plus next generation networks and how they will be implemented. After an introductory chapter on telephony the book briefly describes all of today?s networks ? PSTN, mobile, cable television, the Internet, etc. ? and considers how they interconnect. Individual chapters then consider the principles, technologies and network structures relating to transmission, circuit switching, signalling and control, data (including voice-over-IP) networks, and mobile networks. The important subject of numbering and addressing for telephony and IP is then covered. The book concludes with a chapter designed to pull everything together, considering architecture, quality of service and performance, operations, network evolution and next generation networks."

"An understanding of the basic concepts of quality and its management is essential for the professional management of Quality of Service (QoS) in telecommunications. As people increasingly rely on the new services for their lifestyle and work, their expectations for high reliability and quality are bound to rise. QoS is therefore likely to become a major differentiator in a highly competitive telecommunications market. This book is an important contribution to the published material in this field and is essential reading for all those interested in QoS issues."

"Multi-Agent System MAS atau sistem dengan agen-ganda didefinisikan sebagai sebuah sistem yang terdiri dari beberapa autonomous agents yang saling berinteraksi satu sama lain. MAS dapat diaplikasikan di berbagai disiplin ilmu, seperti di bidang biologi, fisika, ekonomi, ilmu komputer, dsb. Pada penelitian dalam beberapa tahun terakhir, MAS yang dirancang dapat dibedakan berdasarkan: model, skema organisasi, topologi komunikasi, protokol dan algoritma pengendalian MAS yang digunakan, serta parameter lain pada MAS, seperti waktu pencuplikan, waktu tunda, gangguan, batasan, dsb. Walaupun teknologi MAS tidak dapat dikatakan sebagai teknologi yang baru, berbagai masalah masih kerap alam ditemukan dalam implementasinya. Masalah yang biasa ditemukan dalam perancangan MAS antara lain berupa masalah komunikasi, pengendalian agent, hingga MAS yang terlalu kompleks seperti MAS dengan model dinamik agent yang berubah-ubah terhadap waktu . Oleh karena itu, diperlukan penelitian lebih lanjut mengenai MAS dengan kompleksitas tinggi. Pada penelitian ini, akan dikembangkan protokol pengendalian yang tepat guna untuk MAS dengan kompleksitas tinggi sehingga dapat mencapai konsensus walaupun dihadapkan dengan batasan-batasan yang ditemukan pada sistem, seperti topologi komunikasi yang berubah-ubah yang mengganggu ketahanan sistem.

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Multi Agent System MAS or a system with multiple agents is defined as a system consisting of multiple autonomous agents interacting with each other. MAS can be applied in various disciplines, such as in the fields of biology, physics, economics, computer science, etc. In researches in the recent decades, the designed MAS can be distinguished by model, organizational scheme, communications topology, protocol and control algorithm which is used, and other parameters on MAS, such as sampling time, delay time, interruption, constraints, etc.

Although MAS technology can not be said to be a new technology, various problems are still often found in implementation. Common problems can be found in communication problems, agent control, up to MAS that is too complex such as MAS with time varying dynamic model of agents. Therefore, further research is needed on MAS with high complexity. In this research, appropriate control protocol will be developed for MAS with time varying dynamic model of agents so that it can reach consensus, although faced with the constraints found in the system, such as the changing communications topology."

"Sistem multi-agent dikembangkan untuk meningkatkan efisiensi kerja dan untuk mengoptimalkan kemampuan beberapa agent yang terdapat dalam satu kesatuan. Ada berbagai masalah yang berkaitan dengan sistem multi-agent, salah satunya adalah masalah konsensus, yang berkaitan dengan hubungan komunikasi antar agent. Tanpa adanya konsensus maka agents tidak dapat mencapai kesepakatan untuk bekerja sama dalam melakukan tugas yang diberikan.Pada skripsi ini, diajukan dua protokol pengendali berbasis observer terdistribusi untuk sistem leader-following multi-agent waktu diskrit. Pada kasus yang pertama, observer terdistribusi tersebut digunakan untuk mengestimasi keadaan leader dan untuk yang kedua, observer terdistribusi digunakan untuk mengestimasi kesalahan pelacakan berdasarkan keluaran relatif dari neighboring agent. Protokol pengendali konsensus ini didesain berdasarkan teori kendali optimal, yaitu persamaan aljabar Riccati. Matriks gain yang digunakan pada sinyal kendali diperoleh dari penyelesaian persamaan aljabar Riccati waktu diskrit. Sementara untuk observer, matriks gain yang digunakan diperoleh dari penyelesaian persamaan aljabar Riccati waktu diskrit yang dimodifikasi.Kedua protokol pengendali berbasis observer terdistribusi diuji coba pada topologi undirected graph yang tetap dan berubah. Hasil uji coba simulasi menunjukkan bahwa keadaan follower agent menunjukkan konvergensi menuju keadaan leader agent, yang artinya masalah konsensus tercapai melalui penggunaan kedua protokol pengendali yang diajukan.

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Multi agent system is developed to improve work efficiency and to optimize the capabilities of multiple agents in a single entity. There are various problems related to multi agent system, one of which is consensus problem, which is related to communication between agents. Without consensus, the agents can not reach agreement to cooperate in performing the given task.In this thesis, two distributed based control protocols are proposed for discrete time leader following multi agent system. For the first case, the distributed observer is used to estimate the leader 39 s state and for the second, the distributed observer is used to estimate the tracking error based on the relative output of the neighboring agent.

This consensus control protocol is designed based on the optimal control theory, which is the algebraic Riccati equation. The gain matrix used in the control signal is obtained from solving the discrete time algebraic Riccati equations. As for the observer, the gain matrix is obtained from solving the modified discrete time algebraic Riccati equation.Both distributed observer based control protocols are tested on fixed and switching topology of undirected graphs. The simulation results show that the follower rsquo s state converge toward the leader rsquo s state, which means the consensus problem is achieved through the use of both proposed control protocols."

"Pemrograman berorientasi agen merupakan suatu paradigma baru dalam rekayasa perangkat lunak. Pendekatan ini memodelkan aplikasi sebagai kumpulan agen, yang diantaranya bersifat otonom, proaktif, dan mampu untuk berkomunikasi sehingga mampu membawa konsep dari teori kecerdasan buatan ke dalam bidang sistem terdistribusi. Agen bergerak yang menerapkan konsep pergerakan kode, data dan keadaan antar perangkat jaringan merupakan hasil dari kedua disiplin ilmu tersebut.Dalam skripsi ini dilakukan pengembangan sebuah aplikasi untuk otomatisasi sistem transportasi monorail berbasis teknologi multi-agen. Aplikasi ini dikembangkan dengan menggunakan Java Agent DEvelopment Framework (JADE) dan MySQL. JADE merupakan salah satu platform middleware terbuka yang berorientasi pada agen dan dibangun dengan bahasa pemrograman Java. Sedangkan MySQL adalah sebuah sistem manajemen database relasional terbuka. Layanan diwujudkan oleh agen-agen yang saling berkomunikasi dan agen-agen yang bergerak. Agen-agen tersebut masing-masing merepresentasikan pusat akses data (agen server), tempat keluar masuk penumpang (agen stasiun), dan kendaraan (agen kereta). Suatu agen server dan beberapa agen stasiun dapatdidistribusikan pada beberapa komputer dalam suatu jaringan lokal. Sementara agen-agen kereta bergerak antar host tersebut. Semua agen ini tetap terintegrasi dalam suatu sistem intra-platform.Evaluasi kinerja sistem dilakukan dengan memperhatikan delay pewaktuan, lalu lintas data, penggunaan sistem memori dan waktu CPU. Hasil evaluasi menunjukkan bahwa delay tidak menjadi suatu isu yang penting, data sebesar 2400 - 22000 byte untuk sebuah komunikasi, konsumsi memori sebesar ±40 MB, dan penggunaan waktu CPU sampai dengan <40% saat sistem idle.

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Agent oriented programming is a relatively new software paradigm. This approach models an application as a collection of agents that are characterized by, among other thing, autonomy, proactivity and an ability to communicate, with result that it is able to bring concepts from the theories of artificial intelligence into the mainstream realm of distributed systems. Mobile agents which apply the concept of code, state, and data mobility between networked machines, are results of these two disciplines.In this work, an application for automation of monorail transportation system is built based on multi-agent technology. This application is developed using Java Agent DEvelopment Framework (JADE) and MySQL. JADE is one of many open source middleware platform that oriented on agent and built with Java language. MySQL is an open source relational database management system. The service is formed by communicating agents and mobile agents. Each agent is representing a main data access center (server agent), the place where passengers enter and exit (station agent) and the vehicle (train agent). A server agent and some station agents can be distributed on several computers in a local network. While the train agents move between these hosts. All the agent are still integrated in a intraplatform system.Performance evaluation focused on the delay, data traffic, CPU time and system memory usage. Evaluation results show that delay is not an important issue, 2400 - 22000 bytes of data on a communication, memory usage is ±40 MB, and CPU time usage is up to <40% when the system is idle."