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"ABSTRAKSendi lutut adalah persendian yang amat dominan perannya dalam tubuh kita. Sendi ini dapat mengakomodasi tegangan yang amat tinggi sekaligus tetap dapat mempertahanakan tingkat mobilitas dan stabilitasnya Bentuknya yang spesifik dan ukuran sambungan yang terbesar dalam tubuh memperlihatkan kemampuannya untuk melakukan fungsi diatas. Beban yang diterima oleh lutut minimal 3 kali berat badan penggunanya dalam keadaan jalan dan 5 kali pada saat menaiki tangga. Sungguh suatu ciptaan Allah yang sangat jenius. Berdasarkan fungsi dan beban lutut, maka lutut merupakan bagian yang sangat penting untuk mobilitas manusia. Studi ini bertujuan untuk mencari konsep perancangan lutut buatan yang dapat mempertemukan aspek teknis dan operasi produk serta aspek konsumen.Perancangan ini berdasarkan pada kehendak pemakai berdasarkan survei yang dilakukan pada pengguna dan pemakai lutut buatan. Hasil perancangan ini, lutut buatan yang terbaik adalah lutut buatan yang bentuknya sesuai dengan bentuk lutut sesungguhnya.Hasil rancangan ini menjadi masukan bagi pengembangan selanjutnya untuk menghasillkan lutut buatan ideal yang diinginkan.

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ABSTRACT

Knee joint is a very dominant role in our body. This joint not only can accomodate a very high pressure but also keep the mobility and stability as well. The specific shape and the biggest joint size in the body, shows the performance to do the function. The load it got is at least 3 times of the weight of the walking body and 5 times of a body climbing a stairs. It really is a very genius God's creation. Based on the knee function and load, knee is the most important part of human mobility.

The objective of this study is to find an artificial knee design that meets technical aspect, operational product and customer need. This design based on customer needs surveys from users.

The result is: the best artificial knee is the one that has the same shape as the real knee. This become an input for the next developments to have the ideal artificial knee."

"Biomedical foams are a new class of materials, which are increasingly being used for tissue engineering applications. Biomedical Foams for Tissue Engineering Applications provides a comprehensive review of this new class of materials, whose structure can be engineered to meet the requirements of nutrient trafficking and cell and tissue invasion, and to tune the degradation rate and mechanical stability on the specific tissue to be repaired.Part one explores the fundamentals, properties, and modification of biomedical foams, including the optimal design and manufacture of biomedical foam pore structure for tissue engineering applications, biodegradable biomedical foam scaffolds, tailoring the pore structure of foam scaffolds for nerve regeneration, and tailoring properties of polymeric biomedical foams. Chapters in part two focus on tissue engineering applications of biomedical foams, including the use of bioactive glass foams for tissue engineering applications, bioactive glass and glass-ceramic foam scaffolds for bone tissue restoration, composite biomedical foams for engineering bone tissue, injectable biomedical foams for bone regeneration, polylactic acid (PLA) biomedical foams for tissue engineering, porous hydrogel biomedical foam scaffolds for tissue repair, and titanium biomedical foams for osseointegration."

"Textiles play a vital role in the manufacture of various medical devices, including the replacement of diseased, injured or non-functioning organs within the body. Biotextiles as medical implants provides an invaluable single source of information on the main types of textile materials and products used for medical implants. The first part of the book focuses on polymers, fibers and textile technologies, and these chapters discuss the manufacture, sterilization, properties and types of biotextiles used for medical applications, including nanofibers, resorbable polymers and shaped biotextiles. The chapters in part two provide a comprehensive discussion of a range of different clinical applications of biotextiles, including surgical sutures, arterial prostheses, stent grafts, percutaneous heart valves and drug delivery systems.This book provides a concise review of the technologies, properties and types of biotextiles used as medical devices. In addition, it addresses the biological dimension of how to design devices for different clinical applications."

"This volume presents the contributions of the 6th International Conference on Advancements of Medicine and Health Care through Technology-MediTech 2018, held between 17-20 October 2018 in Cluj-Napoca, Romania.The papers of this Proceedings volume present new developments in :- Health Care Technology- Medical Devices, Measurement and Instrumentation- Medical Imaging, Image and Signal Processing- Modeling and Simulation- Molecular Bioengineering- Biomechanics"

"This book provides readers with an interest in medical ceramics with the ability to start making their own glasses and glass ceramics, together with an understanding of the various factors that control the final properties of these medical and dental materials. In addition, the authors describe various industrial problems with current, clinically-used medical glass ceramics and discuss appropriate scientific solutions."

"Bone substitute biomaterials are fundamental to the biomedical sector, and have recently benefitted from extensive research and technological advances aimed at minimizing failure rates and reducing the need for further surgery. This book reviews these developments, with a particular focus on the desirable properties for bone substitute materials and their potential to encourage bone repair and regeneration.Part I covers the principles of bone substitute biomaterials for medical applications. One chapter reviews the quantification of bone mechanics at the whole-bone, micro-scale, and non-scale levels, while others discuss biomineralization, osteoductivization, materials to fill bone defects, and bioresorbable materials. Part II focuses on biomaterials as scaffolds and implants, including multi-functional scaffolds, bioceramics, and titanium-based foams. Finally, part III reviews further materials with the potential to encourage bone repair and regeneration, including cartilage grafts, chitosan, inorganic polymer composites, and marine organisms."

"One of the key challenges current biomaterials researchers face is identifying which of the dizzying number of highly specialized characterization tools can be gainfully applied to different materials and biomedical devices. Since this diverse marketplace of tools and techniques can be used for numerous applications, choosing the proper characterization tool is highly important, saving both time and resources.Characterization of biomaterials is a detailed and multidisciplinary discussion of the physical, chemical, mechanical, surface, in vitro and in vivo characterization tools and techniques of increasing importance to fundamental biomaterials research.Characterization of biomaterials will serve as a comprehensive resource for biomaterials researchers requiring detailed information on physical, chemical, mechanical, surface, and in vitro or in vivo characterization. The book is designed for materials scientists, bioengineers, biologists, clinicians and biomedical device researchers seeking input on planning on how to test their novel materials, structures or biomedical devices to a specific application. Chapters are developed considering the need for industrial researchers as well as academics."

"ABSTRAKLaporan Akhir tahap-II Penelitian Rekayasa Sendi Lutut Suatan ini merupakan kelanjutan Penelitian Tahap-I. Dalam Tahap-I dilaporkan Perancangan, Simulasi Siomekanik dan Prototyping melalui Rapid Prototyping. Pada tahap-ll dilaporkan Perancangan Proses Manufaktur dan Pembuatan Prototip Manufaktur.Perancangan proses manufaktur yang baik didefinisikan sebagai implementasi perancangan proses (pabrikasi), yang dapat menghasilkan produk (sendi lutut buatan) yang sesuai dengan rancangan yang diharapkan (geometri, material dan finishing nya) serta fenomena dalam proses manufaktur, seperti faktor penyusutan material untuk suatu proses manufaktur. Perancangan proses manufaktur juga harus mempertimbangkan beberapa faktor seperti: sifat mekanik, keakuratan dimensi dan kehalusan permukaan produk yang dihasilkan. Selain kriteria tersebut, faktor fungsi dan persyaratan khusus terhadap material yang digunakan seperti tidak mengandung racun dan tidak menimbulkan efek alergi terhadap tubuh juga harus dipertimbangkan dalam pemilihan material untuk sendi lutut buatan.Pada implementasinya proses manufaktur yang digunakan untuk memproduksi komponen sendi lutut buatan adalah pengecoran invesmen (investment casting). Pengecoran invesmen adalah salah satu proses pengecoran presisi yang mampu menghasilkan produk dengan toleransi + 0,002 in setiap 1 in, dan + 0,004 in setiap 6 in, kehalusan permukaan yang bisa dicapai sekilar 63 - 25 mikro in dan kandungan karbon 0,03 %.Setelah proses pengecoran selesai, spesimen produk diuji dengan beberapa pengujian diantaranya: uji komposisi, uji tarik, uji tekan dan uji kekerasan dengan tujuan untuk memastikan bahwa sifat makanik dari produk sesuai dengan sifat mekanik dari spek material standar yang digunakan yaitu stainless steel 316 L

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ABSTRACT

A good manufacturing process design defined as an implementation of process design (fabrication), which able to produce knee joint prostheses product that meet previous product design (geometry, material and product finish) manufacturing process phenomenon such as material shrinkage factor in relation with a selected process. Design of manufacturing process should consider the following factors: mechanical properties, dimensional accuracy, and surface roughness of the product. In addition to the above mentioned criteria's, function factor and special requirements(toxic and allergy) should be also considered in selecting the material for knee joint prostheses.

Manufacturing process applied for the implementation process of knee joint prostheses is investment casting. Investment casting is one of precision casting processes which could produce castings that have tolerance ± 0.002 inch per 1 inch, and ± 0.004 inch per 6 inch, surface roughness about 63 up to 25 pinch and carbon content 0.03 In.

After completion the casting process, the product specimen is subject to several testing procedures as follow: composition test, tensile test, compression test, and hardness test to ensure that the mechanical properties of the product meet all the mechanical properties required for stainless steel 316 L."