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"Dari studi Epidemiologi diketahui bahwa karotenoid cenderung mengurai risiko timbulnya kanker. Karena pengobatan kanker cukup mahal sehingga tidak terjangkau sebagian masyarakat, maka perlu dicari cara lain, di antaranya memanfaatkan β -karoten dalam EMKS, namun perlu dicari dosis yang tepat. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui apakah pemberian EMKS dapat menghambat laju pertumbuhan sel tumor. Penelitian ini menggunakan 24 ekor mencit yang telah diinokulasi dengan bubur tumor dibagi kedalam 2 kelompok kelola dan 2 kelompok perlakuan yang dicekok EMKS dengan dosis 1000 µg/0,1 ml dan 2000 µg/0,1 m1/hari selama 21 hari. Pengukuran volume tumor dilakukan satu minggu sekali . Setelah 21 hari semua mencit dimatikan, lalu diukur volume akhir tumor, berat tumor dan dibuat sediaan mikroskopik yang diwarnai secara imunoperoksidase dengan anti BUdR, lalu dihitung IL (sel yang berada pada fase S). Hasil analisis varian tidak ada perbedaan baik pada volume akhir tumor minggu ke dua, ketiga, setelah mencit dimatikan, berat tumor maupun IL BUdR antara kelompok kelola dan perlakuan. Berdasarkan hal tersebut di atas dapat ditarik kesimpulan bahwa pemberian β-karoten dalam EMKS dosis 1000 µg10,1 ml dan 2000 µg/0,1 m1/hari beium dapat menghambat laju pertumbuhan sel."

"Ruang Lingkup dan Cara Penelitian:Di Indonesia angka kematian karena kanker terus meningkat dari 1,45 dalam tahun 1972 menjadi 4,4% dalam tahun 1992. Dari studi prospektif dan retrospektif diketahui bahwa karotenoid mengurangi risiko mendapatkan kanker payudara, (β -karoten adalah salah satu karotenoid yang dikandung oleh minyak kelapa sawit (600.000 µg/Kg). Karena cara pengobatan pembedahan, radioterapi dan kemoterapi cukup mahal dan acapkali tidak terjangkau oleh sebagian golongan masyarakat, maka perlu dicari cara lain, di antaranya memanfaatkan β -karoten yang ada dalam minyak kelapa sawit, namun perlu diteliti dosis ekstrak minyak kelapa sawit (EMKS) yang tepat.Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian EMKS yang mengandung β -karoten sebanyak 0,02 µg /ml, 0,1 µg/ml dan 0,5 µg /ml terhadap pertumbuhan in vitro set tumor kelenjar susu mencit C3H. Digunakan 5 kelompok masing-masing 6 ulangan yang terdiri atas 3 kelompok uji dan 2 kelompok kelola (kelola babas dan kelola pelarut). Selain itu dilakukan pula penelitian secara in vivo dengan dosis 1000 µg/0,1 ml dan 2000 µg/0,1 ml per hari selama 21 hari dengan menggunakan 24 ekor mencit yang dibagi dalam 2 kelompok kelola dan 2 kelompok uji.Hasil dan Kesimpulan:Dengan melakukan analisis varian pada hasil penelitian diketahui tidak ada perbedaan yang bermakna antara kelompok kelola dan kelompok uji dosis 0,02 µg /ml. Kemaknaan terjadi pada dosis 0,1 µg/ml dan 0,5 µg/ml. Ditemukan bahwa makin besar dosis yang diberikan makin kecil rasio pertumbuhan biakan sel tumor. Selain itu analisis varian indek label (IL) BUdR menunjukkan bahwa makin besar dosis EMKS yang diberikan, makin rendah nilai Ilnya. Sedangkan penelitian in vivo dengan dosis 1000 µg/0,1 ml dan 2000 µg/0,1ml tidak memperlihatkan pengaruh EMKS terhadap volume dan berat tumor kelenjar susu mencit C3H.Berdasarkan hal tersebut di atas dapat ditarik kesimpulan bahwa pemberian EMKS dapat menghambat bertumbuhan sel tumor kelenjar susu mencit C3H secara in vitro pada dosis 0,1 µg/ml dan 0,5 µg/ml. Sedangkan secara in vivo dengan dosis 1000 µg/0,1 ml dan 2000 µg/0,1 ml pertumbuhan se tumor kelenjar susu mencit belum dihambat.Scope and methods of study:

The mortality of cancer in Indonesia had been increasing from 1.4% in 1972 to 4.4% in 1992. Through prospective and retrospective studies it was known that carotenoid could lessen the risk for getting breast cancer. 0-carotene was one of the carotenoids contained in palm oil (600.000 µg/Kg). Because the treatment of breast cancer by surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy was rather expensive and often not within reach by part of the people, so other way of treatment should be sought, among others by using f3-carotene in palm oil of which the precise dose should be first determined.

This investigation was done to know the effect of putting palm oil extract (POE) containing respectively 0.02 µgl0,/ml; 0.1 µg/0,1ml and 0.5 µg/0,lml on the in vitro growth of C3H mouse mammary tumor cells. Five groups of each six repetitions consisting of three treated and two control groups. Besides an in vivo investigation was done with doses of 1000 µg/0,1 ml and 2000 µg/0,1 ml per day respectively for 21 days, by using 24 mice which was divided into two control and two treatment groups.

Result and conclusion:

By using variance analysis it was found that there was no significant difference between the control groups and the 0.02 µg/0, l ml treated group; significant difference occurred at groups of 0.1 µg/0, l ml and 0.5 µg/0,1 ml doses. It was found that the bigger the dose given the smaller ratio of tumor cell growth. Beside this it was known also from the variance analysis of the BUdR labeling index that putting palm oil extract on the tumor cell culture lessen the value of the labeling index conform with the dose given.

Whereas the in vivo investigation of 0-carotene contained in POE given in doses of 1000 µg/0,1 ml and 2000 µg/0,1 ml showed no significant difference on the tumor volume and tumor weights between the control and treatment groups.

Based on the above investigation was concluded that treatment with POE containing 0-carotene in doses of 0.1 µg/0,1 ml and 0.5 µg10, l ml could inhibit the in vitro growth of C3H mouse mammary tumor cells. While with doses of 1000 µg/0,1 ml and 2000 µg/0,1 ml the in vivo growth of mouse mammary tumor cells had not inhibited yet."

"Di Indonesia kenaikan angka kematian karena kanker mencapai 4,3% pada tahun 1986. Dari studi prospektif dan retrospektif diketahui bahwa karotenoid mengurangi risiko timbulnya kanker payudara. Beta-karoten adalah salah satu karotenoid yang dikandung oleh minyak kelapa sawit (600.000 ug/kg) karena cara pengobatan kanker payudara yang berlaku selama ini (dengan pembedahan, radioterapi, dan kemoterapi) cukup mahal, dan acapkali tidak terjangkau oleh sebagian golongan masyarakat, maka perlu dicari cara lain, di antaranya memanfaatkan beta-karoten yang ada dalam minyak kelapa sawit, namun perlu diteliti dosis ekstrak minyak kelapa sawit yang tepat. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian ekstrak minyak kelapa sawit sebesar 120 ug/0,1 ml dan 500 ug/0,1 ml per hari terhadap pertumbuhan sel tumor transplantabel kelenjar susu mencit C3. Penelitian ini menggunakan 42 ekor mencit C3H, dengan berat badan berkisar antara 18 - 20 gram. Mencit tersebut dibagi menjadi 7 kelompok dengan masing-masing 6 ulangan yang terdiri atas 3 kelompok kontrol dan 4 kelompok uji. Dua kelompok uji masing-masing dicekok dengan dosis 1.20 ug dan 500 ug ekstrak per hari selama penelitian, sedangkan kepada 2 kelompok uji lainnya pemberian ekstrak hanya sampai pada hari ke-14. Facia hari ke 14 semua mencit diinokulasi dengan bubur tumor yang diambil dari mencit donor dengan menggunakan trokar secara subkutis di aksila kanan sebanyak 0,2 ml/ekor. Dengan melakukan analisis varian diketahui hasil pada ketujuh kelompok tidak berbeda bermakna secara statistik, baik pengaruhnya terhadap volume tumor, berat akhir tumor maupun lama bertahan hidup mencit. Namun demikian hasil pengamatan sediaan mikroskopis menuniukkan adanya pengaruh pemberian ekstrak walaupun tidak terlalu menyolok, berupa penambahan fibrosis/kepadatan jaringan stromanya. Ketiadaan pangaruh pemberian ekstrak minyak kelapa sawit mungkin disebabkan oleh beberapa faktor yaitu masih kurang tingginya dosis yang diberikan, tingkat oksidasi menjadi asam retinoat cukup tinggi, terjadinya autooksidasi nonbiologik betakaroten sebelum digunakan dan kekurang cukupan Zn sebagai pembentuk REP."

"[ABSTRAKKanker payudara adalah penyakit multifaktor yang mengakibatkan insiden kematian wanita tertinggi di dunia. Pengobatan kanker payudara berupa pembedahan, radioterapi, dan kemoterapi memiliki efek samping sehingga perlu pengobatan alternatif, salah satunya menggunakan bahan herbal. Daun sirsak (Annona muricata Linn) dilaporkan memiliki efek antitumor dan sitotoksik, tetapi penelitian in vivo terhadap kanker payudara masih sedikit, dibutuhkan penelitian lanjut mengenai efektivitas dan jalur penghambatan daun sirsak terhadap berbagai kanker. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui daya hambat dan dosis efektif ekstrak metanol daun sirsak (Annona muricata Linn) terhadap pertumbuhan tumor payudara mencit C3H secara in vivo. Sebanyak 30 ekor mencit galur C3H yang ditransplan dengan tumor payudara dari mencit C3H donor bertumor, dibagi dalam 5 kelompok perlakuan, yaitu kontrol negatif hanya diberi pelarut CMC 0,5%, kontrol positif diberi doksorubisin, kelompok pemberian ekstrak daun sirsak dosis 15, 30, dan 45 mg/kg BB. Setiap mencit dicekok ekstrak daun sirsak 0,2 cc per hari selama 21 hari, sedangkan kelompok kontrol positif diberikan doksorubisin secara intra vena 0,03 μg/20g BB seminggu sekali selama 21 hari. Panjang dan lebar tumor diukur di awal dan seminggu sekali selama perlakuan untuk mendapatkan data volume tumor. Pada akhir penelitian mencit dinekropsi, tumor mencit ditimbang dan dilakukan pewarnaan AgNOR untuk diukur aktivitas proliferasi sel. Hasil uji Anova menunjukkan perbedaan yang bermakna (p=0,007) antar perlakuan terhadap volume tumor akhir dan terhadap aktivitas proliferasi (p=0,001). Uji Kruskal Wallis terhadap berat tumor menunjukkan tidak ada perbedaan yang bermakna antar perlakuan (p=0,03). Hasil uji korelasi Spearman secara bermakna (p=0,03) menunjukkan ada korelasi positif antara aktivitas proliferasi sel dengan pertumbuhan volume tumor dengan kekuatan korelasi yang lemah (r=0,39). Disimpulkan bahwa ekstrak metanol daun sirsak (Annona muricata Linn) dapat menghambat laju pertumbuhan volume tumor dan aktivitas proliferasi sel kanker payudara mencit C3H dan optimum penghambatan pada dosis 30 mg/kg

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ABSTRACTBB.;Breast cancer is a multifactor disease that has been a leading cause of woman?s mortality. Treatments for breast cancer such as surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy have their own side effects, so that alternative treatments such as herbal medicine are needed. Soursop leaf (Annona muricata Linn) has been reported to have antitumor and cytotoxic effects, but only few conducted in vivo, an advanced research is needed to find the effectiveness and the inhibition pathway of the soursop leaf. The purpose of this research is to find out the inhibition capacity and the effective dose of soursop leaf methanol extract (Annona muricata Linn) against the development of C3H mice?s breast cancer in vivo. There were thirty mice of C3H strain which were transplanted with breast tumor and they were divided into five groups consisting of negative control group which was given only solvent CMC 0.5%, a positive control group which was given doxorubicin, a dose group of 15 mg/kg BB, a dose group of 30 mg/kg BB, and a dose group of 45 mg/kg BB. Each mouse was given 0,2 cc soursop leaf extract every day for 21 days while the positive control group was given doxorubicin 0,03 μg/20 gram BB once a week for 21 days intravenously. The length and the width of the tumor were measured at the beginning and also measured once a week during the experiment process to gain the data of the tumor volume. At the end of the research, the tumor of the mice was lifted and weighed and it was stained by AgNOR to measure the proliferation activity of the cell. The Anova result showed that there was a significant difference (p=0,007) between treatment against the development of tumor which was marked by the decrease of the tumor volume and proliferation activity (p=0,001). The Kruskal Wallis result showed that there was no significant difference (p<0,33) in the tumor weight. Spearman correlation study significantly (p=0,03) indicated that there was a positive correlation between the cell proliferation activity and the growth of the tumor but in a weak correlation (r=0,39). Therefore, it could be concluded that the methanol extract of soursop leaf (Annona muricata Linn) can inhibit the growth rate of tumor volume as well as the proliferation activity of the breast cancer cell of C3H mice and it worked optimally at 30 mg/kg BB dose.;Breast cancer is a multifactor disease that has been a leading cause of woman?s mortality. Treatments for breast cancer such as surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy have their own side effects, so that alternative treatments such as herbal medicine are needed. Soursop leaf (Annona muricata Linn) has been reported to have antitumor and cytotoxic effects, but only few conducted in vivo, an advanced research is needed to find the effectiveness and the inhibition pathway of the soursop leaf. The purpose of this research is to find out the inhibition capacity and the effective dose of soursop leaf methanol extract (Annona muricata Linn) against the development of C3H mice?s breast cancer in vivo. There were thirty mice of C3H strain which were transplanted with breast tumor and they were divided into five groups consisting of negative control group which was given only solvent CMC 0.5%, a positive control group which was given doxorubicin, a dose group of 15 mg/kg BB, a dose group of 30 mg/kg BB, and a dose group of 45 mg/kg BB. Each mouse was given 0,2 cc soursop leaf extract every day for 21 days while the positive control group was given doxorubicin 0,03 μg/20 gram BB once a week for 21 days intravenously. The length and the width of the tumor were measured at the beginning and also measured once a week during the experiment process to gain the data of the tumor volume. At the end of the research, the tumor of the mice was lifted and weighed and it was stained by AgNOR to measure the proliferation activity of the cell. The Anova result showed that there was a significant difference (p=0,007) between treatment against the development of tumor which was marked by the decrease of the tumor volume and proliferation activity (p=0,001). The Kruskal Wallis result showed that there was no significant difference (p<0,33) in the tumor weight. Spearman correlation study significantly (p=0,03) indicated that there was a positive correlation between the cell proliferation activity and the growth of the tumor but in a weak correlation (r=0,39). Therefore, it could be concluded that the methanol extract of soursop leaf (Annona muricata Linn) can inhibit the growth rate of tumor volume as well as the proliferation activity of the breast cancer cell of C3H mice and it worked optimally at 30 mg/kg BB dose.;Breast cancer is a multifactor disease that has been a leading cause of woman?s mortality. Treatments for breast cancer such as surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy have their own side effects, so that alternative treatments such as herbal medicine are needed. Soursop leaf (Annona muricata Linn) has been reported to have antitumor and cytotoxic effects, but only few conducted in vivo, an advanced research is needed to find the effectiveness and the inhibition pathway of the soursop leaf. The purpose of this research is to find out the inhibition capacity and the effective dose of soursop leaf methanol extract (Annona muricata Linn) against the development of C3H mice?s breast cancer in vivo. There were thirty mice of C3H strain which were transplanted with breast tumor and they were divided into five groups consisting of negative control group which was given only solvent CMC 0.5%, a positive control group which was given doxorubicin, a dose group of 15 mg/kg BB, a dose group of 30 mg/kg BB, and a dose group of 45 mg/kg BB. Each mouse was given 0,2 cc soursop leaf extract every day for 21 days while the positive control group was given doxorubicin 0,03 μg/20 gram BB once a week for 21 days intravenously. The length and the width of the tumor were measured at the beginning and also measured once a week during the experiment process to gain the data of the tumor volume. At the end of the research, the tumor of the mice was lifted and weighed and it was stained by AgNOR to measure the proliferation activity of the cell. The Anova result showed that there was a significant difference (p=0,007) between treatment against the development of tumor which was marked by the decrease of the tumor volume and proliferation activity (p=0,001). The Kruskal Wallis result showed that there was no significant difference (p<0,33) in the tumor weight. Spearman correlation study significantly (p=0,03) indicated that there was a positive correlation between the cell proliferation activity and the growth of the tumor but in a weak correlation (r=0,39). Therefore, it could be concluded that the methanol extract of soursop leaf (Annona muricata Linn) can inhibit the growth rate of tumor volume as well as the proliferation activity of the breast cancer cell of C3H mice and it worked optimally at 30 mg/kg BB dose.;Breast cancer is a multifactor disease that has been a leading cause of woman?s mortality. Treatments for breast cancer such as surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy have their own side effects, so that alternative treatments such as herbal medicine are needed. Soursop leaf (Annona muricata Linn) has been reported to have antitumor and cytotoxic effects, but only few conducted in vivo, an advanced research is needed to find the effectiveness and the inhibition pathway of the soursop leaf. The purpose of this research is to find out the inhibition capacity and the effective dose of soursop leaf methanol extract (Annona muricata Linn) against the development of C3H mice?s breast cancer in vivo. There were thirty mice of C3H strain which were transplanted with breast tumor and they were divided into five groups consisting of negative control group which was given only solvent CMC 0.5%, a positive control group which was given doxorubicin, a dose group of 15 mg/kg BB, a dose group of 30 mg/kg BB, and a dose group of 45 mg/kg BB. Each mouse was given 0,2 cc soursop leaf extract every day for 21 days while the positive control group was given doxorubicin 0,03 μg/20 gram BB once a week for 21 days intravenously. The length and the width of the tumor were measured at the beginning and also measured once a week during the experiment process to gain the data of the tumor volume. At the end of the research, the tumor of the mice was lifted and weighed and it was stained by AgNOR to measure the proliferation activity of the cell. The Anova result showed that there was a significant difference (p=0,007) between treatment against the development of tumor which was marked by the decrease of the tumor volume and proliferation activity (p=0,001). The Kruskal Wallis result showed that there was no significant difference (p<0,33) in the tumor weight. Spearman correlation study significantly (p=0,03) indicated that there was a positive correlation between the cell proliferation activity and the growth of the tumor but in a weak correlation (r=0,39). Therefore, it could be concluded that the methanol extract of soursop leaf (Annona muricata Linn) can inhibit the growth rate of tumor volume as well as the proliferation activity of the breast cancer cell of C3H mice and it worked optimally at 30 mg/kg BB dose.;Breast cancer is a multifactor disease that has been a leading cause of woman’s mortality. Treatments for breast cancer such as surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy have their own side effects, so that alternative treatments such as herbal medicine are needed. Soursop leaf (Annona muricata Linn) has been reported to have antitumor and cytotoxic effects, but only few conducted in vivo, an advanced research is needed to find the effectiveness and the inhibition pathway of the soursop leaf. The purpose of this research is to find out the inhibition capacity and the effective dose of soursop leaf methanol extract (Annona muricata Linn) against the development of C3H mice’s breast cancer in vivo. There were thirty mice of C3H strain which were transplanted with breast tumor and they were divided into five groups consisting of negative control group which was given only solvent CMC 0.5%, a positive control group which was given doxorubicin, a dose group of 15 mg/kg BB, a dose group of 30 mg/kg BB, and a dose group of 45 mg/kg BB. Each mouse was given 0,2 cc soursop leaf extract every day for 21 days while the positive control group was given doxorubicin 0,03 μg/20 gram BB once a week for 21 days intravenously. The length and the width of the tumor were measured at the beginning and also measured once a week during the experiment process to gain the data of the tumor volume. At the end of the research, the tumor of the mice was lifted and weighed and it was stained by AgNOR to measure the proliferation activity of the cell. The Anova result showed that there was a significant difference (p=0,007) between treatment against the development of tumor which was marked by the decrease of the tumor volume and proliferation activity (p=0,001). The Kruskal Wallis result showed that there was no significant difference (p<0,33) in the tumor weight. Spearman correlation study significantly (p=0,03) indicated that there was a positive correlation between the cell proliferation activity and the growth of the tumor but in a weak correlation (r=0,39). Therefore, it could be concluded that the methanol extract of soursop leaf (Annona muricata Linn) can inhibit the growth rate of tumor volume as well as the proliferation activity of the breast cancer cell of C3H mice and it worked optimally at 30 mg/kg BB dose.;Breast cancer is a multifactor disease that has been a leading cause of woman’s mortality. Treatments for breast cancer such as surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy have their own side effects, so that alternative treatments such as herbal medicine are needed. Soursop leaf (Annona muricata Linn) has been reported to have antitumor and cytotoxic effects, but only few conducted in vivo, an advanced research is needed to find the effectiveness and the inhibition pathway of the soursop leaf. The purpose of this research is to find out the inhibition capacity and the effective dose of soursop leaf methanol extract (Annona muricata Linn) against the development of C3H mice’s breast cancer in vivo. There were thirty mice of C3H strain which were transplanted with breast tumor and they were divided into five groups consisting of negative control group which was given only solvent CMC 0.5%, a positive control group which was given doxorubicin, a dose group of 15 mg/kg BB, a dose group of 30 mg/kg BB, and a dose group of 45 mg/kg BB. Each mouse was given 0,2 cc soursop leaf extract every day for 21 days while the positive control group was given doxorubicin 0,03 μg/20 gram BB once a week for 21 days intravenously. The length and the width of the tumor were measured at the beginning and also measured once a week during the experiment process to gain the data of the tumor volume. At the end of the research, the tumor of the mice was lifted and weighed and it was stained by AgNOR to measure the proliferation activity of the cell. The Anova result showed that there was a significant difference (p=0,007) between treatment against the development of tumor which was marked by the decrease of the tumor volume and proliferation activity (p=0,001). The Kruskal Wallis result showed that there was no significant difference (p<0,33) in the tumor weight. Spearman correlation study significantly (p=0,03) indicated that there was a positive correlation between the cell proliferation activity and the growth of the tumor but in a weak correlation (r=0,39). Therefore, it could be concluded that the methanol extract of soursop leaf (Annona muricata Linn) can inhibit the growth rate of tumor volume as well as the proliferation activity of the breast cancer cell of C3H mice and it worked optimally at 30 mg/kg BB dose., Breast cancer is a multifactor disease that has been a leading cause of woman’s mortality. Treatments for breast cancer such as surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy have their own side effects, so that alternative treatments such as herbal medicine are needed. Soursop leaf (Annona muricata Linn) has been reported to have antitumor and cytotoxic effects, but only few conducted in vivo, an advanced research is needed to find the effectiveness and the inhibition pathway of the soursop leaf. The purpose of this research is to find out the inhibition capacity and the effective dose of soursop leaf methanol extract (Annona muricata Linn) against the development of C3H mice’s breast cancer in vivo. There were thirty mice of C3H strain which were transplanted with breast tumor and they were divided into five groups consisting of negative control group which was given only solvent CMC 0.5%, a positive control group which was given doxorubicin, a dose group of 15 mg/kg BB, a dose group of 30 mg/kg BB, and a dose group of 45 mg/kg BB. Each mouse was given 0,2 cc soursop leaf extract every day for 21 days while the positive control group was given doxorubicin 0,03 μg/20 gram BB once a week for 21 days intravenously. The length and the width of the tumor were measured at the beginning and also measured once a week during the experiment process to gain the data of the tumor volume. At the end of the research, the tumor of the mice was lifted and weighed and it was stained by AgNOR to measure the proliferation activity of the cell. The Anova result showed that there was a significant difference (p=0,007) between treatment against the development of tumor which was marked by the decrease of the tumor volume and proliferation activity (p=0,001). The Kruskal Wallis result showed that there was no significant difference (p<0,33) in the tumor weight. Spearman correlation study significantly (p=0,03) indicated that there was a positive correlation between the cell proliferation activity and the growth of the tumor but in a weak correlation (r=0,39). Therefore, it could be concluded that the methanol extract of soursop leaf (Annona muricata Linn) can inhibit the growth rate of tumor volume as well as the proliferation activity of the breast cancer cell of C3H mice and it worked optimally at 30 mg/kg BB dose.]"

"Kanker payudara merupakan penyakit kanker kedua terbanyak dijumpai setelah kanker mulut rahim pada wanita Indonesia. Telah dilakukan penelitian tentang pengaruh pemberian ekstrak etil asetat Ulva fasciata Delile dan Turbinaria decurrens Bory terhadap proliferasi sel tumor kelenjer susu pada mencit C3H. Tiga puluh ekor mencit dibagi menjadi 6 kelompok perlakuan, yaitu: K-I, kontrol negatif; K-II, kontrol pelarut; K-III, diberi ekstrak etil asetat U. fasciata dosis 41,32 mg/20 9 BB (berat badan); K-IV, diberi ekstrak etil asetat U. fasciata dosis 82,64 mg/20 9 BB; K-V, diberi ekstrak etil asetat T. decurrens dosis 24,29 mg/20 9 BB; dan K-VI, diberi ekstrak etil asetat T. decurrens dosis 48,59 mg/20 9 BB. Semua perlakuan diberikan selama 21 hari. Berat badan mencit dan volume tumor diukur setiap 2 hari sekali. Doubling time tumor dihitung pada akhir pengamatan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terjadinya penghambatan pertumbuhan tumor yang cukup besar pada K-IV, yang ditunjukkan dengan nilai doubling time tumor yang tinggi. Daya hambat pertumbuhan tumor menurun sesuai dengan urutan : K-IV (U. fasciata dosis 82,64 mg/20 9 BB), K-V (T. decurrens dosis 24,29 mg/20 9 BB), K-VI (T. decurrens dosis 48,59 mg/20 9 BB) yang sama dengan K-II (kontrol pelarut), K-III (U fasciata dosis 41,32 mg/20 9 BB), K-I (kontrol negatif)."

"Pendahuluan: Tumor Wilms juga dikenal sebagai nephroblastoma, pertama kali dijelaskan oleh Thomas F. Rance pada tahun 1,814 adalah salah satu neoplasma ganas padat yang paling umum pada anak-anak. Modalitas terapi untuk tumor Wilms adalah pembedahan, kemoterapi, dan radioterapi. Pembedahan adalah perawatan yang paling penting dan prosedur pembedahan yang dilakukan secara tepat dapat menentukan stadium tumor Wilms dan perencanaan perawatan yang lebih akurat. Manajemen multidisiplin tumor Wilms telah menghasilkan peningkatan yang mencolok dalam kelangsungan hidup lebih dari 85% saat ini dan telah menjadi paradigma untuk terapi kanker yang sukses. Studi ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi karakteristik penyakit dan hasil pengobatan pasien tumor Wilms di RSUP Adam Malik selama 5 tahun.Metode: Kami meninjau secara retrospektif pasien Tumor Wilms yang telah menjalani operasi dan terapi lain di rumah sakit rujukan nasional kami dalam interval antara Januari 2013 dan Desember 2018. Fitur demografi, riwayat obstetrik, stadium tumor, hasil histopatologi dan radiografi, terapi dan hasil dievaluasi. Analisis deskriptif menggunakan frekuensi digunakan untuk menggambarkan variabel penelitian.Hasil: Total 50 pasien (54% perempuan) dengan tumor Wilms dengan usia rata-rata 56 bulan diidentifikasi. Frekuensi stadium kasus kami adalah: stadium I (24%), stadium II (12%), stadium III (28%) dan stadium IV (36%). Nefrektomi dilakukan pada 16 pasien (32%). Mayoritas orang tua (72%) memiliki tingkat pendidikan yang rendah. Enam puluh delapan persen orang tua menghadiri perawatan antenatal kurang dari empat kali selama kehamilan. Rerata usia kehamilan dari ibu adalah 24,96 ± 4,370. Rata-rata berat badan lahir dan panjang lahir berada dalam kisaran normal; 2878±415, masing-masing 50,32±3,50. Ditemukan korelasi yang signifikan antara tingkat pendidikan stadium tumor (p=0,002) dengan pelayanan antenatal (p=0,011). Sementara faktor lain seperti usia, jenis kelamin, pengobatan pilihan, usia ibu saat melahirkan, berat badan lahir, dan panjang lahir tidak menunjukkan korelasi yang signifikan.Kesimpulan: Luaran tumor wilms pada penelitian lebih buruk daripada center lain di Asia dan dunia. Studi ini menunjukkan bahwa latarbelakang penddikan dan asuhan antenatal adalah dua faktor yang berhubungan signifikan terhadap staging tumor pada studi kami

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Introduction and Objectives: Wilms tumor also known as nephroblastoma, first described by Thomas F. Rance in 1.814 is one of the most common solid malignant neoplasms in children. Therapy modalities for Wilms tumor are surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. Surgery is the most important treatment and surgical procedure that is done precisely can determine the staging of Wilms tumor and the treatment planning more accurately. The multidisciplinary management of Wilms tumor has resulted in striking improvement in survival of more than 85% nowadays and has become a paradigm for successful cancer therapy. We try to evaluate outcome treatment for patient with wilms tumor

Method: : We retrospectively reviewed the Wilms Tumor patient who had undergone surgery and other therapy in our national referral hospital in the interval between January 2013 and December 2018. Demographic feature, obstetric history, tumor stage, histopathologic and radiographic result, therapy and outcome were evaluated. Descriptive analysis using frequencies was used to describe the study variables.

Results: Total of 50 patients (54% female) with Wilms tumor with a median age of 56 months were identified. The stage frequencies of our cases were: stage I (24%), stage II (12%), stage III (28%) and stage IV (36%). Nephrectomy was performed in 16 patients (32%). The majority of parents (72%) have low educational level. Sixty-eight percent parent attended antenatal care less than four times during pregnancy. Mean of pregnancy age from the mother is 24,96 ± 4,370. The average birth weight and birth length were within the normal range; 2878±415, 50.32±3.50 respectively. Significant correlations were found between tumor stage educational level (p=0,002), and antenatal care (p=0,011). While other factors such as age, gender, treatment of choice, mother’s age at delivery, birth weight, and birth length failed to show any significant correlations.

Conclusion: Outcome of Wilms tumor in our center were poorer than worldwide Wilms Tumor, even in Asia. Furthermore, our study showed that maternal educational background and antenatal care were the only two factors significantly associated with tumor stage in our study."

"Kanker payudara merupakan penyakit kanker yang berkembang dari jaringan epitel duktus dan kelenjar susu dalam payudara. Kanker payudara merupakan kanker dengan prevalensi tertinggi di dunia dan telah mengalami kenaikan jumlah kasus yang signifikan (16,6%) per tahun 2020 di Indonesia. Pengobatan dengan kemoterapi telah umum dilakukan namun dilaporkan memiliki banyak efek samping. Oleh karena itu, perlu dilakukan prediksi kemosensitivitas pada pasien sebelum obat diberikan. Prediksi kemosensitivitas dapat dilakukan dengan menggunakan kultur primer metode eksplan sebagai patient-derived model in vitro yang menggunakan sel primer langsung dari pasien dan dapat memprediksi respons klinis terhadap obat. Adanya ekspresi relatif gen c-Myc selaku oncogene addiction gene dapat menjadi biomarker potensial pada kultur eksplan setelah diberi perlakuan Doxorubicin. Pada penelitian ini, ekspresi c-Myc pada jaringan asal dan kultur eksplan serta pada kultur eksplan sebelum dan sesudah perlakuan diukur menggunakan metode semi kuantitatif RT-PCR dengan tahapan isolasi RNA, kuantifikasi, amplifikasi, dan visualisasi dengan elektroforesis. Kultur eksplan yang berhasil ditumbuhkan adalah sampel luminal A dan B. Sampel A menunjukkan migrasi sel hingga konfluensi 50%. Sementara uji viabilitas pada hasil kultur sampel B menunjukkan persentase viabilitas kultur non-treatment 60% dan treatment dosis 0,68 μM 41%. Hasil visualisasi elektroforesis tidak menunjukkan adanya ekspresi c-Myc di seluruh sampel.

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Breast cancer is a malignant tumor formacy on ductus epithelial tissue and mammary gland of the breast. The prevalence number of breast cancer is currently leading among other cancers in the world and significantly increasing especially in Indonesia (16,6% new cases in 2020). Treatment using chemotherapy agents is the most common option for patients but has many side effects. Chemosensitivity prediction using an in vitro model is recommended for more personalized treatment, and can be performed using primary culture (explant method) as an in vitro patient-derived model that uses primary cells directly from the patient and can predict pathological response to chemotherapy agents. c-Myc gene as an oncogene addiction gene can be a potential biomarker of explant cultures after being treated by Doxorubicin. In this study, c-Myc expression in fresh tissue and explant culture, also in culture prior to and after treatment, was measured using a semi quantitative RT-PCR method involving the process of RNA isolation, quantification, amplification, and visualization using electrophoresis. Luminal A and Luminal B samples of explant culture were successfully grown and harvested. A sample showed cell migration up to 50% confluency. Meanwhile, the viability test on the results of the B culture showed the viability percentage of non-treatment culture was 60% and 0,68 μM treatment dose culture 41%. The results of electrophoretic visualization consistently showed downregulation of c-Myc in the form of a very low expression in all samples."

"ABSTRAKPendahuluan. Tumor Ganas Jaringan Lunak Soft Tissue Sarcoma merupakan kelompok heterogen tumor ganas mesenkim dengan jumlah kasus yang sangat sedikit dengan gejala klinis sulit dibedakan dengan tumor jinak, menjadikan tumor ini sering ditangani tanpa mengetahui batas tumor yang jelas unplanned excision . Penanganan tumor ganas jaringan lunak secara inadekuat ini mengakibatkan tumor masih tersisa sehingga beresiko terjadi rekurensi dan mortalitas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui rekurensi dan mortalitas pasien tumor ganas jaringan lunak ekstremitas yang telah dilakukan unplanned excision, serta faktor-faktor yang memengaruhinya.Metode Penelitian. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif analitik dengan rancangan kohort retrospektif yang menggunakan data pasien RS Cipto Mangunkusumo tahun 2005 hingga 2015. Pada penelitian ini, didapati yang memenuhi kriteria sebanyak 87 subjek, yakni pasien unplanned excision tumor ganas jaringan lunak ekstremitas yang dilakukan analisis angka rekurensi dan mortalitas serta faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan rekurensi dan mortalitas tersebut.Hasil Penelitian. Terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara tingkat rekurensi dengan operator yang tidak berkompeten non orthopaedi onkologi p0,05 . Tidak terdapat hubungan yang bermakna secara statistik antara mortalitas dengan operator pembedahan, lokasi tumor, ukuran awal tumor dan tipe rumah sakit P>0,05 .Kesimpulan. Faktor yang memengaruhi rekurensi pada pasien unplanned excision tumor ganas jaringan lunak yakni operator non orthopaedi onkologi.

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ABSTRACTIntroduction. Soft tissue sarcoma is part of mesenchymal malignant tumor heterogeneous group with very little number of cases. Unplanned excision often become the choice of treatment due to difficulties to differentiate it with benign tumor. The inadequate treatment of this soft tissue sarcoma often leave trace of the tumor, leading to recurrence and mortality. We studied the recurrence and mortality of patients with unplanned excision on soft tissue sarcoma of extrimities, including affecting factors.Methods. This is an analytical descriptive study with retrospective cohort design, using patient rsquo s data in Cipto Mangunkusumo hospital during 2005 to 2015. Our study acquired 87 subjects with unplanned excision on soft tissue sarcoma of extrimities. Analysis of recurrence rate, mortality rate, and related factores were examined and analysed.Results. There was significant relationship between recurrence rate with incompetent surgeon non oncology orthopaedics p0,05 . However, this study could not find statistical significance between mortality with non oncology orthopaedic surgeon, location of the tumour, initial size of the tumour, and hospital type P 0,05 .Conclusion. There is relationship between recurrence rate with non oncology orthopaedics operator. "

"Menurut beberapa peneliti salah satu faktor penyebab timbulnya kanker, adalah terapi dengan betaestradiol dosis tinggi, atau dosis adekuat yang tidak terkontrol. Terapi ini telah digunakan selama 30 tahun terakhir terutama kaitannya dengan menopause prematur, hysterektomi total, salpingo-ooforektomi, kontrasepsi, dll. Namun demikian tidak mudah melakukan penilaian keuntungan yang diperoleh serta efek sampingnya. Terlebih lagi bila pemanfaatan estradiol dilakukan pada penderita kanker payudara. Sehingga perlu dicari dosis yang masih aman pada keadaan tersebut. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui apakah implantasi estradiol sekali selama penelitian dengan dosis 7 mg berpengaruh terhadap perangai pertumbuhan sel tumor transpiantabel kelenjar susu mencit GR, serta terhadap imunitas humoral mencit tersebut. Mencit yang digunakan adalah mencit betina yang pada awal penelitian berumur 6 bulan dan ditumbuhi (diinokulasi) sel tumor kelenjar susu. Mencit dibagi ke dalam 2 kelompok yaitu kelompok kelola yang terdiri atas mencit bertumor kelenjar susu tidak diimplantasi estradiol dan kelompok perlakuan yang diimplantasi estradiol. Dengan menganalisa data volume tumor pada saat tumor berumur 1 minggu dan 2 minggu, diketahui bahwa implantasi estradiol tidak meningkatkan pertumbuhan tumor. Sedangkan dari analisa kadar imunoglobulin diketahui bahwa tidak ada pengaruh implantasi estradiol terhadap kadar Ig G dalam serum mencit. Sebaliknya transplantasi tumor ada pengaruhnya terhadap kadar Ig G serum mencit. Pengaruh implantasi estradiol terhadap kadar Ig A pada serum mencit juga tidak bermakna. Tetapi transplantasi sel tumor justru menurunkan kadar Ig A dalam serum mencit. Kadar Ig M serum tidak dipengaruhi baik oleh implantasi estradiol maupun transplantasi sel tumor."