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"ABSTRACTA study on Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD) and intellectual performance of the school-children has been done in Malang District, East Java, in December 1994. This study covered 11 villages within 5 sub districts, three of which have volcanic soil and two have limestone soil. Totally 544 school-children aged 8- 10 years old, from 22 public primary schools were measured. Villages selection was done with the aim to describe the overall extent and severity of IDD among school-children by using different methods of assessment. Methods of assessment were palpation, ultrasonography, urinary iodine excretion (UIE) and the serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) level. Culture Fair Intelligence Test were used to assess the intelligence quotient (IQ) points. The Total Goiter Rate (TGR) for the whole survey area as indicated both by palpation and ultrasound measurement were revealed 35.7 % and 54.8 % respectively. According to WHO criteria, the survey area categorized as "Severe" (TGR >=30%) as indicated by either palpation or ultrasound measurement. In contrast, the survey area categorized as "Mild" based on both UIE and TSH level (Median UIE = 5.50 ag/dl, TSH >5 mU/l = 3.4 %) Goiter, either determined by palpation or USG, was significantly associated with IQ points of the subjects ( p < 0.001 and p < 0.01 respectively). The association between median of UIE and IQ points of the subjects were also significant (p < 0.001). TSH level was not necessarily associated with either IQ points of the subjects or another IDD indicators. It is concluded that two of the IDD indicators (goiter and UIE) were significantly associated with the level of intelligence of the school-children, which reflected the quality of life of the people. Therefore, the intervention is urgently needed. "

"A cross-sectional study was conducted in eight villages of Paninggahan Puskesmas catchment area in Solok district, West Sumatra province during March 1996. Its main objective was to investigate the relationship between iodine supplementation and IDD status among school age children in endemic goiter area.

A total of 238 children aged between 8 - 10 years from 8 public elementary schools were recruited into the study. Methods of assessment were palpation of thyroid gland, measurement of UIE level, determination of iodine level in salt and drinking water, weight and height, and interviews to determine the actual iodized oil capsule coverage. In addition, samples of environmental water was collected to assess its iodine content.

The survey area was categorized as mild 1DD area based on goiter rate, i.e. 19% (all were in grade 1). Median UIE level indicated that the subjects had been in iodine-replete condition (13.1 pg/dl). Iodine in salt was 14.4 t 9 ppm and iodine in drinking water was 11.7 t 8.2 pg/L. Mean of iodine level in the environmental water (river, well, and lake) was relatively high (12.2 t 4.7 pgfL). Iodized oil capsule coverage was 61%, and 55% of those children received their latest capsule less than one year at the time of the study. The surveyed children had low nutritional status based on anthropometric measurement, which was shown by the -high prevalence of stunting (36%), underweight (31%), and wasting (5%). There was no association between anthropometric indices and goiter.

The three types of iodine supplementation, i.e.: iodized oil capsule, iodized salt, and iodinated water were not associated with goiter rate, while iodine level in salt - although below the recommended level - was significantly associated-with -UiE level, suggesting that efforts to -attain the universal-salt iodization should be encouraged. The relatively high iodine level in environmental water implied sufficient iodine sources in the area, therefore factors other than iodine deficiency might play an important role in the 1DD status of the surveyed population."

"[ABSTRAKPendahuluan. Irigasi dan debridement yang adekuat dinilai sebagai faktor yang paling menentukan dalam pencegahan infeksi pada fraktur terbuka. Povidone Iodine dan hidrogen peroksida sering digunakan sebagai adjuvant pada proses irigasi untuk membunuh mikroorganisme dan menurunkan angka infeksi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menilai pengaruh povidone iodine dan hidrogen peroksida terhadap penyembuhan fraktur dan reaksi jaringan yang terjadi.Metode. Empat puluh ekor tikus Sprague Dawley jantan dialokasikan acak ke dalam kelompok perlakuan, yaitu; kelompok I (kontrol), kelompok II (povidone iodine 10%), kelompok III (povidone iodine 1%), dan kelompok IV (hidrogen peroksida 3%). Pada minggu pertama, kedua, dan kelima masing-masing dikorbankan 3 ekor tikus pada setiap kelompok. Evaluasi penyembuhan fraktur dilakukan dengan histomorfometri menggunakan program ImageJ®, variabel yang dinilai meliputi; persentase jaringan fibrosa, jaringan tulang rawan, dan jaringan penulangan pada kalus. Reaksi jaringan dinilai dari jumlah sel limfosit dan makrofag yang dinilai secara semikuantitatif. Analisis statistik dilakukan dengan uji ANCOVA dilanjutkan dengan uji post hoc Dunnett.Hasil. Persentase luas jaringan penulangan terbanyak ditemukan pada kelompok III, diikuti oleh kelompok I, kelompok IV, dan kelompok II. Persentase luas jaringan fibrosa terbanyak ditemukan pada kelompok II, diikuti oleh kelompok IV, kelompok I, dan kelompok III. Reaksi jaringan terbesar ditemukan pada kelompok II, diikuti oleh kelompok IV, kelompok III, dan kelompok I. Pada uji ANCOVA ditemukan perbedaan antar kelompok yang bermakna. Pada uji Dunnett terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna antara kelompok II dan IV terhadap kontrol.Simpulan. Povidone iodine 1% menunjukkan gangguan penyembuhan fraktur dan reaksi jaringan yang minimal.

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ABSTRACTIntroduction. Adequate irrigation and debridement are important factors to prevent infection in open fractures. Povidone iodine and hydrogen peroxide are adjuvants often used in irrigation to kill microorganisms and prevent infections. This study aims to determine the effect of povidone iodine and hydrogen peroxide on fracture healing and also reaction of host tissue to their presence.Methods. Fourty male Sprague Dawley rats were allocated randomly into group I (control), group II (10% povidone iodine), group III (1% povidone iodine), and group IV (3% hydrogen peroxide). Three rats on each group were sacrificed on the first, second, and fifth week. Evaluation of fracture healing was done by histomorphometry using ImageJ®, variables measured were; percentage of fibrous tissue, cartilage tissue, and osseous tissue in fracture callus. Reaction of host tissue was analyzed by semiquantative evaluation of lymphocytes and macrophages. Statistical analysis was performed with ANCOVA test followed by Dunnett post hoc test.Results. The highest percentage of osseous tissue was found in group III, followed by Group I, Group IV and Group II. The highest percentage of fibrous tissue was found in group II, followed by group IV, group I, and group III. The largest tissue reaction was found in group II, followed by group IV, group III, and group I. In ANCOVA test, there was significant difference found between groups. In Dunnett test, significant differences were found between group II and IV to control.Conclusion. One percent povidone iodine caused minimal impairment of fracture healing and host tissue reaction., Introduction. Adequate irrigation and debridement are important factors to prevent infection in open fractures. Povidone iodine and hydrogen peroxide are adjuvants often used in irrigation to kill microorganisms and prevent infections. This study aims to determine the effect of povidone iodine and hydrogen peroxide on fracture healing and also reaction of host tissue to their presence.Methods. Fourty male Sprague Dawley rats were allocated randomly into group I (control), group II (10% povidone iodine), group III (1% povidone iodine), and group IV (3% hydrogen peroxide). Three rats on each group were sacrificed on the first, second, and fifth week. Evaluation of fracture healing was done by histomorphometry using ImageJ®, variables measured were; percentage of fibrous tissue, cartilage tissue, and osseous tissue in fracture callus. Reaction of host tissue was analyzed by semiquantative evaluation of lymphocytes and macrophages. Statistical analysis was performed with ANCOVA test followed by Dunnett post hoc test.Results. The highest percentage of osseous tissue was found in group III, followed by Group I, Group IV and Group II. The highest percentage of fibrous tissue was found in group II, followed by group IV, group I, and group III. The largest tissue reaction was found in group II, followed by group IV, group III, and group I. In ANCOVA test, there was significant difference found between groups. In Dunnett test, significant differences were found between group II and IV to control.Conclusion. One percent povidone iodine caused minimal impairment of fracture healing and host tissue reaction.]"

"Latar Belakang: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-2019) disebabkan oleh severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) dan menjadi tantangan karena menyebar luas secara cepat. Jumlah virus SARS-CoV-2 ditemukan tinggi pada awal infeksi di rongga mulut dan saluran pernapasan bagian atas. Tindakan bedah di rongga mulut memiliki potensi tinggi untuk transmisi SARS-CoV-2. American Dental Association (ADA) dan Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) merekomendasikan berkumur hidrogen peroksida 1,5% atau iodin povidon 0,2% sebelum tindakan medis. Mengurangi jumlah virus di saluran pernapasan bagian atas pada awal infeksi menurunkan keparahan perkembangan penyakit dan risiko transmisi. Nilai cycle threshold (CT) dari hasil pemeriksaan real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) merepresentasikan secara semikuantitatif viral load. Tujuan Penelitian: Menganalisis pengaruh berkumur iodin povidon 1% dan hidrogen peroksida 3% terhadap nilai CT RT-PCR SARS-CoV-2. Metode Penelitian: 45 subjek penelitian diambil dari pasien Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Persahabatan yang terinfeksi SARS-CoV-2 sesuai kriteria inklusi dan ekslusi. Subjek penelitian dibagi ke dalam kelompok iodin povidon 1%, kelompok hidrogen peroksida 3%, dan kelompok kontrol. Subjek penelitian berkumur 30 detik di rongga mulut dan 30 detik di tenggorokan belakang dengan 15 ml sebanyak 3 kali sehari selama 5 hari. Analisis nilai CT dilakukan melalui pemeriksaan RT-PCR pada hari ke-1, hari ke-3, dan hari ke-5 setelah berkumur. Hasil: Didapatkan perbedaan bermakna pada hasil uji Friedman dan tampak peningkatan nilai CT RT-PCR mulai dari awal, hari ke-1, hari ke-3, dan hari ke- 5 pada keseluruhan kelompok dan masing-masing kelompok perlakuan. Hasil uji Post- Hoc dengan Wilcoxon menunjukkan perbedaan bermakna pada keseluruhan kelompok hari nilai CT RT-PCR dari keseluruhan kelompok dan kelompok iodin povidon 1%. Perbedaan bermakna sebagian besar kelompok hari nilai CT RT-PCR ditemukan dari hasil uji Post-Hoc dengan Wilcoxon pada kelompok hidrogen peroksida 3% dan kelompok kontrol, kecuali antara hari ke-1 dengan hari ke-3 dan antara hari ke-3 dengan hari ke-5 pada kelompok hidrogen peroksida 3% dan antara hari ke-3 dengan hari ke-5 pada kelompok kontrol. Peningkatan tertinggi nilai CT RT-PCR awal hingga hari ke-1 ditemukan pada kelompok hidrogen peroksida 3%, sedangkan antara hari ke-1 hingga ke-3 dan hari ke-3 hingga hari ke-5 ditemukan pada kelompok iodin povidon 1%. Usia dan jenis kelamin ditemukan tidak memiliki hubungan yang bermakna terhadap perubahan nilai CT RT-PCR. Kesimpulan: Berkumur iodin povidon 1% dan hidrogen peroksida 3% berpengaruh terhadap peningkatan nilai CT RT-PCR SARS-CoV-2. Peningkatan tertinggi nilai CT RT-PCR awal hingga hari ke-1 ditemukan pada kelompok hidrogen peroksida 3%, sedangkan antara hari ke-1 hingga ke-3 dan hari ke-3 hingga hari ke-5 ditemukan pada kelompok iodin povidon 1%.

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Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-2019) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and poses a challenge because it can spread rapidly. The number of SARS-CoV-2 was found to be high at the beginning of infection in the oral cavity and upper respiratory tract. Surgery in the oral cavity poses high transmission risk of SARS-CoV-2. The American Dental Association (ADA) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommend the use of mouthrinse either 1.5% hydrogen peroxide or 0.2% povidone iodine before commencing any surgical treatment. Reducing the viral load in the upper respiratory tract at the early of infection may decrease the severity of disease progression and the risk of transmission. The cycle threshold (CT) value from the real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) examination semi-quantitatively represents the viral load.

Objective: To analyze the effect of mouthrinsing and gargling with 1% povidone iodine and 3% hydrogen peroxide on the CT value of SARS-CoV-2.

Methods: 45 subjects were patients recruited from Persahabatan General Hospital infected with SARS-CoV-2 according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The subjects were divided into 1% povidone iodine group, the 3% hydrogen peroxide group, and the control group. The subjects were instructed to rinse their mouths for 30 seconds and gargle for 30 seconds at the back of the throat with 15 mL of the mouthrinse 3 times a day for 5 days. Analysis of CT values were carried out using RT-PCR on day 1, day 3 and day 5 after mouthrinsing and gargling.

Results: Significant differences were found in the results of the Friedman test, and the CT value demonstrated increases from the initial, day 1, day 3 and day 5 in the whole group and each group. The results of the Post-Hoc test with Wilcoxon showed significant differences in the whole day group of the CT value of the whole group and the 1% povidone iodine group. Significant differences in most of the day group were found from the results of the Post-Hoc test with Wilcoxon in the 3% hydrogen peroxide group and the control group, except between day 1 and day 3 and between day 3 and day 5 in the 3% hydrogen peroxide group and between day 3 and day 5 in the control group. The highest increase in the initial CT value until day 1 was found in the 3% hydrogen peroxide group, while the increase between days 1 to 3 and day 3 to day 5 was found in the 1% povidone iodine group. Age and gender showed no significant correlation with changes in CT values.

Conclusion: Mouthrinsing and gargling with 1% povidone iodine and 3% hydrogen peroxide were found to increase the CT value of SARS-CoV-2. The highest increase in the initial CT value until day 1 was found in the 3% hydrogen peroxide group, while between days 1 to 3 and day 3 to day 5 was found in the 1% povidone iodine group."

"Studi diagnostik tes garam cepat dan titrasi garam terhadap kadar yodium dalam urin sebagai upaya monitonng program penanggulangan GAKY di Indonesia merupakan ana/isis lanjut Riskesdas 2007 sebagai baseline data kesehatan d1 Indonesia. Sampel dipilih secara purposive yakni rumah tangga dari 30 kabupatenlkota yang tercakup dalam suNey sebelumnya (SGY 2003). Hasil ana/isis menunjukkan ada hubungan antara titrasi garam dengan urin intake excretion (UIE) dengan kuat hubungan 7.3% dan hubungan tersebut dapat dije/askan sebesar 0,5%. Uji Chi-square menunjukkan ada perbedaan yang signifikan kadar UIE menu rut tes garam cepat (p=O, 000), dengan peningkatan faktor resiko temadap kandungan yodium dalam urin (OR= 1, 762). Demikian juga untuk kadar UIE menurut titrasi garam yang juga menunjukkan perbedaan yang signifikan (p=0,001 ; OR=1, 740). Tes Anova menunjukkan ada perbedaan yang signifikan kadar UtE menu rut titrasi garam (p=0,019). Mean UtE dengan titrasi cukup yodium = 274,73 meg dan kurang yodium=248,38 meg; sebaliknya tes garam cepat menunjukkan tidak ada perbedaan. Penggunaan tes garam cepat maupun titrasi garam memberikan hasil signifikan temadap UtE. Tes garam cepat memiliki nilai yang /ebih sensitif daripada titrasi garam, tetapi titrasi garam memiliki angka yang lebih spesifik. Namun demikian, penggunaan tes garam cepat secara ekonomis jauh lebih murah dan mudah dibandingkan titrasi garam. Sebagai rekomendasi, tes garam cepat bemubungan dengan U/E sehingga dapat digunakan untuk prediksi kadar UIE yang lebih murah dan mudah dilakukan. Penggunaan tes garam cepat untuk penilaian kadungan yodium garam di masyarakat cukup signifikan, sensitif serta efisien dibandingkan dengan uji titrasi, sehingga dapat direkomendasikan sebagai metode yang cukup ap/ikabel dimasa yang akan datang."

"Saat ini depresi memiliki prevalensi cukup tinggi di dunia. Salah satu penyebabnya adalah hipotiroid akibat tidak cukupnya asupan yodium.Tujuan: Mengetahui hubungan konsumsi yodium terhadap tingkat depresi pada wanita usia 18-25 tahun di RSUD Pasar Minggu.Metode: Penelitian menggunakan desain cross-sectional dengan studi analitik observasional. Responden berjumlah 87 wanita usia 18-25 tahun dan memenuhi kriteria penelitian. Data asupan yodium diperoleh melalui kuesioner semi-kuantitatif frekuensi makanan tinggi yodium dengan wawancara. Hasilnya dianalisis menggunakan Nutrisurvey for Windows. Pengukuran tingkat depresi menggunakan kuesioner HDRS dengan wawancara.Hasil: Asupan yodium responden yang sesuai dengan rekomendasi adalah 90,9 . Proporsi penderita depresi berjumlah 80,5. Hasil uji Anova dan post-hoc Bonferroni menunjukkan adanya hubungan secara klinis dan statistik antara konsumsi yodium dengan tingkat depresi pada kelompok normal dengan depresi ringan p=0,002, normal dengan depresi sedang p=0,004 , dan normal dengan depresi berat p=0,008. Di sisi lain, terdapat hubungan klinis antara konsumsi yodium dengan tingkat depresi pada kelompok depresi ringan dengan sedang, depresi ringan dengan berat, dan depresi sedang dengan berat.Diskusi: Dapat disimpulkan terdapat hubungan konsumsi yodium dengan tingkat depresi.Kata kunci:Konsumsi yodium, tingkat depresi, wanita, 18-25 tahun.

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Currently, depression has a fairly high prevalence in the world. One of the reasons is hypothyroid due to inadequate intake of iodine.

Objective: To determine the relation of iodine consumption with depression level in women aged 18 25 years in Pasar Minggu Hospital.

Methods: The research used a cross sectional design with observational method. The respondents were 87 women aged 18 25 years and suited criteria. Data iodine was obtained using semi quantitative food frequency questionnaire of high iodine. The result is analyzed using Nutrisurvey for Windows. The depression levels were measured using HDRS questionnaire.

Results: 90,9 of respondents had iodine intake as recommended. The proportion of depression is 80.5. The results of ANOVA and post hoc Bonferroni showed a clinical and statistic relations between consumption of iodine with depression levels in normal group with mild depression p 0.002, normal with moderate depression p 0.004, and normal with severe depression p 0.008 . Whereas, there is a clinical relation between the consumption of iodine with level of depression in the mild group with moderate depression, mild with severe depression, and moderate with severe depression.

Discussion: It can be concluded that there is a relation of iodine consumption with level of depression."

"Gangguan Akibat Kekurangan Yodium (GAKY) merupakan masalah kesehatan yang perlu ditangani secara serius di Indonesia, karena sangat berpengaruh terhadap perkembangan mental dan dapat menurunkan kualitas sumber daya manusia.Propinsi Sumatera Barat adalah salah satu daerah endemik "sedang" di Indonesia dengan prevalensi gondok/ Total Goiter Rate (TGR) sebesar 20,5%. Angka ini sangat tinggi bila dibandingkan dengan angka Nasional sebesar 9,8%. Sementara target yang hendak dicapai adalah kurang dari 5% pada tahun 2010. Dalam rangka penanggulangan dampak GARY, pemerintah Propinsi Sumatera Barat melalui Kepala Bappeda telah mengeluarkan Surat Keputusan Nomor:414/8/0811/PKSDMPK/Bappeda-2003 tentang Tim Penanggulangan GAKY di Propinsi Sumatera Barat.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh informasi tentang gambaran dan faktor-faktor yang mendukung kinerja tim penanggulangan GAKY di Propinsi Sumatera Barat tahun 2003, dengan pendekatan sistem meliputi: Input struktur organisasi, aspek hukum dan kebijakan, tenaga, sarana pendukung dan biaya), Proses (koordinasi tim, pembagian tugas dan kewenangan, rencana kerja tim, pembinaan, monitoring dan evaluasi) dan Output (dokumen koordinasi, notulen pertemuan, dokumen pembagian tugas dan kewenangan, dokumen rencana kerja, dokumen pembinaan dan dokumen evaluasi).Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tim penanggulangan GAKY Propinsi Sumatera Barat tahun 2005 belum berfungsi secara optimal sebagai organisasi.Berdasarkan hasil peneliuan yang dilakukan maka disarankan kepada Dinas Kesehatan Propinsi dan Kabupaten/Kota agar melakukan pembenahan internal dengan pembinaan personil, melakukan manajemen secara transparans, melakukan advokasi. Terhadap Tim GAKY disarankan agar menterjemahkan Surat keputusan tentang Tim GAKY sebagai pedoman pelaksanaan kegiatan, membuat rencana kerja dan melakukan rakor secara berkala, merumuskan indikator dan kriteria masing-masing komponen tim, melakukan kajian dan evaluasi terhadap komponen dan proses koordinasi serta memberikan umpan balik kepada masing-masing unsur yang terlibat dalam upaya penanggulangan dampak GAKY di Propinsi Sumatera Barat tahun 2003. Selanjutnya Kepada Pemda dan DPRD Propinsi Sumatera Barat diharapkan dapat memberikan dukungan sehingga upaya penanggulangan GAKY di Propinsi Sumatera Barat dapat terlaksana dengan baik."

"Tujuan : Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengamati ketahanan korosi dari TAD berbahan SS setelah pemaparan pada tiga jenis larutan kumur yang berbeda yang ditinjau dari permukaan topografi dan komposisi atomik. Metode : 28 unit TAD berbahan Stainless Steel dibagi secara merata ke dalam 4 kelompok larutan kumur (sodium fluoride 0,2%, povidone iodine 1%, kitosan 1,5%, dan air destilasi) yang masing-masing terdiri dari 7 unit TAD. Setelah 3 bulan perendaman dilakukan evaluasi ketahanan korosi material TAD SS menggunakan scanning electrone microscope (SEM) untuk melihat topografi permukaan dan energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) untuk melihat komposisi atomik pada permukaan logam TAD SS. Hasil : Uji SEM menunjukkan tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna antara permukaan TAD SS setelah pemaparan dalam larutan sodium fluoride, povidone iodine, dan larutan kontrol (air destilasi) yaitu permukaan menjadi kasar dan terbentuk korosi lubang/intergranular. Namun pada TAD SS yang direndam dalam larutan kitosan hanya mengalami perubahan permukaan menjadi kasar tanpa disertai korosi lubang/intergranular. Sementara uji EDS menunjukkan tidak terdapat perbedaan antara komposisi atomik TAD berbahan logam stainless steel setelah dipaparkan dalam larutan Fluoride, povidone iodine, kitosan, dan air destilasi (kontrol). Kesimpulan : Perendaman TAD SS 316L pada ketiga larutan kumur memicu proses korosi yang terlihat dari kekasaran permukaan logam paska perendaman, dengan larutan sodium fluoride dan povidone iodine bersifat lebih korosif, sementara larutan kitosan yang paling tidak korosif. TAD SS 316L memiliki biokompatibilitas yang baik terlihat dari pelepasan ion nikel dan kromium yang minimal pada seluruh sampel TAD SS paska perendaman.

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Objectives : This study aims to evaluate the corrosion resistance of stainless steel TAD after immersion in three mouthwash solutions marked by topography surface and atomic composition. Methods : 28 unit stainless steel TADs were divided into 4 group of mouthwashes (0,2% sodium fluoride, 1% povidone iodine, 1,5% chitosan, and distilled water as control group) each consisting of 7 TADs. After 3 months of immersion, the corrosion resistance of SS TAD will be evaluated using scanning electron microscope (SEM) to analyze the surface topography and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) to analyze the atomic composition. Results: SEM images showed no significant difference between the surface topography of SS TAD after immersion in sodium fluoride, povidone iodine, and distilled water as they exhibit surface roughness and the presence of pitting/intergranular corrosion. However, SS TAD immersed in chitosan solution only displayed surface roughness without any sign of pitting/intergranular corrosion. EDS examination showed no significant difference between the atomic composition of SS TAD immersed in all mouthwash solutions. Conclusions : Immersion of SS TAD 316L in three different mouthwashes induced corrosion process which is shown by the surface roughness after 3 months of immersion. Sodium fluoride and povidone iodine mouthwash have shown to be more corrosive, while chitosan mouthwash was the least corrosive. SS TAD 316L displayed good biocompatibility which is shown by minimal release of nickel and chromium ions on all TAD samples after immersion"