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"Senyawa Zn-dialkilditiofosfat banyak digunakan sebagai aditif minyak lumas. Permasalahannya adalah tidak diketahui dengan jelas jenis gugus alkil yang terdapat dalam aditif yang digunakan. Dalam penelitian ini disintesis sejenis dialkilditiofosfat, yang diperkirakan merupakan salah satu aditif pada minyak lumas otomotif, yaitu dengan jenis gugus alkilnya adalah isobutil. Bahan dasar yang digunakan adalah fosfor pentasulfida, isobutanol dan Zn-asetat.Cara yang dilakukan adalah melalui reaksi langsung, tanpa pembentukan garam amonium dan tanpa pemurnian asam terlebih dahulu. Sintesis dilakukan dengan dua tahap reaksi, yaitu reaksi pembentukan asam dan reaksi pembentukan Zn-diisobutilditiofosfat, dalam atmosfer nitrogen, yang dibuat dengan pengaliran gas nitrogen terus menerus, pada suhu sekitar ± 700Pemurnian dilakukan dengan cara ekstraksi menggunakan kloroform sebagai pelarut dan rekristalisasi pada pelarut n-heksana. Senyawa yang terbentuk berupa kristal putih bening, dengan titik leleh 106-108° C dan mempunyai Mr 548.Berdasarkan anailsis dengan menggunakan FT-1R, GC-MS, MS, UV-Vis,dan analisis unsur, dapat diperkirakan senyawa itu mempunyai strukturSenyawa mempunyai kelarutan yang kecil pada minyak lumas dasar yaitu kurang dari 5 % berat minyak lumas dasar, jenis minyak lumas HVI 160'S, dengan pemanasan pada suhu f 500 C.Pengujian kinerja dengan mesin Four Ball, menunjukkan bahwa penambahan Zn-ddf menyebabkan adanya peningkatan pada kinerja minyak lumas dalam hal Seizure Load, Weld Point dan Load Wear index dibandingkan dengan minyak lumas dasar tanpa Zn-ddf. Akan tetapi perbedaan jumlah penambahan Zn-ddf kurang menunjukkan peningkatan yang berarti pada kinerja minyak lumas tersebut.

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Lot of Zn-diallcylditiophosphate compounds are used as lubricant additive. The problem is, the type of alkyl group found in the additive used is not clearly known. In this research a kind of diallcylditiophosphate, which is considered to be one of additive in automotive lubricant, is synthesized with its alkyl group type, that is isobutyl. The raw materials used are phospor pentasulfide, isobutanol, and Zn-acetate.

The metod used is through direct reaction, without ammonium salt formation and without prior acid purification. The syntheses are conducted in two phases of reactions, those are acid formation reaction and Zn-diisobutylditiophosphate formation reaction, under nitrogen atmosphere, which is made by continuously flowing nitrogen gas, at temperature of ± 70° C.

The purification is conducted by extraction method using chloroform as the solvent and recrystallization in n-hexane solvent. The formed compound is a clear white crystal, with melting point of 106 - 108° C and it has Mr 548.

Based on analysis using FT-IR, GC-MS, MS, UV-Vis, and element analysis, it can be estimated that the compound has a structure

The compound has a little solubility in base lubricant, that is less than 5% weight of base lubricant, the lubricant type is HVI 160'S, with the heating at temperature of± 50° C.

Performance test using Four Ball machine, indicates that the addition of Zn-ddf causes the increase of the performance with regard to Seizure Load, Weld Point, and Load Wear Index of the lubricant compared to base lubricant without Zn-ddf. However the difference in amount of Zn-ddf addition does not sufficiently indicate a significant increase in the performance of the lubricant.

Reference 27 (1978 - 1996)"

"Minyak pelumas yang bermutu tinggi biasanya telah diramu dengan berbagai aditif antara lain aditif untuk meningkatkan kekentalan, menghambat korosi, anti oksidan, aditif pembersih dan anti aus. Meskipun penambahan aditif kedalam minyak pelumas tersebut relatif kecil (hanya sekitar 1% - 3%) namun nilai tambah dari minyak lumas dasar menjadi minyak lumas beraditif yang siap pakai adalah cukup tinggi. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mempelajari cara sintesis dari jenis aditif Zn-dialkilditiofosfat (Zn-ddf), serta untuk mengetahui cara pemurnian hasil sintesis identifikasi dan karakterisasi senyawa Zn-ddf. Dalam studi ini dilakukan sintesa salah satu aditif yang digunakan sebagai aditif minyak pelumas yaitu aditif anti oksidan Seng dialkilditiofosfat (Zn-ddf).Aditif anti oksidan Zn-ddf dari suatu minyak pelumas disintesa dalam reaktor sederhana dengan mereaksikan fosforpentasulfida dengan variasi bermacam macam gugus alkohol (isobutanol, isopropanol, etanol, 2-butanol, metanol, dll) dan Zn-asetat dalam suasana nitrogen. Setelah proses pemurnian dan rekristalisasi, kristal Zn-ddf berwarna putih berhasil didapatkan. Produk sintesis ini berupa kristal putih yang bertitik leleh sekitar 50°C - 141°C.Hasil analisa Seng dialkilditiophosphat dengan spektrofotometer FT-IR menghasilkan pita-pita serapan yang khas untuk senyawa Zn-dialkilditiophosphat (Zn-ddf) yang menunjukkan adanya ikatan PO - C pada daerah 950 - 1100 cm-1. Berdasarkan analisa unsur terhadap produk Zn-ddf secara perhitungan dan secara percobaan menunjukkan bahwa hasil yang diperoleh sesuai dengan penelitian Born & koleganya. Lebih lanjut hasil sintesa ini cukup murni dengan sifat-sifat kimia yang mirip seperti diuraikan dalam beberapa acuan.

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High Quality of Lubricant Oil was made by a process with varieties of additives such as: viscosity index improver, corrosion inhibitor, anti oxidant & anti wear, detergent etc. Although the addition of additive into the base lubricant is relatively small and contain only 1% - 3 % of the synthesis product, to improve chemical base lubricant, the additional value of lubricant additive is ready to use becomes high enough.

The aim observation is learning synthesis method from anti oxidant Zn-dialkilditiophosphat (Zn-ddf) to understand purification of the synthesis product identification and characterization compound Zn-ddf. Zn-ddf from lubricating oil additive was synthesized in a simple reactor by reacting phosphorous pentasulfida with varieties of alkil alcohol and Zinc acetate under nitrogen condition. After purification and recrystalization process a white crystal of Zn-ddf was successfully obtained. The synthesized product has melting point of approximately 5I7°C - 142 °C.

The result of zinc dialkildithiophosphat analysis using spectrophotometer FTIR, produce describing band which is specific band for Zn dialkilditiophosphat (Zn-ddf), this show PO-C relationship in area 950 - 1100 cm-1. Based on elemental analysis on Zn-ddf indicated that percentage obtained from the experiment can be compared to the percentage obtained from the calculation the result is same as the result by Born & co. The crystal has a sufficient purity and has similar chemical properties to those of Zn-ddf described in the reference."

"Dari hasil pengujian yang telah dilakukan maka dapat diketahui bahwa pemakaian aditif Zn-ddf untuk minyak pelumas sangatlah diperlukan. Dimana kinerja dari mesin kendaraan bermotor yang memakainya akan bertambah performance / Unjuk kerjanya, disamping itu minyak pelumas akan lebih lama pemakaiannya dibanding yang tidak ditambah aditif Zn-ddf. Disini dapat disimpulkan bahwa penggunaan 4 macam aditif Zn-ddf yaitu 2-Butanol, Iso Propanol, Ethanol, lso Butanol dapat meningkatkan Load Wear Index dari minyak pelumas. Pada pengujian dengan mesin four ball menunjukkan bahwa minyak lumas dasar yang ditambah dengan Aditif Zn-ddf sekitar 0,5-1,5% mempunyai unjuk kerja angka load wear index hampir sama dengan angka yang dimiliki oleh minyak pelumas mesran 20 W / 50.Dari pengujian Mesin SRV didapat hasil Friksi yang baik dimana masih dibawah angka batas maximum yang diizinkan sekitar 0.5. Dari Uji Viskositas didapat angka kekentalan yang baik untuk ukuran minyak pelumas. Penggantian minyak pelumas juga bisa lebih lama sehingga dapat menghemat biaya pemeliharaan mesin. Karena dengan menggunakan aditif Zn-ddf ini juga dapat memperpanjang umur dari mesin karena sifat dari zat tersebut yang dapat melapisi logam. Sehingga dapat menghilangkan oksidasi yang terjadi saat pengoperasian dan memperkecil keausan dari mesin tersebut.

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From result and experiment that was conducted it can be concluded that the use additive Zn-ddf for lubricant oil is extremely needed. Because engine performance will increase significantly, in addition used duration of the oil will be longer. So it can be concluded that the use 4 types of additive Zn-ddf which are Iso Butanol, 2-Butanol, Iso Propanol, Ethanol can increase Load Wear Index of the lubricant oil. The test result using Four Ball Engine shows that lubricant oil with additive Zn-ddf (0.5 - 1.5 %) have Load Wear Index performance almost equal to the index attached to Mesran 20 W / 50.

The test using SRV Engine shows that the use additive Zn-ddf result good friction, which is below maximum limit. Viscosity test shows viscosity Index which is relatively good lubricant oil. As a result lubricant oil replacement will be longer so the maintenance cost can be reduced. The application of additive Zn-ddf can prolong the life Engine because of its metal protecting nature. It can also eliminate oxidation during engine operation and minimize the risk of engine wearing thin. "

"Dalam rangka mengurangi ketergantungan terhadap produk aditif impor telah dipelajari sintesis salah satu jenis aditif deterjen minyak. lumas otomotif yaitu kalsium petroleum sulfonat netral. Bahan dasar yang digunakan adalah minyak lumas dasar 1-M-650, oleun1 30 o/o sebagai stttn.ber gas S03, amil alkohol, dan kalsium hidroksida. Sintesis dilakukan dengan tiga tahap reaksi, yaitu proses sulfonasi terhadap HVI-650 de:ngan adanya gas S03 , menghasilkan asam sulfortat m.inyak. bumi (petroleum sufonates) baik yang bersifat larut. dalam rninyak ( disebut asam mahogani) maupun yang bersifat larut dalam air (green acids), yang takandung dalam sludge. Asam mahogani yang terlarut dalam minyak. dipisahkan dmi sludge dan selanjutny!l diubah ke dalam bentuk esta sulfa1at dengan adanya amil alkohcl.. Tahap akhir dari sintesis ini adalah pembentukan garam kalsium petrcl.eum _sulf"

"[ABSTRAKTesis ini membahas pengaruh penambahan aditif pemodifikasi gesekan serbuk MoS2 ukuran 1 5 m dengan jumlah mulai 0 05 0 1 0 5 1 dan 2 berat dan ukuran 90 nm sebesar 0 05 0 1 0 5 pada minyak lumas dasar mineral HVI 60 terhadap karakteristik gesekan dan perlindungan keausannya Aditif ukuran 90 nm dan minyak lumas dasar dicampur dan diaduk menggunakan magnetik stirrer selama enam puluh menit pada suhu 50oC setelah itu dimasukkan ke dalam ultrasonic homogenizer selama satu jam sedangkan aditif ukuran 1 5 m pada suhu 75oC tanpa menggunakan ultrasonic homogenizer Campuran yang dihasilkan diuji karakteristik gesekan dan perlindungan keausannya menggunakan mesin uji four ball dan mesin uji SRV Analisis dilakukan pada material bola uji menggunakan optical emission spectroscopy OES goresan permukaan bola uji menggunakan scanning electron microscope SEM dan minyak lumas sisa pengujian dengan alat uji rotating disk electrode RDE Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penambahan aditif meningkatkan perlindungan keausan dengan dosis optimal sebesar 0 1 berat dengan rincian ukuran 1 5 m perbaikannya sebesar 23 dan ukuran 90 nm sebesar 11 Pengamatan permukaan goresan menunjukkan mekanisme keausan terjadi secara adesif dan abrasif Data yang diperoleh dari penelitian ini bisa digunakan sebagai dasar dalam pembuatan minyak lumas untuk aplikasi tertentu dengan mutu yang lebih baik

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ABSTRACTThis thesis discusses the influence of MoS2 friction modifier FM addition in the form of powder with two different mesh sizes i e 90 nm and 1 5 um on the friction and wear characteristic of HVI 60 base oil The variation of MoS2 were 0 05 0 1 0 5 weight whereas MoS2 1 5 um were 0 05 0 1 0 5 1 and 2 weight MoS2 additive 90 nm was mixed with base oil and stirred with magnetic stirrer for 60 minutes at 50oC and homogenized in ultrasonic homogenizer for 1 hour For the MoS2 1 5 um the additive was mixed with base oil and stirred with magnetic stirrer for 60 minutes at 75oC without using ultrasonic homogenizer Friction and wear characteristic of these mixtures were tested using four ball and SRV test rig Ball specimen surfaces were analyzed by using optical emission spectroscopy OES the wear scars were analyzed by using scanning electron microscope SEM while used mixtures from the test were analyzed by using rotating disk electrode RDE The results of the tests showed that the addition of 0 1 weight MoS2 additive both in 90 nm and 1 5 um resulted in an optimum increase in friction and wear characteristic of 23 and 11 respectively Observation on the wear scar showed that adhesive and abrasive wear mechanism were involved in the wear process The results of this research could be applied in production of lubricating oils for certain applications to improve their quality ;This thesis discusses the influence of MoS2 friction modifier FM addition in the form of powder with two different mesh sizes i e 90 nm and 1 5 um on the friction and wear characteristic of HVI 60 base oil The variation of MoS2 were 0 05 0 1 0 5 weight whereas MoS2 1 5 um were 0 05 0 1 0 5 1 and 2 weight MoS2 additive 90 nm was mixed with base oil and stirred with magnetic stirrer for 60 minutes at 50oC and homogenized in ultrasonic homogenizer for 1 hour For the MoS2 1 5 um the additive was mixed with base oil and stirred with magnetic stirrer for 60 minutes at 75oC without using ultrasonic homogenizer Friction and wear characteristic of these mixtures were tested using four ball and SRV test rig Ball specimen surfaces were analyzed by using optical emission spectroscopy OES the wear scars were analyzed by using scanning electron microscope SEM while used mixtures from the test were analyzed by using rotating disk electrode RDE The results of the tests showed that the addition of 0 1 weight MoS2 additive both in 90 nm and 1 5 um resulted in an optimum increase in friction and wear characteristic of 23 and 11 respectively Observation on the wear scar showed that adhesive and abrasive wear mechanism were involved in the wear process The results of this research could be applied in production of lubricating oils for certain applications to improve their quality ;This thesis discusses the influence of MoS2 friction modifier FM addition in the form of powder with two different mesh sizes i e 90 nm and 1 5 um on the friction and wear characteristic of HVI 60 base oil The variation of MoS2 were 0 05 0 1 0 5 weight whereas MoS2 1 5 um were 0 05 0 1 0 5 1 and 2 weight MoS2 additive 90 nm was mixed with base oil and stirred with magnetic stirrer for 60 minutes at 50oC and homogenized in ultrasonic homogenizer for 1 hour For the MoS2 1 5 um the additive was mixed with base oil and stirred with magnetic stirrer for 60 minutes at 75oC without using ultrasonic homogenizer Friction and wear characteristic of these mixtures were tested using four ball and SRV test rig Ball specimen surfaces were analyzed by using optical emission spectroscopy OES the wear scars were analyzed by using scanning electron microscope SEM while used mixtures from the test were analyzed by using rotating disk electrode RDE The results of the tests showed that the addition of 0 1 weight MoS2 additive both in 90 nm and 1 5 um resulted in an optimum increase in friction and wear characteristic of 23 and 11 respectively Observation on the wear scar showed that adhesive and abrasive wear mechanism were involved in the wear process The results of this research could be applied in production of lubricating oils for certain applications to improve their quality ;This thesis discusses the influence of MoS2 friction modifier FM addition in the form of powder with two different mesh sizes i e 90 nm and 1 5 um on the friction and wear characteristic of HVI 60 base oil The variation of MoS2 were 0 05 0 1 0 5 weight whereas MoS2 1 5 um were 0 05 0 1 0 5 1 and 2 weight MoS2 additive 90 nm was mixed with base oil and stirred with magnetic stirrer for 60 minutes at 50oC and homogenized in ultrasonic homogenizer for 1 hour For the MoS2 1 5 um the additive was mixed with base oil and stirred with magnetic stirrer for 60 minutes at 75oC without using ultrasonic homogenizer Friction and wear characteristic of these mixtures were tested using four ball and SRV test rig Ball specimen surfaces were analyzed by using optical emission spectroscopy OES the wear scars were analyzed by using scanning electron microscope SEM while used mixtures from the test were analyzed by using rotating disk electrode RDE The results of the tests showed that the addition of 0 1 weight MoS2 additive both in 90 nm and 1 5 um resulted in an optimum increase in friction and wear characteristic of 23 and 11 respectively Observation on the wear scar showed that adhesive and abrasive wear mechanism were involved in the wear process The results of this research could be applied in production of lubricating oils for certain applications to improve their quality ;This thesis discusses the influence of MoS2 friction modifier FM addition in the form of powder with two different mesh sizes i e 90 nm and 1 5 um on the friction and wear characteristic of HVI 60 base oil The variation of MoS2 were 0 05 0 1 0 5 weight whereas MoS2 1 5 um were 0 05 0 1 0 5 1 and 2 weight MoS2 additive 90 nm was mixed with base oil and stirred with magnetic stirrer for 60 minutes at 50oC and homogenized in ultrasonic homogenizer for 1 hour For the MoS2 1 5 um the additive was mixed with base oil and stirred with magnetic stirrer for 60 minutes at 75oC without using ultrasonic homogenizer Friction and wear characteristic of these mixtures were tested using four ball and SRV test rig Ball specimen surfaces were analyzed by using optical emission spectroscopy OES the wear scars were analyzed by using scanning electron microscope SEM while used mixtures from the test were analyzed by using rotating disk electrode RDE The results of the tests showed that the addition of 0 1 weight MoS2 additive both in 90 nm and 1 5 um resulted in an optimum increase in friction and wear characteristic of 23 and 11 respectively Observation on the wear scar showed that adhesive and abrasive wear mechanism were involved in the wear process The results of this research could be applied in production of lubricating oils for certain applications to improve their quality , This thesis discusses the influence of MoS2 friction modifier FM addition in the form of powder with two different mesh sizes i e 90 nm and 1 5 um on the friction and wear characteristic of HVI 60 base oil The variation of MoS2 were 0 05 0 1 0 5 weight whereas MoS2 1 5 um were 0 05 0 1 0 5 1 and 2 weight MoS2 additive 90 nm was mixed with base oil and stirred with magnetic stirrer for 60 minutes at 50oC and homogenized in ultrasonic homogenizer for 1 hour For the MoS2 1 5 um the additive was mixed with base oil and stirred with magnetic stirrer for 60 minutes at 75oC without using ultrasonic homogenizer Friction and wear characteristic of these mixtures were tested using four ball and SRV test rig Ball specimen surfaces were analyzed by using optical emission spectroscopy OES the wear scars were analyzed by using scanning electron microscope SEM while used mixtures from the test were analyzed by using rotating disk electrode RDE The results of the tests showed that the addition of 0 1 weight MoS2 additive both in 90 nm and 1 5 um resulted in an optimum increase in friction and wear characteristic of 23 and 11 respectively Observation on the wear scar showed that adhesive and abrasive wear mechanism were involved in the wear process The results of this research could be applied in production of lubricating oils for certain applications to improve their quality ]"

"Pembangunan MRT/ Transportasi berbasis rel saat ini sedang banyak di Indonesia terutama di Jakarta. Bertujuan untuk mempelajari masalah penetapan biaya operasi dan pemeliharaan untuk menentukan komponen biaya hingga penetapan biaya operasi dan pemeliharaan per kilometer sebagai pedoman untuk pembangunan MRT selanjutnya, dengan berdasar pada Peraturan yang ada dan dikembangkan dari studi yang ada pada artikel mengenai MRT di luar negeri. Estimasi biaya operasional dan pemeliharaan tahunan untuk MRT per kilometer adalah Rp 40 milyar/ Km?Tahun. Operator MRT memerlukan subsidi sebesar 43 agar keberlanjutan perusahaan operator MRT dapat terjaga.

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Development of MRT Rail based transport is currently being conducted in Indonesia, especially in Jakarta. This Thesis is conducted to learn about operation and maintenance cost, which leads to cost components to conduct operation and maintenance cost per kilometer as a guide for further MRT development. Based on existing regulations and developed from studies in the article of MRT abroad. Estimated yearly cost of MRT rsquo s operation and maintenance for distance unit is Rp 40 billion Km Year. MRT operators require a subsidy of 43 so that the sustainability of MRT operator can be maintained."

"Minyak kencur mengandung senyawa etil p-metoksisinamat yang memiliki kemiripan struktur dengan senyawa UV filter organik. Minyak kencur diformulasikan menjadi nanoemulsi dengan konsentrasi berbeda, yaitu 5%, 11,14%, 15,08%, 18,61%, dan dibuat juga nanoemulsi mengandung oktil metoksisinamat 7% sebagai pembanding. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuat nanoemulsi yang jernih, menguji stabilitas fisiknya, dan menentukan nilai SPF dari nanoemulsi tersebut. Uji stabilitas fisik dilakukan dengan penyimpanan pada suhu kamar (28±2°C), suhu tinggi (40±2°C), suhu rendah (5°C), uji cycling test, dan uji sentrifugasi. Parameter yang diamati adalah organoleptis, pH, viskositas, dan tegangan permukaan. Efektivitas nanoemulsi ditentukan melalui perhitungan nilai SPF (Sun Protection Factor) secara in vitro menggunakan spektrofotometer UVVis. Dari hasil pembuatan diperoleh nanoemulsi mengandung minyak kencur yang jernih, tidak terjadi pemisahan fase, dan homogen secara fisik. Hasil uji stabilitas fisik menunjukkan kelima nanoemulsi stabil pada penyimpanan suhu kamar dan suhu rendah. Nilai SPF menunjukkan bahwa nanoemulsi minyak kencur memenuhi persyaratan sebagai tabir surya dengan memberikan nilai SPF sebesar 3-24.

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The volatile oil of Kaempferia galanga L. contains ethyl p-methoxycinnamate which has structural similarity with organic UV filter compound. The volatile oil is formulated into nanoemulsions in various concentrations, which are 5%, 11.14%, 15.08%, 18.61%, and nanoemulsion which contains 7% of octyl methoxycinnamate was also made as comparison. This research was designed to create the clear nanoemulsions, examine their physical stability, and determine the SPF value from the nanoemulsions. Physical stability test was conducted by store at room temperature (28±2°C), high temperature (40±2°C), low temperature (5°C), cycling test, and centrifugation test. Parameters that being observed are organoleptic, pH, viscosity, and surface tension. The effectiveness of nanoemulsions were determined through Sun Protection Factor (SPF) value which in vitro using UV-Vis spectrophotometer. From the manufacture result obtained the clear nanoemulsions which do not occur phase separation and physically homogeneous. Physical stability test results showed that nanoemulsions are stable at room temperature and low temperature storage. The SPF value showed that the nanoemulsions meet the terms as sunscreen by giving 3-24 as SPF value."