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"Infark miokard akut (IMA) telah menjadi sebab utama kematian di negara Barat maupun di Indonesia. Keterlambatan diagonis dan tatalaksana dini yang salah seringkali mengakibatkan kegagalan reperfusi dengan trombolitik. Dokter umum sebagai lini kesehatan pertama harus dibekali dengan ketrampilan mendiagnosis dan juga menangani IMA. Dalam tulisan ini dilaporkan kasus gagal terapi trombolitik pada pria usia 47 tahun setelah tujuh jam mengalami nyeri dada angina, yang telah sebelumnya ditangani oleh dokter umum. (Med J Indones 2005; 14:249-52)

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Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) has been the leading cause of death in Western countries, as well as in Indonesia. Delay in diagnosis and incorrect early management often result in failure of thrombolytic reperfusion. General practitioner (GP) as the primary care, needs to be equipped with the ability to diagnose and moreover to manage AMI. A case of fail thrombolytic management in a 47 years old man after seven hours of angina typical chest pain, after previously managed by GP, is being reported. (Med J Indones 2005; 14:249-52)"

"Angka kematian pada pasien dengan infark miokardium akut (IMA) telah menurun secara signifikan oleh karena strategi terapi reperfusi saat ini. Terapi reperfusi dapat berakibat pada cedera reperfusi. Oleh karena itu, tatalaksana pada pasien ini menghadapi tantangan baru dalam hal diagnosis dan tatalaksana gagal jantung, identifikasi kondisi iskemia, estimasi keperluan antikoagulan, dan penilaian risiko kardiovaskular secara menyeluruh. Ilustrasi kasus ini akan menunjukkan pengaruh magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) kardiak dalam penilaian patofisiologi IMA pada era terapi reperfusi. MRI kardiak akan memberikan informasi berguna yang akan membantu para klinisi dalam tatalaksana dan pemilihan strategi terapi spesifik pada pasien IMA.

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AbstractMortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) has decreased significantly and appears to be the result of current reperfusion therapeutic strategies. Reperfusion itself may develop into reperfusion injury. Therefore, management of these patients poses several challenges, such as diagnosing and managing heart failure, identifying persistent or inducible ischaemia, estimating the need for anticoagulation, and assessing overall cardiovascular risk. This case presentation will demonstrate the impact of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the assessment of the pathophysiology of AMI inthe current reperfusion era. Cardiac MRI can provide a wide range of clinically useful information which will help clinicians to manage and choose specific therapeutic strategies for AMI patients."

"Telah dilakukan penelitian retrospektif terhadap pasien infark miokard akut (IMA) yang dirawat di ICCU RSUPN Dr Cipto Mangunkusumo, Jakarta antara Januari 1994 sampai Desember 1999. Dari 513 pasien yang dirawat dengan IMA, 227 pasien adalah usia lanjut, di mana 35,2 % dari mereka adalah wanita. Sebagian besar IMA usia lanjut mengeluh nyeri dada yang khas seperti pada pada kelompok usia muda. Pasien IMA usia lanjut cenderung terlambat datang ke rumah sakit dan lebih banyak menderita IMA gelombang Q. Faktor risiko diabetes melitus dan hipertensi lebih sering dijumpai pada usia lanjut. Prevalensi fibrilasi atrial dan mortalitas lebih tinggi pada usia lanjut. (Med J Indones 2003; 12: 229-35)

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A retrospective study were performed in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) that hospitalized in ICCU Cipto Mangunkusumo hospital, Jakarta during the period of January 1994 until Decmber 1999. There were 513 patients hospitalized with MCI, 227 patients (44.2%) were classified as elderly, and 35.2% of them were female. Most of the elderly AMI patients reported typical chest pain just like their younger counterparts. Elderly AMI patients tend to come later to the hospital, and more Q-wave myocardial infarction were identified compared to non-Q-wave myocardial infarction. Risk factors of diabetes mellitus and hypertension were more common among the elderly. The prevalence of atrial fibrillation and the mortality rate were higher among elderly AMI patients. (Med J Indones 2003; 12: 229-35)"

"Dijumpainya late potential (LP) pada penderita-penderita pasca Infark Miokard Aleut (IMA) sangat berhubungan dengan meningkatnya risiko takikardia ventrikel (Ventricular tachycardia=VT) dan kematian jantung mendadak. Trombolisis telah terbukti menurunkan kematian. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menilai pengaruh terapi trombolisis terhadap kejadian LP. Dilakukan penelitian prospektif observasional terhadap 60 penderita IMA pertama, secara konsekutif di RS Jantung Harapan Kita dan RS Pusat Pertamina pada periode 20 Oktober 1995 sampai dengan 20 April 1996. Sebanyak tiga puluh penderita (semua laki-laki, rata-rata umur 49,1 ± 5,6 tahun) mendapat streptokinase intra vena (kelompok trombolisis) dan sebanyak 30 penderita lainnya (semua laki-laki, rata-rata umur 50,7 ± 5,7 tahun) mendapat pengobatan konservatif saja (kelompok non trombolisis). Pemeriksaan kateterisasi koroner dilakukan terhadap 26 (70 %) penderita dari kelompok trombolisis dan 15 (50 %) penderita kelompok non trombolisis. LP diperiksa menurut metode Simson (time domain analysis), menggunakan mesin Marquette Electronic type 15.

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The presence of late potential (LP) in patients after Myocardial Aleut Infarction (IMA) is strongly associated with an increased risk of ventricular tachycardia (Ventricular tachycardia = VT) and sudden cardiac death. Thrombolysis has been shown to lower mortality. The purpose of this study is to assess the effect of thrombolysis therapy on the incidence of LP. An observational prospective study was conducted on the first 60 IMA patients, consequentially at Harapan Kita Heart Hospital and Pertamina Central Hospital in period from October 20, 1995 to April 20, 1996. A total of thirty patients (all males, average age 49.1 ± 5.6 years) received intravenous streptokinase (thrombolysis group) and as many as 30 other patients (all men, average age 50.7 ± 5.7 years) received conservative treatment only (non-thrombolysis group). Coronary catheterization examination was carried out on 26 (70%) patients from the thrombolysis group and 15 (50%) patients from the non-thrombolysis group. LP was examined according to the Samson method (time domain analysis), using a Marquette Electronic type 15 machine."

"Despite improvements in the outcome of patients with acute myocardial infarction during the last three decades, room for improvement exists in the elderly patients and in patients who are not candidates for throm-bolysis. Statistical analysis of randomized trials of magnesium in myocardial infarction reveals a gradient of response. When higher risk patients were enrolled, a greater benefit of magnesium was observed; progressively smaller benefits of magnesium occur as control group mortality approached 7%, at which point no benefit was detected. Although the ISIS-4 study enrolled more than 58,000 patients, no reduction in mortality was seen, probably as a result of low control group mortality and relatively late administration of magnesium. Because the potential benefits of magnesium in myocardial infarction remains an open question, additional trials are needed before this inexpensive and early-administered therapy is prematurely cast aside."

"Evidence from epidemiologic studies suggests that periodontal diseases may exert a weak to moderate influence on the severity and course of coronary heart disease. The aim of this study was to investigate whether an association between chronic oral infections and the presence of an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) exists. A total of 248 patients after AMI and 249 healthy controls were recruited for this study. The oral assessment included caries frequency (DMFT indices), number of teeth, probing pocket depths, bleeding on probing, clinical attachment level, as well as radiographs to diagnose apical lesions. The medical examination included a blood analysis, e.g. the determination of the serum concentration of C-reactive protein (CRP). The data analysis showed statistically significant differences between AMI patients and the controls with regard to number of missing teeth (p = 0.001), DMFT index (p = 0.001) and presence of apical lesions of endodontic origin (p = 0.001). Logistic regression showed that the probability of having lesions of endodontic origin was with an odds ratio of 1.54 (95 % CI 1.10-2.16; p = 0.012) considerably higher in the AMI patient group. Likewise, the AMI patients had with an odds ratio of 1.21 (95 % CI 1.14-1.28; p < 0.001) a higher number of missing teeth. The data from the blood analysis, in particular the CRP values, showed no significant correlation with the number of apical lesions. The results of the present study underline that patients, who have experienced a myocardial infarction, had more missing teeth and a higher number of inflammatory processes, especially of endodontic origin, than healthy patients."

"ABSTRAKLatar Belakang: Prevalensi gagal jantung semakin meningkat per tahun, 60-70% disebabkan penyakit jantung koroner (PJK). Beberapa faktor risiko penyebab gagal jantung yaitu DM, hipertensi, obesitas, sindrom metabolik, dan aterosklerosis. Patofisologi gagal jantung sangat kompleks dan melibatkan banyak sistem, terjadi hipermetabolisme yang dapat menyebabkan penurunanberat badan dan memicu terjadinya malnutrisi. Keadaan gagal jantung dekompensasi akut karena infark miokard lama membutuhkan penanganan segera di RS untuk menghindari komplikasi lebih lanjut.Metode: Laporan serial kasus ini memaparkan empat kasus pasien gagal jantung dekompensasi akut karena infark miokard lama, berusia antara 41 hingga 70 tahun, dan tiga diantaranya dengan riwayat DM tipe II. Semua pasien memerlukan dukungan nutrisi, tiga pasien memiliki status gizi obesitas dan satu pasien berat badan normal. Masalah berkaitan erat pada nutrisi keempat pasien adalah hipoalbuminemia, gangguan elektrolit, gangguan fungsi ginjal, gangguan fungsi hati, keseimbangan cairan, serta defisiensi mikronutrien. Perhitungan kebutuhan energi basal (KEB) dihitung berdasarkan rumus Harris Benedict dengan faktor stres sesuai kondisi klinis dan penyakit penyerta. Komposisi makronutrien diberikan menurutrekomendasi Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes (TLC) dan American Heart Association (AHA), pemberian protein disesuaikan dengan fungsi ginjal masing-masing pasien. Pemberian suplementasi mikronutrien juga diberikankepada keempat pasien. Pemantauan pasien meliputi keluhan subyektif, hemodinamik, analisis toleransi asupan, pemeriksaan laboratorium, antropometri, keseimbangan cairan dan kapasitas fungsional.Hasil: pemantauan selama di RS, keempat pasien menunjukkan perbaikan klinis, peningkatan toleransi asupan, perbaikan kadar elektrolit dan peningkatan kapasitas fungsional.Kesimpulan: Terapi nutrisi medik yang adekuat dapat memperbaiki kondisi klinis pasien gagal jantung dekompensasi akut karena infark miokard lama.

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ABSTRACT

Background: The prevalence of heart failure increase annually, 60-70% due to coronary heart disease (CHD). Some of the risk factors associated with heart failure are diabetes, hypertension, obesity, metabolic syndrome, and atherosclerosis. The phatophysiology of heart failure is very complex and involves many systems. The occurance of hypermetabolism can lead to weight loss and triger malnutrition. The state of acute decompensated heart failure due to old myocardial infarction require immediate treatment in hospital to avoid further complications.

Methods: This series of case report describes four cases of patients with acute myocardial heart failure, due to old infarction, aged between 41 to 70 years old, and three of them with a history of type 2 diabetes melitus. All patients required nutritional support, three patients had nutritional status of obese and one patient was normal in weight. The problems which closely linked to all nutrition of the four patients were hypoalbuminemia, electrolyte disturbances, impaired renal function, impaired liver function, fluid inbalance, and micronutrient deficiencies. Basal Energy Requirement was calculated using Harris Benedict formula with stress factors corresponding clinical condition and comorbidities. Macronutrients composition was given according to the recommendation of the Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes (TLC) and the American Heart Association (AHA), while the provision of proteins was

tailored with the kidney function of each patient. Micronutrients supplementation was also given to four patients. Patient monitoring parameters included subjective complaints, hemodynamic, analysis tolerance

of intake, laboratory tests, anthropometric, fluid balance and functional capacity.

Results: During the monitoring period in the hospital four patients showed clinical improvement, increased tolerance of intake, improved electrolyte levels and increased functional capacity.

Conclusion:Adequate medical nutrition therapy can improve the clinical condition of patients with acute decompensated heart failure due to old myocardial infarction."

"ABSTRAKLatar Belakang. Takiaritmia ventrikel meningkatkan risiko mortalitas pasien infark miokard akut. Salah satu perangkat non invasif untuk stratifikasi risiko aritmia ventrikel pada pasien pasca infark miokard adalah mendeteksi late potentials (LP) pada Signal averaged-electrocardiography (SA-ECG).Tujuan. Mengetahui prevalensi LP pada pasien infark miokard akut di Indonesia. Mengetahui hubungan antara hipertrofi ventrikel kiri, diabetes mellitus, penurunan eGFR (estimated glomerular filtration rate), penurunan LVEF (left ventricle ejection fraction), riwayat infark miokard sebelumnya, dan ketidakseimbangan elektrolit dengan LP pada pasien infark miokard akut.Metode. Penelitian dilakukan secara cross sectional di Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Nasional Cipto Mangunkusumo selama Desember 2019-April 2020. Semua pasien infark miokard akut dengan segmen QRS <120 ms tanpa anemia gravis, sepsis, penyakit autoimun, keganasan diikutsertakan dalam penelitian. Dilakukan pengambilan rekaman SA-ECG pada 48 jam pertama dan hari ke 5 dari onset nyeri dada. Data hipertrofi ventrikel kiri, diabetes mellitus, penurunan eGFR, penurunan EF, riwayat infark miokard sebelumnya, dan ketidakseimbangan elektrolit diambil dari data rekam medis selama perawatan.Hasil. Dari 53 subjek, didapatkan prevalensi LP sebesar 34%. Proporsi LP lebih tinggi pada subjek dengan riwayat infark miokard sebelumnya (50% vs 30,2%; p=0,205), hipertrofi ventrikel kiri (37,5% vs 31,0%; p=0,621), diabetes mellitus (35,3% vs 33,3%; p=0,563), penurunan eGFR (40% vs 31,6%; p=0,560), hipokalemia (28,6% vs 15,6%; p=0,555), hiperkalemia (100% vs 31,4%; p=0,111); hipomagnesemia (100% vs 30%; p=0,035), hipokalsemia (41,5% vs 15,4%; p=0,095); dan hipertensi (83,3% vs 19,2%; p=0,026). Pada analisa bivariat, didapatkan perbedaan proporsi LP yang bermakna pada kelompok dengan hipertensi dan kelompok dengan hipomagnesemia. Pada analisa multivariat, didapatkan hipertensi berhubungan dengan late potentials pada pasien dengan infark miokard akut (p=0,031; OR=3,900; IK95%=1,136-13,387)."