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"ABSTRAKInformasi mengenai pelayaran tradisional di Buton telah disinggung dalam Ligtvoet (1878), Dick (1975a, 1975b, 1985, 1987), Horridge (1979a, 1981), Hughes (1984), Evers (1985), Schoorl (1985), Liebner (1990), dan Southon (1995). Bagian terbesar dari kajian mereka, kecuali Southon, masih menempatkan pelayaran tradisional Buton dalam kerangka kajaian umum, balk secara spasial maupun tematis. Secara spasial perhatian mereka terutama diarahkan pada kegiatan pelayaran di Kepulauan Tukang Besi, terutama Wanci dan Kaledupa, kecuali Southon yang memusatkan perhatian pada Desa Gerak Makmur di Kecamatan Sampolawa, Secara tematis mereka melihat pelayaran terutama dari aspek kegiatan ekonominya, sementara aspek perkembangan dan kemundurannya masih luput dari perhatian. Studi ini mencoba mengisi "celah" tersebut dengan mencoba menganalisis tradisi maritim serta perkembangan dan kemunduran pelayaran tradisional di Buton Timur, dengan fokus perhatian pada Kecamatan Pasarwajo. Untuk keperluan ini beberapa pendekatan teori, seperti pendekatan Mentaliteit (Ladurie 1986), pendekatan ekologi (Steward 1955, Binford 1967, dan Geertz 1993), pendekatan Sea System (Braude! 1971, Chauduri 1985, Lapian 1987, Leirissa 1996), serta teori pemilihan kerja (Hommans 1961), teori modernisasi (Tipps 1973) dan teori invohrsi (Geertz 1993), digunakan untuk menganalisis masalah-masalah yang relevan. Dari hasil analisis disimpulkan bahwa orang Buton sesungguhnya berakar dari suatu masyarakat dengan tradisi maritim yang sangat kuat. Hal ini diindikasikan oleh, antara lain: (1) pola pemukirnan penduduk yang terkonsentrasi di pinggiran pantai, (2) pandangan ideologis yang menempatkan "laut" pada tataran yang seimbang dengan "darat", (3) ideologi barala yang diilhami oleh keseimbangan pada perahu bercadik ganda, (4) konsep pertahanan kerajaan yang ditekankan pada matra laut, dan (5) berkembangnya pelayaran yag secara konkrit dapat diidentifikasi sejak abad ke-17. Wilayah Buton Timur tumbuh menjadi pusat pelayaran tradisional terkait dengan (1) kondisi lingkungan geografisnya yang terdiri dari ratusan pulau, (2) keadaan alamnya yang kering dan tandus, dan (3) letak geografisnya di tengah jalur pelayaran yang menghubungkankawasan barat dan timur Indonesia. Perahu lambo -- perahu yang digunakan dalam pelayaran -- dilihat sebagai sesuatu yang bermakna simbolik. Lamho dipersepsikan seperti manusia, sehingga dalam kesetaraannya dengan rumah, dipersepsiskan sebagai "suami". Desain dan konstruksinya merupakan paduan antara desain barat dengan metode konstruksi tradisional. Pelayaran tradisional di Pasarwajo berkembang seiring dengan dinamika perkembangan sosial, ekonomi, politik, dan keamanan; baik dalam skala lokal, nasional, maupun internasional. Pembatasan-pembatasan yang didterapkan oleh Pemerintah Hindia Belanda untuk menjamin monopoli KPM, misalnya, telah membuat pelayaran tradisional makin tersisih dalam perebutan pangsa angkutan barang (dan penumpang); bahkan mengalami stagnasi sema sekali setelah masuknya Jepang pada Maret 1942 hingga Agustus 1945. Demikian pula gejolak politik selama beroperasinya DIITII di Sulawei Tenggara sepanjang tahun 1950-an dan awal 1960-an, yang terus berlanjut hingga pecahnya G.30S serta proses penumpasan dan pembersihannya sejak akhir 1965 hingga 1967. Kemajuan berarti baru dapat dicapai setelah memasuki Repelita I, ketika keadaan ekonomi, sosial, dan politik mulai membaik; dan mencapai puncaknya pada akhir dekade 1970-an hingga awal 1980-an. Namun memasuki paruh kedua dasawarsa 1980-an terjadi apa yang oleh Geertz disebut involusi, yang disebabkan terutama oleh merosotnya harga dua komoditas unggulannya, yaitu kopra dan cengkeh; adanya saingan perahu layar motor; kelangkaan kayu; terjadinya alih profesi menjadi nelayan penangkap ikan; dan kurang positifnya pandangan generasi muda terhadap pelayaran tradisional. "

"Orang Biak Numfor adalah penduduk asli Papua yang tinggal di kepulauan Biak Numfor. Sebagai masyarakat bahari, mereka memiliki kemampuan dalam pengetahuan tentang alam, astronomi dan teknologi transportasi laut. Dari berbagai sumber sejarah, baik tertulis maupun lisan, diketahui bahwa sebelum abad 15, orang Biak Numfor sudah berlayar ke bagian Barat dan Timur Papua, bahkan hingga keluar Papua. Faktor penyebab pelayaran antara lain tuntutan hidup, harta kawin, budak, aib dan ego korfandi. Namun setelah Tidore berhasil menaklukkan sebagian pantai bagian Barat dan kepala burung Papua, tujuan pelayaran mulai berubah. Perburuan budak lebih dominan. Mereka menjadi perompak Papua. Terlebih setelah Belanda berhasil menaklukkan Tidore. Wilayah perairan mereka semakin meluas hingga ke Jawa, bahkan diyakini sampai ke Malaka. Peran mereka semakin menurun seiring dengan bangkitnya perompak Tobelo pada abad 19. Secara garis besar, jalur penyaluran mereka dimulai dari kepulauan Biak Numfor, selanjutnya menyusuri tanah besar Papua ke bagian Barat dan Timur. Pelayaran ini menyebabkan banyak orang Biak Numfor kemudian tinggal dan menetap di berbagai daerah lain di luar kepulauan Biak Numfor. Persebaran penduduk Biak Numfor ini berdampak pada terciptanya hubungan emosional nasionalisme kebanggan Indonesia, sehingga muncul pergerakan kebangsaan di Biak pada tahun 1948."

"Summary: History of maritime in Indonesia."

"People from Buton, Southeast Sulawesi, have for centuries migrated to Ambon for work, there forming one of the most prominent communities of 'pendatang' along with the Bugis. Since the beginning of the recent conflicts in Maluku, official figures indicate that over 160,000people have returned to Buton (previous population 450,000) as refugees. This paper discusses the identity of these refugees and how the term 'refugee' may be misleading. Some of the 'refugees', who often ask to be referred to as 'returned migrants', had retained strong connections with their villages in Buton while they were living in Ambon. Their integration back into Butonese society after their flight from the conflict in Ambon poses, however, a number of serious challenges, especially for those born in Ambon. Having always been called 'Butonese' in Ambon, the returned migrants are often referred to as 'Ambonese' after their return to Buton and they often find it hard to adjust to life in Buton. This paper is based on fieldwork currently being undertaken in the village of Boneoge, Buton. I will discuss some aspects of the lives of the returned migrants in Buton, including their interactions with other Butonese people, as well as some of their perspectives on their own experiences. In Buton; perspectives on their identity are thus being expressed and contested through issues such as use of local languages, dance parties, and contested land rights. Their memories of life in Ambon, and of the conflict, also play a role in their constructions of identity, and in how they respond to challenges intheir lives in Buton now. Here memory is seen as a constructive process, which is culturally influenced, structured by narratives, and adapted to a context."

"This article examines a dispute over proper religious practice in an all-Muslim village in Buton, Southeast Sulawesi. Traditionalists and modernists disagree over whether agricultural ceremonies involving offerings for territorial spirits should be allowed to continue. Local views on this dispute are explored with reference to the historical context of religious practice in the village, and processes of social change over the past several generations. It is argued that key social, political and economic dynamics which are relevant to the current religious dispute include the decline of agriculture in the village, the eclipsing of the Butonese Sultanate and integration into the Indonesian state, and new patterns of mobility whereby many villagers have become migrants to urban centers in eastern Indonesia. Thus it traces how processes of the increasing penetration of capitalism, the decline of traditional authority, and new patterns of mobility have played out in this particular village in the context of a dispute over religious practice."

"Buton manuscripts indicated that Buton Kingdom appeared in 14th Century. In the periods of the 17 th, 18th, and 19th centuries, Buton Kingdom initiated to be the free kingdom. In the begining of 20th , dutch colonial goverment incorporated that the Buton kingdom and placed it under their rule. The principles were laid down based on the social cultural in eceonomic development. Relation to be governed especially are in the field of education, health, and economy. In 1960, Buton kingdom was dissolved following the death of Sultan Laode Muhammad Falihi as the last sultan. During the kingdom era, Buton social system consisted of three groups namelly kaomu, walaka, and papara. The system was established as power of ideology in Buton social political system in the era of goverment the fourth Sultan Dayanu Ikhsanuddin in 1578-1615. The Katobengke people as the subject and object of this paper belong to papara group. In the era of Buton Kingdom, the society was dominated by kaomu and walaka groups. This condition existed until the new order era, where in this period the dominant groups still have cultural and stereotype views toward this people as ini the era Buton kingdom. This paper focuses on the phenomena of power in the dynamic Buton?s social structure. In the Buton social structure, kaomu and walaka groups claimed them selves as the groups who have higher civilization in comparation with the Katobengke people, until today."

"This article describes the relationship between power, history and identity in the processof division North Buton of Muna. In this article the presence of North Buton identity is seen asa phenomenon that refers to the identity of reproduction historical narrative where Kulisusuin historical context has a power relationship with the kingdom of Buton which lasted fromthe 17th century. This study found; that the presence of North Buton identity is a product ofdiscourse that legitimized by indigenous groups who identify themselves as descendants ofthe founder of the kingdom Kulisusu. it means that the identity of North Buton formed dueto higher power structures Barata Kulisusu surviving in culture Kulisusu People. This studyalso found that reproductive identity North Buton a political attempt to discover the identityof distinguishing between Kulisusu and People Muna (identity as a weapon of resistance).This distinctive identity in turn managed to attract popular support for the masses who feelconnected to that identity."