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"Most parents, teachers, and guardians understand that children, no matter what their age, have needs for certain things in life to help them develop physically, emotionally, and mentally. There are many things that children themselves want. In our daily lives a "need" or a "want" may sound very similar, so that differentiation between the twoo is not always clear. This paper explores the distiction between needs and wants and the different ways and means young people use to achieve these ends in Western society. Its also looks at how parents react and deal with their children when the expectations rise and their needs and wants become more expensive. Sixty students, all aged between 16 and 22 years old, filed in questionnaires. They were from four different school sector, five different cultural backgrounds, and two universities in South Australia. Twenty were later in interviewed to document their experiences and stories. Data was analysed qualitatively for factors affecting attitude, kifestyle, core values, culture, and their impact on the behaviour outcomes. The study further examined how these patterns of behaviour reflected on the students' life sjills, achievements, and how they affected family outcomes. Results showed the many parents look the blame for their children's actions and illustrated the influence of values and cultural background on childre's attitude towards their parents, their needs, and expectations."

"[The book explores profiles of culture-management axis through secondary literature study in various languages of the East, empirical research conducted with nearly one thousand managers and 375 organizations in India. The effective management in the next millennium will be mission-based strategic integration of the team, combined with people-sensitive approach. In spite of growth of hi-tech, the emotional human issues will dominate the coming decades. Happiness and health in institutions will largely depend on successive sacrifice of greed and possessiveness in creation of wealth for human development. The meltdown in the US and its repercussions in the world are direct outcome of failure to learn these lessons. Already the world is witnessing acute consciousness of interdependence and universal linkages. This is the quintessence of Vedanta, Zen-Buddhism and Sufi order in the Eastern globe. West-dominated management technology must now synthesize with Eastern intuition and values. The book is divided into three parts. First part delves into East-West psyche. Second part presents integration-affection model as potential approach to effective management. Third part shows the author’s successful applications of the approach in different organizations while working as chief executive or consultant., The book explores profiles of culture-management axis through secondary literature study in various languages of the East, empirical research conducted with nearly one thousand managers and 375 organizations in India. The effective management in the next millennium will be mission-based strategic integration of the team, combined with people-sensitive approach. In spite of growth of hi-tech, the emotional human issues will dominate the coming decades. Happiness and health in institutions will largely depend on successive sacrifice of greed and possessiveness in creation of wealth for human development. The meltdown in the US and its repercussions in the world are direct outcome of failure to learn these lessons. Already the world is witnessing acute consciousness of interdependence and universal linkages. This is the quintessence of Vedanta, Zen-Buddhism and Sufi order in the Eastern globe. West-dominated management technology must now synthesize with Eastern intuition and values. The book is divided into three parts. First part delves into East-West psyche. Second part presents integration-affection model as potential approach to effective management. Third part shows the author’s successful applications of the approach in different organizations while working as chief executive or consultant.]"

"the main claim of the present study is that regulatory focus (i.e., promotion vs. prevention orientation) is an important explanatory variable of cross-cultural differences in actual and seld-reported achievement related behaviors and preference, which include a component of autonomy. its adds explained variance in behaviors above and beyond beyond that of individualism/collectivism (I/C), and mediates the relations between I/C and behavior. three studies are reported, the first compared israeli jews and arabs on minimal inctiation (n=255), the second compared israeli jews and japanese on creativity (n=92), and the third compared swiss, mexican, and indonesian samples on preference for mastery goals in education (n-488). all three studies demonstrated the ability of regulatory focus scales to distinguish between cultures and to serve as meaningful predictors of actual and self reported achievement related behaviors. the measured I/C scales were found to be less relevant to behavior prediction than was regulatory focus. in most studies, regulatory focus scales mediated the relations between some of the I/C scales and behavior. the diversity of the measured behaviors and cultures supports the ecological validity of the findings.;the main claim of the present study is that regulatory focus (i.e., promotion vs. prevention orientation) is an important explanatory variable of cross-cultural differences in actual and seld-reported achievement related behaviors and preference, which include a component of autonomy. its adds explained variance in behaviors above and beyond beyond that of individualism/collectivism (I/C), and mediates the relations between I/C and behavior. three studies are reported, the first compared israeli jews and arabs on minimal inctiation (n=255), the second compared israeli jews and japanese on creativity (n=92), and the third compared swiss, mexican, and indonesian samples on preference for mastery goals in education (n-488). all three studies demonstrated the ability of regulatory focus scales to distinguish between cultures and to serve as meaningful predictors of actual and self reported achievement related behaviors. the measured I/C scales were found to be less relevant to behavior prediction than was regulatory focus. in most studies, regulatory focus scales mediated the relations between some of the I/C scales and behavior. the diversity of the measured behaviors and cultures supports the ecological validity of the findings.;the main claim of the present study is that regulatory focus (i.e., promotion vs. prevention orientation) is an important explanatory variable of cross-cultural differences in actual and seld-reported achievement related behaviors and preference, which include a component of autonomy. its adds explained variance in behaviors above and beyond beyond that of individualism/collectivism (I/C), and mediates the relations between I/C and behavior. three studies are reported, the first compared israeli jews and arabs on minimal inctiation (n=255), the second compared israeli jews and japanese on creativity (n=92), and the third compared swiss, mexican, and indonesian samples on preference for mastery goals in education (n-488). all three studies demonstrated the ability of regulatory focus scales to distinguish between cultures and to serve as meaningful predictors of actual and self reported achievement related behaviors. the measured I/C scales were found to be less relevant to behavior prediction than was regulatory focus. in most studies, regulatory focus scales mediated the relations between some of the I/C scales and behavior. the diversity of the measured behaviors and cultures supports the ecological validity of the findings.;the main claim of the present study is that regulatory focus (i.e., promotion vs. prevention orientation) is an important explanatory variable of cross-cultural differences in actual and seld-reported achievement related behaviors and preference, which include a component of autonomy. its adds explained variance in behaviors above and beyond beyond that of individualism/collectivism (I/C), and mediates the relations between I/C and behavior. three studies are reported, the first compared israeli jews and arabs on minimal inctiation (n=255), the second compared israeli jews and japanese on creativity (n=92), and the third compared swiss, mexican, and indonesian samples on preference for mastery goals in education (n-488). all three studies demonstrated the ability of regulatory focus scales to distinguish between cultures and to serve as meaningful predictors of actual and self reported achievement related behaviors. the measured I/C scales were found to be less relevant to behavior prediction than was regulatory focus. in most studies, regulatory focus scales mediated the relations between some of the I/C scales and behavior. the diversity of the measured behaviors and cultures supports the ecological validity of the findings.;the main claim of the present study is that regulatory focus (i.e., promotion vs. prevention orientation) is an important explanatory variable of cross-cultural differences in actual and seld-reported achievement related behaviors and preference, which include a component of autonomy. its adds explained variance in behaviors above and beyond beyond that of individualism/collectivism (I/C), and mediates the relations between I/C and behavior. three studies are reported, the first compared israeli jews and arabs on minimal inctiation (n=255), the second compared israeli jews and japanese on creativity (n=92), and the third compared swiss, mexican, and indonesian samples on preference for mastery goals in education (n-488). all three studies demonstrated the ability of regulatory focus scales to distinguish between cultures and to serve as meaningful predictors of actual and self reported achievement related behaviors. the measured I/C scales were found to be less relevant to behavior prediction than was regulatory focus. in most studies, regulatory focus scales mediated the relations between some of the I/C scales and behavior. the diversity of the measured behaviors and cultures supports the ecological validity of the findings.;the main claim of the present study is that regulatory focus (i.e., promotion vs. prevention orientation) is an important explanatory variable of cross-cultural differences in actual and seld-reported achievement related behaviors and preference, which include a component of autonomy. its adds explained variance in behaviors above and beyond beyond that of individualism/collectivism (I/C), and mediates the relations between I/C and behavior. three studies are reported, the first compared israeli jews and arabs on minimal inctiation (n=255), the second compared israeli jews and japanese on creativity (n=92), and the third compared swiss, mexican, and indonesian samples on preference for mastery goals in education (n-488). all three studies demonstrated the ability of regulatory focus scales to distinguish between cultures and to serve as meaningful predictors of actual and self reported achievement related behaviors. the measured I/C scales were found to be less relevant to behavior prediction than was regulatory focus. in most studies, regulatory focus scales mediated the relations between some of the I/C scales and behavior. the diversity of the measured behaviors and cultures supports the ecological validity of the findings.;the main claim of the present study is that regulatory focus (i.e., promotion vs. prevention orientation) is an important explanatory variable of cross-cultural differences in actual and seld-reported achievement related behaviors and preference, which include a component of autonomy. its adds explained variance in behaviors above and beyond beyond that of individualism/collectivism (I/C), and mediates the relations between I/C and behavior. three studies are reported, the first compared israeli jews and arabs on minimal inctiation (n=255), the second compared israeli jews and japanese on creativity (n=92), and the third compared swiss, mexican, and indonesian samples on preference for mastery goals in education (n-488). all three studies demonstrated the ability of regulatory focus scales to distinguish between cultures and to serve as meaningful predictors of actual and self reported achievement related behaviors. the measured I/C scales were found to be less relevant to behavior prediction than was regulatory focus. in most studies, regulatory focus scales mediated the relations between some of the I/C scales and behavior. the diversity of the measured behaviors and cultures supports the ecological validity of the findings.;the main claim of the present study is that regulatory focus (i.e., promotion vs. prevention orientation) is an important explanatory variable of cross-cultural differences in actual and seld-reported achievement related behaviors and preference, which include a component of autonomy. its adds explained variance in behaviors above and beyond beyond that of individualism/collectivism (I/C), and mediates the relations between I/C and behavior. three studies are reported, the first compared israeli jews and arabs on minimal inctiation (n=255), the second compared israeli jews and japanese on creativity (n=92), and the third compared swiss, mexican, and indonesian samples on preference for mastery goals in education (n-488). all three studies demonstrated the ability of regulatory focus scales to distinguish between cultures and to serve as meaningful predictors of actual and self reported achievement related behaviors. the measured I/C scales were found to be less relevant to behavior prediction than was regulatory focus. in most studies, regulatory focus scales mediated the relations between some of the I/C scales and behavior. the diversity of the measured behaviors and cultures supports the ecological validity of the findings.;the main claim of the present study is that regulatory focus (i.e., promotion vs. prevention orientation) is an important explanatory variable of cross-cultural differences in actual and seld-reported achievement related behaviors and preference, which include a component of autonomy. its adds explained variance in behaviors above and beyond beyond that of individualism/collectivism (I/C), and mediates the relations between I/C and behavior. three studies are reported, the first compared israeli jews and arabs on minimal inctiation (n=255), the second compared israeli jews and japanese on creativity (n=92), and the third compared swiss, mexican, and indonesian samples on preference for mastery goals in education (n-488). all three studies demonstrated the ability of regulatory focus scales to distinguish between cultures and to serve as meaningful predictors of actual and self reported achievement related behaviors. the measured I/C scales were found to be less relevant to behavior prediction than was regulatory focus. in most studies, regulatory focus scales mediated the relations between some of the I/C scales and behavior. the diversity of the measured behaviors and cultures supports the ecological validity of the findings.;the main claim of the present study is that regulatory focus (i.e., promotion vs. prevention orientation) is an important explanatory variable of cross-cultural differences in actual and seld-reported achievement related behaviors and preference, which include a component of autonomy. its adds explained variance in behaviors above and beyond beyond that of individualism/collectivism (I/C), and mediates the relations between I/C and behavior. three studies are reported, the first compared israeli jews and arabs on minimal inctiation (n=255), the second compared israeli jews and japanese on creativity (n=92), and the third compared swiss, mexican, and indonesian samples on preference for mastery goals in education (n-488). all three studies demonstrated the ability of regulatory focus scales to distinguish between cultures and to serve as meaningful predictors of actual and self reported achievement related behaviors. the measured I/C scales were found to be less relevant to behavior prediction than was regulatory focus. in most studies, regulatory focus scales mediated the relations between some of the I/C scales and behavior. the diversity of the measured behaviors and cultures supports the ecological validity of the findings.;the main claim of the present study is that regulatory focus (i.e., promotion vs. prevention orientation) is an important explanatory variable of cross-cultural differences in actual and seld-reported achievement related behaviors and preference, which include a component of autonomy. its adds explained variance in behaviors above and beyond beyond that of individualism/collectivism (I/C), and mediates the relations between I/C and behavior. three studies are reported, the first compared israeli jews and arabs on minimal inctiation (n=255), the second compared israeli jews and japanese on creativity (n=92), and the third compared swiss, mexican, and indonesian samples on preference for mastery goals in education (n-488). all three studies demonstrated the ability of regulatory focus scales to distinguish between cultures and to serve as meaningful predictors of actual and self reported achievement related behaviors. the measured I/C scales were found to be less relevant to behavior prediction than was regulatory focus. in most studies, regulatory focus scales mediated the relations between some of the I/C scales and behavior. the diversity of the measured behaviors and cultures supports the ecological validity of the findings.;the main claim of the present study is that regulatory focus (i.e., promotion vs. prevention orientation) is an important explanatory variable of cross-cultural differences in actual and seld-reported achievement related behaviors and preference, which include a component of autonomy. its adds explained variance in behaviors above and beyond beyond that of individualism/collectivism (I/C), and mediates the relations between I/C and behavior. three studies are reported, the first compared israeli jews and arabs on minimal inctiation (n=255), the second compared israeli jews and japanese on creativity (n=92), and the third compared swiss, mexican, and indonesian samples on preference for mastery goals in education (n-488). all three studies demonstrated the ability of regulatory focus scales to distinguish between cultures and to serve as meaningful predictors of actual and self reported achievement related behaviors. the measured I/C scales were found to be less relevant to behavior prediction than was regulatory focus. in most studies, regulatory focus scales mediated the relations between some of the I/C scales and behavior. the diversity of the measured behaviors and cultures supports the ecological validity of the findings.;the main claim of the present study is that regulatory focus (i.e., promotion vs. prevention orientation) is an important explanatory variable of cross-cultural differences in actual and seld-reported achievement related behaviors and preference, which include a component of autonomy. its adds explained variance in behaviors above and beyond beyond that of individualism/collectivism (I/C), and mediates the relations between I/C and behavior. three studies are reported, the first compared israeli jews and arabs on minimal inctiation (n=255), the second compared israeli jews and japanese on creativity (n=92), and the third compared swiss, mexican, and indonesian samples on preference for mastery goals in education (n-488). all three studies demonstrated the ability of regulatory focus scales to distinguish between cultures and to serve as meaningful predictors of actual and self reported achievement related behaviors. the measured I/C scales were found to be less relevant to behavior prediction than was regulatory focus. in most studies, regulatory focus scales mediated the relations between some of the I/C scales and behavior. the diversity of the measured behaviors and cultures supports the ecological validity of the findings.;the main claim of the present study is that regulatory focus (i.e., promotion vs. prevention orientation) is an important explanatory variable of cross-cultural differences in actual and seld-reported achievement related behaviors and preference, which include a component of autonomy. its adds explained variance in behaviors above and beyond beyond that of individualism/collectivism (I/C), and mediates the relations between I/C and behavior. three studies are reported, the first compared israeli jews and arabs on minimal inctiation (n=255), the second compared israeli jews and japanese on creativity (n=92), and the third compared swiss, mexican, and indonesian samples on preference for mastery goals in education (n-488). all three studies demonstrated the ability of regulatory focus scales to distinguish between cultures and to serve as meaningful predictors of actual and self reported achievement related behaviors. the measured I/C scales were found to be less relevant to behavior prediction than was regulatory focus. in most studies, regulatory focus scales mediated the relations between some of the I/C scales and behavior. the diversity of the measured behaviors and cultures supports the ecological validity of the findings.;the main claim of the present study is that regulatory focus (i.e., promotion vs. prevention orientation) is an important explanatory variable of cross-cultural differences in actual and seld-reported achievement related behaviors and preference, which include a component of autonomy. its adds explained variance in behaviors above and beyond beyond that of individualism/collectivism (I/C), and mediates the relations between I/C and behavior. three studies are reported, the first compared israeli jews and arabs on minimal inctiation (n=255), the second compared israeli jews and japanese on creativity (n=92), and the third compared swiss, mexican, and indonesian samples on preference for mastery goals in education (n-488). all three studies demonstrated the ability of regulatory focus scales to distinguish between cultures and to serve as meaningful predictors of actual and self reported achievement related behaviors. the measured I/C scales were found to be less relevant to behavior prediction than was regulatory focus. in most studies, regulatory focus scales mediated the relations between some of the I/C scales and behavior. the diversity of the measured behaviors and cultures supports the ecological validity of the findings.;the main claim of the present study is that regulatory focus (i.e., promotion vs. prevention orientation) is an important explanatory variable of cross-cultural differences in actual and seld-reported achievement related behaviors and preference, which include a component of autonomy. its adds explained variance in behaviors above and beyond beyond that of individualism/collectivism (I/C), and mediates the relations between I/C and behavior. three studies are reported, the first compared israeli jews and arabs on minimal inctiation (n=255), the second compared israeli jews and japanese on creativity (n=92), and the third compared swiss, mexican, and indonesian samples on preference for mastery goals in education (n-488). all three studies demonstrated the ability of regulatory focus scales to distinguish between cultures and to serve as meaningful predictors of actual and self reported achievement related behaviors. the measured I/C scales were found to be less relevant to behavior prediction than was regulatory focus. in most studies, regulatory focus scales mediated the relations between some of the I/C scales and behavior. the diversity of the measured behaviors and cultures supports the ecological validity of the findings.;the main claim of the present study is that regulatory focus (i.e., promotion vs. prevention orientation) is an important explanatory variable of cross-cultural differences in actual and seld-reported achievement related behaviors and preference, which include a component of autonomy. its adds explained variance in behaviors above and beyond beyond that of individualism/collectivism (I/C), and mediates the relations between I/C and behavior. three studies are reported, the first compared israeli jews and arabs on minimal inctiation (n=255), the second compared israeli jews and japanese on creativity (n=92), and the third compared swiss, mexican, and indonesian samples on preference for mastery goals in education (n-488). all three studies demonstrated the ability of regulatory focus scales to distinguish between cultures and to serve as meaningful predictors of actual and self reported achievement related behaviors. the measured I/C scales were found to be less relevant to behavior prediction than was regulatory focus. in most studies, regulatory focus scales mediated the relations between some of the I/C scales and behavior. the diversity of the measured behaviors and cultures supports the ecological validity of the findings.;the main claim of the present study is that regulatory focus (i.e., promotion vs. prevention orientation) is an important explanatory variable of cross-cultural differences in actual and seld-reported achievement related behaviors and preference, which include a component of autonomy. its adds explained variance in behaviors above and beyond beyond that of individualism/collectivism (I/C), and mediates the relations between I/C and behavior. three studies are reported, the first compared israeli jews and arabs on minimal inctiation (n=255), the second compared israeli jews and japanese on creativity (n=92), and the third compared swiss, mexican, and indonesian samples on preference for mastery goals in education (n-488). all three studies demonstrated the ability of regulatory focus scales to distinguish between cultures and to serve as meaningful predictors of actual and self reported achievement related behaviors. the measured I/C scales were found to be less relevant to behavior prediction than was regulatory focus. in most studies, regulatory focus scales mediated the relations between some of the I/C scales and behavior. the diversity of the measured behaviors and cultures supports the ecological validity of the findings.;the main claim of the present study is that regulatory focus (i.e., promotion vs. prevention orientation) is an important explanatory variable of cross-cultural differences in actual and seld-reported achievement related behaviors and preference, which include a component of autonomy. its adds explained variance in behaviors above and beyond beyond that of individualism/collectivism (I/C), and mediates the relations between I/C and behavior. three studies are reported, the first compared israeli jews and arabs on minimal inctiation (n=255), the second compared israeli jews and japanese on creativity (n=92), and the third compared swiss, mexican, and indonesian samples on preference for mastery goals in education (n-488). all three studies demonstrated the ability of regulatory focus scales to distinguish between cultures and to serve as meaningful predictors of actual and self reported achievement related behaviors. the measured I/C scales were found to be less relevant to behavior prediction than was regulatory focus. in most studies, regulatory focus scales mediated the relations between some of the I/C scales and behavior. the diversity of the measured behaviors and cultures supports the ecological validity of the findings.;the main claim of the present study is that regulatory focus (i.e., promotion vs. prevention orientation) is an important explanatory variable of cross-cultural differences in actual and seld-reported achievement related behaviors and preference, which include a component of autonomy. its adds explained variance in behaviors above and beyond beyond that of individualism/collectivism (I/C), and mediates the relations between I/C and behavior. three studies are reported, the first compared israeli jews and arabs on minimal inctiation (n=255), the second compared israeli jews and japanese on creativity (n=92), and the third compared swiss, mexican, and indonesian samples on preference for mastery goals in education (n-488). all three studies demonstrated the ability of regulatory focus scales to distinguish between cultures and to serve as meaningful predictors of actual and self reported achievement related behaviors. the measured I/C scales were found to be less relevant to behavior prediction than was regulatory focus. in most studies, regulatory focus scales mediated the relations between some of the I/C scales and behavior. the diversity of the measured behaviors and cultures supports the ecological validity of the findings.;the main claim of the present study is that regulatory focus (i.e., promotion vs. prevention orientation) is an important explanatory variable of cross-cultural differences in actual and seld-reported achievement related behaviors and preference, which include a component of autonomy. its adds explained variance in behaviors above and beyond beyond that of individualism/collectivism (I/C), and mediates the relations between I/C and behavior. three studies are reported, the first compared israeli jews and arabs on minimal inctiation (n=255), the second compared israeli jews and japanese on creativity (n=92), and the third compared swiss, mexican, and indonesian samples on preference for mastery goals in education (n-488). all three studies demonstrated the ability of regulatory focus scales to distinguish between cultures and to serve as meaningful predictors of actual and self reported achievement related behaviors. the measured I/C scales were found to be less relevant to behavior prediction than was regulatory focus. in most studies, regulatory focus scales mediated the relations between some of the I/C scales and behavior. the diversity of the measured behaviors and cultures supports the ecological validity of the findings.;the main claim of the present study is that regulatory focus (i.e., promotion vs. prevention orientation) is an important explanatory variable of cross-cultural differences in actual and seld-reported achievement related behaviors and preference, which include a component of autonomy. its adds explained variance in behaviors above and beyond beyond that of individualism/collectivism (I/C), and mediates the relations between I/C and behavior. three studies are reported, the first compared israeli jews and arabs on minimal inctiation (n=255), the second compared israeli jews and japanese on creativity (n=92), and the third compared swiss, mexican, and indonesian samples on preference for mastery goals in education (n-488). all three studies demonstrated the ability of regulatory focus scales to distinguish between cultures and to serve as meaningful predictors of actual and self reported achievement related behaviors. the measured I/C scales were found to be less relevant to behavior prediction than was regulatory focus. in most studies, regulatory focus scales mediated the relations between some of the I/C scales and behavior. the diversity of the measured behaviors and cultures supports the ecological validity of the findings.;the main claim of the present study is that regulatory focus (i.e., promotion vs. prevention orientation) is an important explanatory variable of cross-cultural differences in actual and seld-reported achievement related behaviors and preference, which include a component of autonomy. its adds explained variance in behaviors above and beyond beyond that of individualism/collectivism (I/C), and mediates the relations between I/C and behavior. three studies are reported, the first compared israeli jews and arabs on minimal inctiation (n=255), the second compared israeli jews and japanese on creativity (n=92), and the third compared swiss, mexican, and indonesian samples on preference for mastery goals in education (n-488). all three studies demonstrated the ability of regulatory focus scales to distinguish between cultures and to serve as meaningful predictors of actual and self reported achievement related behaviors. the measured I/C scales were found to be less relevant to behavior prediction than was regulatory focus. in most studies, regulatory focus scales mediated the relations between some of the I/C scales and behavior. the diversity of the measured behaviors and cultures supports the ecological validity of the findings.;the main claim of the present study is that regulatory focus (i.e., promotion vs. prevention orientation) is an important explanatory variable of cross-cultural differences in actual and seld-reported achievement related behaviors and preference, which include a component of autonomy. its adds explained variance in behaviors above and beyond beyond that of individualism/collectivism (I/C), and mediates the relations between I/C and behavior. three studies are reported, the first compared israeli jews and arabs on minimal inctiation (n=255), the second compared israeli jews and japanese on creativity (n=92), and the third compared swiss, mexican, and indonesian samples on preference for mastery goals in education (n-488). all three studies demonstrated the ability of regulatory focus scales to distinguish between cultures and to serve as meaningful predictors of actual and self reported achievement related behaviors. the measured I/C scales were found to be less relevant to behavior prediction than was regulatory focus. in most studies, regulatory focus scales mediated the relations between some of the I/C scales and behavior. the diversity of the measured behaviors and cultures supports the ecological validity of the findings.;the main claim of the present study is that regulatory focus (i.e., promotion vs. prevention orientation) is an important explanatory variable of cross-cultural differences in actual and seld-reported achievement related behaviors and preference, which include a component of autonomy. its adds explained variance in behaviors above and beyond beyond that of individualism/collectivism (I/C), and mediates the relations between I/C and behavior. three studies are reported, the first compared israeli jews and arabs on minimal inctiation (n=255), the second compared israeli jews and japanese on creativity (n=92), and the third compared swiss, mexican, and indonesian samples on preference for mastery goals in education (n-488). all three studies demonstrated the ability of regulatory focus scales to distinguish between cultures and to serve as meaningful predictors of actual and self reported achievement related behaviors. the measured I/C scales were found to be less relevant to behavior prediction than was regulatory focus. in most studies, regulatory focus scales mediated the relations between some of the I/C scales and behavior. the diversity of the measured behaviors and cultures supports the ecological validity of the findings."